• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.962-969
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• 2009

The market of building construction has been competitive in Hong Kong, perhaps as anywhere else in the world. The barrier to entry is low because there are relatively low requirements on the three factors of production - technology, manpower and finance. The prevailing building technology is traditional and labour-intensive. There is also not much need of capital because clients' periodic payments have been the main source of project finance. Further, capitalizing on trade sub-contracting, contractors have been able to keep their direct labour-force small and to transfer much of their business risk to the sub-contractors. Based on interviews to solicit the perception of a sample of building contractors on the particular issues of construction finance, we present the findings in this paper and discuss the various implications. We believe that the current practice of construction financing is both the cause and effect of the competition within, and the competitiveness of, the building construction sector in Hong Kong. We conclude that the building construction sector is "locked or stuck" in this "equilibrium" of traditional technology, reliance on clients' finance and exploitation of sub-contracting. In this "equilibrium" state, there is hardly any motivation for contractors to engage themselves in product or process innovation. Consequently, any talk of industry reform or innovation could only remain just that. We believe that this problem is not unique in Hong Kong. The building construction sector in many other developed and developing economies is posed with similar if not the same problems and constraints. We conclude that there has to be some "external forces" to bring this "equilibrium" state to a higher level "equilibrium" one where higher value-added building construction services are supplied and demanded. This is a state where building contractors possessing innovative technology, better financial and manpower resources could thrive to build better buildings with innovative building methods and processes.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.49-67
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• 2015

Recently, emerging the notion of big data and social media has led us to enter data's big bang. Social networking services are widely used by people around the world, and they have become a part of major communication tools for all ages. Over the last decade, as online social networking sites become increasingly popular, companies tend to focus on advanced social media analysis for their marketing strategies. In addition to social media analysis, companies are mainly concerned about propagating of negative opinions on social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter, as well as e-commerce sites. The effect of online word of mouth (WOM) such as product rating, product review, and product recommendations is very influential, and negative opinions have significant impact on product sales. This trend has increased researchers' attention to a natural language processing, such as a sentiment analysis. A sentiment analysis, also refers to as an opinion mining, is a process of identifying the polarity of subjective information and has been applied to various research and practical fields. However, there are obstacles lies when Korean language (Hangul) is used in a natural language processing because it is an agglutinative language with rich morphology pose problems. Therefore, there is a lack of Korean natural language processing resources such as a sentiment lexicon, and this has resulted in significant limitations for researchers and practitioners who are considering sentiment analysis. Our study builds a Korean sentiment lexicon with collective intelligence, and provides API (Application Programming Interface) service to open and share a sentiment lexicon data with the public (www.openhangul.com). For the pre-processing, we have created a Korean lexicon database with over 517,178 words and classified them into sentiment and non-sentiment words. In order to classify them, we first identified stop words which often quite likely to play a negative role in sentiment analysis and excluded them from our sentiment scoring. In general, sentiment words are nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs as they have sentimental expressions such as positive, neutral, and negative. On the other hands, non-sentiment words are interjection, determiner, numeral, postposition, etc. as they generally have no sentimental expressions. To build a reliable sentiment lexicon, we have adopted a concept of collective intelligence as a model for crowdsourcing. In addition, a concept of folksonomy has been implemented in the process of taxonomy to help collective intelligence. In order to make up for an inherent weakness of folksonomy, we have adopted a majority rule by building a voting system. Participants, as voters were offered three voting options to choose from positivity, negativity, and neutrality, and the voting have been conducted on one of the largest social networking sites for college students in Korea. More than 35,000 votes have been made by college students in Korea, and we keep this voting system open by maintaining the project as a perpetual study. Besides, any change in the sentiment score of words can be an important observation because it enables us to keep track of temporal changes in Korean language as a natural language. Lastly, our study offers a RESTful, JSON based API service through a web platform to make easier support for users such as researchers, companies, and developers. Finally, our study makes important contributions to both research and practice. In terms of research, our Korean sentiment lexicon plays an important role as a resource for Korean natural language processing. In terms of practice, practitioners such as managers and marketers can implement sentiment analysis effectively by using Korean sentiment lexicon we built. Moreover, our study sheds new light on the value of folksonomy by combining collective intelligence, and we also expect to give a new direction and a new start to the development of Korean natural language processing.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.455-465
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• 2017

This study focuses on design development and verification through virtual simulation based on 3D model data in the cloud platform as a method of utilization of engineering technology of design in the fourth industrial revolution era. The goal of research is to develop and examine a design for the needs of the target that has never been met before through virtual simulations that can be conducted in practice. As a research method, we analyzed secondary data to identify the needs of the target, and did literature research for the ergonomic data and target body development stages. In addition, the design development process of this study was shown meaningful result in design, structure, safety, material, durability through loop test of 7 virtual simulations. This study can be applied to the automated process system based on 3D model data in the 4th industrial revolution era and can be used as an element of the cyber physics system for the additional research.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1263-1263
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• 2001

