• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11c
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• pp.764-769
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• 2000

A new transplant production system that produces high quality plug seedlings of specific crop has been studied. It is a plant factory designed to produce massive amount of virus free seedlings. The design concept for building this plant factory is to realize maximum energy efficiency and minimum initial investment and running cost. The basic production strategy is the sitespecific management. In this case, the management of the growth of individual plantlet is considered. This requires highly automated and information intensive production system in a closed aseptic environment the sterilized specific crops. One of the key components of this sophisticated system is the irrigation system. The conditions that this irrigation system has to satisfy are: 1. to perform the site specific crop management in irrigation and 2. to meet the no waste standard. The objective of this study is to develop an irrigation scheduling that can implement the no waste standard.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.158-173
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• 1993

The formulated mechanization packages for grain maize production have performed to the expected limit generating encouraging information. Besides physical feasibility , management factors viz ; production operation sequence, operations scheduling and machinery matching with respect to environment can still limit system suitability. A new production operation sequence was introduced to overcome weed problems and limitations of available working days. Proper operations scheduling will improve the initial soil-crop environment for better seedling establishment, and reduce the (). been identified as key factors to reduce capital investment and cost of proudction .

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.170-187
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• 1991

Investments in factory automation do not guarantee productivity enhancement. Much unknown losses may exist in all aspects of production resources such as in material, manpower, machine, etc. Total productivity in korean firms has decreased in recent years. Labor and capital productivity index fall to 0.82 point and 0.73 point, respectively. Investment in FA has Increased rapidly. Tangible fixed assets per capita increased 64% during the past Three years. But, this high-technology oriented systems such as NC, robotics, CAD/CAM, FMS, etc. are often out of keeping with the old production process control, and thus do not result in satisfactory performance. This review paper concerned with these problems and suggests some future directions for production control and development strategy of korean firm's.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.54-79
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• 1998

Entering the 1990s, Korean economies experienced the high-cost and low-efficiency situation which evetually caused many Korean firms led to relocate their production facilities to lower labor cost countries. This paper aims to draw out the characteristics of FDI and to evaluate the impacts of FDI in manufacturing sectors. Firstly, we try to categorize the indutries into three groups, labor intensive, capital intensive, and the technology intensive industries figuring out the characteristics of FDI of Korean firms. Secondly, we compare the three categories by grouping high and low foreign investment areas using value added data. Thirdly, we analyse the impacts of foreign production relocation the number of firms, production volume and jobs creation in Korea during the period 1991-1996. This paper concludes that the FDI of Korean firms concentrates to labor intensive industry and the hollowing effect caused by FDI was observed partially in the labor intensive industry.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.1-14
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• 2010

Bio-ethanol is a promising alternative energy source for reducing both consumption of crude oil and environmental pollution from renewable resources like lignocellulosic biomass such as wood, forest residuals, agricultural leftovers and urban wastes. Based on current technologies, the cost of ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials is relatively high, and the main challenges are the low yield and high cost of the hydrolysis process. Development of more efficient pretreatment technology (physical, chemical, physico-chemical, and biological pretreatment), integration of several microbiological conversions into fewer reactors, and increasing ethanol production capacity may decrease specific investment for ethanol producing plants. The purpose of pretreatment of lignocellulosic material is to improve the accessible surface area of cellulose for hydrolytic enzymes and enhance the conversion of cellulose to glucose and finally high yield ethanol production which is economic and environmental friendly.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.97-115
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• 2015

Energy holds key to economic growth and prosperity of India. Currently, India has very high-energy import dependence, especially in the case of crude oil (80%) and natural gas (40%). Even coal import has been increasing over the years. Considering India's population growth, emphasis on manufacturing, production, and service industry, energy consumption is bound to increase. More fossil energy consumption means greater dependence on energy import leading to widening trade deficit and current account deficit. Therefore, exploitation of indigenous renewable energy production is necessary. The paper reviews the progress and growth of renewable energy production, distribution, and consumption in India. The paper highlights some of the enablers of renewable energy in India. The authors discuss the opportunities and challenges of increasing share of renewable energy to reduce energy import and address issues of energy security in India. The findings suggest that India is ready for a quantum leap in renewable production by 2022.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.35-43
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to seek various plans to maintain the advancement of the overseas and domestic employment scenario through a case analysis of the Japanese industry, which maintains domestic employment while promoting the overseas advancement of companies despite having a similar industrial structure as Korea. The study further intends to derive insightful implications for Japanese manufacturing companies and government policies. Research design, data, and methodology - We selected four companies from the Japanese manufacturing industry. Being companies that were successful in increasing the domestic employment scenario while advancing in overseas markets. We utilized several secondary data sources including Japanese newspapers and report literature. Results - Previous studies have shown a negative relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or offshoring and domestic employment. However, our results showed this relationship with respect to the Japanese manufacturing industry as follows: 1. FDI for developing overseas markets does not decrease domestic production. If Japanese companies change their strategy from exports to overseas production, there will be a consequent decrease in domestic employment of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). However, the local production that plans the sales expansion of a foreign market does not substitute domestic production. 2. Several case studies illustrate that, as the production of final goods is expanded in foreign countries, there is a corresponding increase in the export of intermediary goods from Japan. In this case, if the production process of Japanese companies is promoted in foreign markets, the amount of exported material and parts from Japan will consequently increase. 3. It is difficult to consider that the establishment of subsidiary companies in foreign countries by manufacturing companies for wholesale, retail, and services decreases domestic employment. This is because the international development of these industries needs expatriates, expatriate training organizations, and research and development (R&D) activities. 4. When there is overseas demand, the growth of local management activities is expected to increase the work of the overseas business department in the head office in Japan, if competitiveness can be secured for better localization and management speed. 5. The conversion of the domestic manufacturing industry into high value-added production is necessary. The relocation of domestic production to foreign markets decreases domestic employment. To prevent this, the upgradation of domestic production bases, including high value-added production, and R&D capability need to be strengthened. Technology-based companies must develop new technology, patents, processes, and so forth, which require extensive human resources for R&D. Conclusions - Domestic medium-sized companies that are capable of consistently supplying high value-added products should be actively encouraged to deploy into and develop overseas markets. Further, this paper considers the necessity of a guidance policy that provides suggestions for overseas deployment, by the initiation of the government, to companies that cannot do so due to the lack of foreign experience or decisions by the CEO, despite having the relevant capability and technologies to supply high value-added products.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.167-178
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze the direct investment decision factors in the Kaesong Industrial Complex and Vietnam, and to contribute to the creation of domestic jobs and the revitalization of the inter-Korean economy. According to the analysis, most of the Kaesong Industrial Complex and Vietnamese investment companies are entering the complex for the purpose of utilizing cheap labor, cheap factory locations, sales/development of local markets, and bypass export production bases in third countries. This can be divided into production-efficient investors using differences in production price such as labor costs and market-oriented investors to sell and expand the local market, which seems to be consistent with global direct investment patterns such as Nike, Apple, and Amazon. However, even if the North Korea-U.S. denuclearization talks ease or lift sanctions, Vietnamese investors' willingness to invest in the North Korea has been most burdened by the possibility of closing special economic zones due to political risks. Last but not least, it is important to note that those willing to invest in North Korea are mostly smaller enterprises in textiles, sewing, footwear and leather industries-those that benefit from low-cost labor. Since their size is small, they need policy support in financing, especially in the early stages of their business. Even after they grow past the early stages, those without collateral would still need state guarantee letters to get financing. Thus, it is worth considering to use the Inter-Korean Cooperation Fund to compensate commercial banks for bad loan loss or for low-interest loans for smaller SMEs. The interviews with SMEs found that red-tape is one of the biggest difficulties they face. Thus, it is recommended that a one-stop service agency should be established to cover all processes and issues related to inter-Korean economic cooperation to eliminate redundancy and expediate government support for SMEs.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2017

We evaluated industry growth and employment effects of every possible pairs of 22 manufacturing sectors and 16 regions (i.e, 352 region-sectors). We used annual data of manufacturing sectors from 2008 to 2014 for the evaluation. The evaluation comprises of two steps; We first find several region-sectors that outperform others with respect to the effects of industry growth and employment, which are measured by location quotient analysis, shift share method, employment to GDP ratio and employment elasticity. In addition, cross-efficiency analysis follows to classify region-sector pairs into two sub-categories : efficient region-sectors that deserve to hold the current level of investments and inefficient region-sectors where we should consider efficiency improvements. To examine the efficiency, R&D investment, employment size, and capital investment were used as input factors and production volume, added value, changes in employment size, changes in annual salary per capita were used as output factors. For region-sector pairs that have outstanding growth and employment effects but are inefficient, we employed a CCR DEA model and analyzed how much to adjust the values of input and output factors to improve the efficiency scores. The analysis results showed that inefficiency is mainly due to several factors such as R&D investment, changes in employment size and changes in annual salary per capita.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

The Republic of Korea (South) and the Peaples Republic of Korea (North) had agreed to exploit the North Korean rich natural resources starting from the year of 2006. Through this mutual agreement DPRK shall quarantee ROK's investment in the North Korean Mines and supply mineral products for the compasation of the financial investment supported by ROK. In the area of northern part of Korea, many kind of natural resources such as Magnesite, Iron, Gold & Silver, Copper, Lead & Zinc, and Coal are plentifully deposited. In the area of southern part of Korea, however, most kind of natural resources have been exhausted and so presently major minerals such as Gold & Silver, Copper, Lead & Zinc and Coal are being imported and relying on foreign countries in whole quantity of the requirement. On the other hand Northern Part of Korea is making very slow progress in mining and exploitation owing to the lack of investment even though there are rich deposits of natural resources. And in Southern Part of Korea, they have most advanced production facilities and technologies in the world in the fields of Mineral Floatation, Steel Manufacturing, Nonferrous Metal Smelting & Refining and those plants fabrications. A combination of Southern Technologies together with Financial Support and Northern rich natural resources & Labour Power will be a most hopeful, desirable and mutually required 'South-North economic Cooperation' as the mining industries are labour intensive.