The amounts of organic matter present in soil and the rate of soil organic matter (SOM) turnover are influenced by agricultural management practice, such as rotation, tillage, forage plow down direct seeding and manure application. The amount of nutrients released from SOM is highly dependent upon the state of the organic matter. If it contains a large proportion of light fractions (low-density) more nutrients will be available to the glowing crops. However, if it contains mostly heavy fractions (high-density) that are difficult to breakdown, then lesser amounts of nutrients will be available. The state of the SOM and subsequent release of nutrients into the soil can be predicted by NIRS as long as a robust regression equation is developed. The NIRS method is known for its rapidity, convenience, simplicity, accuracy and ability to analyze many constituents at the same time. Our hypothesis is that the NIRS technique allows researchers to investigate fully and in more detail each field for the status of SOM, available moisture and other soil properties in Alberta soils for precision farming in the near future. One hundred thirty one (131) Alberta soils with various levels (low 2-6%, medium 6-10%, and high >10%) of organic matter content and most of dry land soils, including some irrigated soils from Southern Alberta, under various management practices were collected throughout Northern, Central and Southern Alberta. Two depths (0- 15 cm and 15-30 cm) of soils from Northern Alberta were also collected. These air-dried soil samples were ground through 2 mm sieve and scanned using Foss NIR System 6500 with transport module and natural product cell. With particle size above 150 microns only, the “Ludox” method (Meijboom, Hassink and van Noorwijk, Soil Biol. Biochem.27: 1109-1111, 1995) which uses stable silica, was used to fractionate SOM into light, medium and heavy fractions with densities of <1.13, 1.13-1.37 and >1.37 respectively, The SOM fraction with the particle size below 150 microns was discarded because practically, this fraction with very fine particles can't be further separated by wet sieving based on density. Total organic matter content, mechanical texture, ash after 375$^{\circ}C$, and dry matter (DM) were also determined by “standard” soil analysis methods. The NIRS regression equations were developed using Infra-Soft-International (ISI) software, version 3.11.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.1
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• pp.95-123
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• 1999

The goal of this research is a visual and auditory tool development enabling designers to have the same emotional value with users in the process of user centered design. Through the research, we intend to show the aid measure for making cognitive gaps narrow between users and designer in the process of transforming and understanding the emotional needs as a verbal image. because In the business practice of design, most of tools and techniques for assessment and analysis of emotional needs are those used usually in the marketing fields. So the information generated and transformed from users to designers have a form of physical words. When the designer's understanding of the emotional needs is considered as a product mediated communication process, the morphologic and cognitive information gaps become obvious. This difference could be a false basis in designing with emotional user needs. So the alternative needs assessment sub-tools of visual and auditory information form was embodied mainly for designer's cognitive gaps and inter-cultural emotional needs assessment. As the method of embodiment, Firstly, adjectives related to emotion were classified in their cognitive dimension. Secondly, visual and auditory data were extracted, and then the relativity verified. Finally, the practicality and effectiveness were tested through the database generation. In view of the results so far achieved, 1. We could find being of the big information cognitive gaps in the verbal assessment of emotional needs between designers and users. 2. With the visual and auditory assessment tool, we could make the big cognitive gaps narrower than we expected. 3. Also, we could find the chance that the fidelity, recognition, and friendliness of design for emotional user needs would become better.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.3 s.65
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• pp.195-206
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• 2006

Design for improved usability is to understand products from the user's point of view so eventually to enhance the pleasantness users by reflecting it into the design. The philosophy of user-oriented design is an essence of human-centered product planning, and its application is more important for railway vehicle design, which is closely connected with everyday life. This study focused to define basic elements of train interior design concept, which considers convenience and comfort for passengers, by extracting and interpreting ergonomic requirements, as usability factors, of train toilet design. The study on user-oriented design of trains consists of the practice of sensibility engineering for the management of customers' emotions and its harmonious use on design, and aims on the embodiment of new ergonomic design. In the center, it has analyzed the criteria and characteristics of the user-oriented design and has concluded the design direction and components to a concrete idea and proposed prototypes, which may become a good example for train interior design later on. In addition, it proposes a direction, which may become a guideline of ergonomic design, to secure competition capacity. Moreover this study is concentrated on the physical environment and human behavior of train toilet users, on the analysis of factors necessary for adequate toilet design, and on the understanding of interface between its users. What is more, it proposes a module of development process and methods of approaching the interface. The study presents a design standard, under which the concrete data of the characteristics and practicable range and the convergent demands accelerate to the module could be confirmed and criticized. The study on the usability is going to contribute to more pleasant and comfortable train environments and consequently, it's going to create new values of increased railway competitiveness by design.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.126-135
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• 2012

Purpose: To develop therapeutic duplication criteria for the drugs used for respiratory diseases. Method: Therapeutic duplication was defined as "more than 2 drug ingredient-usage in which each has the same therapeutic effect and combination therapy does not confer additional therapeutic benefit". Respiratory system drugs approved in Korea were examined for the study. The WHO's Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System was used for grouping of the corresponding drug ingredients. The principles and recommendations on combination usage or multiple drug regimens were reviewed by using the clinical practice guidelines, textbooks, product labelings, and clinical articles. Clinical expert group consultation was performed and expert opinions were incorporated into the final criteria. Results: Nine hundred sixty two drug products with Korean Food and Drug Administration classification codes of 141, 149, 222, and 229 were evaluated, of which 87 active ingredients were composed. The drug ingredients were classified into 12 groups (antihistamines, oral nasal decongestants, leukotriene receptor antagonists, inhaled anticholinergics, inhaled corticosteroids, oral ${\beta}2$-agonists, long-acting ${\beta}2$-agonists, short-acting ${\beta}2$-agonists, xanthines, antiallergics, mucolytics and cough suppressants). The use of more than 2 drug ingredients including the same group was therapeutic duplication, and thus combination should be recommended not to be used. Conclusion: Twelve drug groups were identified as therapeutic duplication criteria. Combination therapy within each group should not be used otherwise therapeutic benefits outweigh potential risks.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2010

Therapeutic duplication (TD) is a serious problem that frequently occurring primarily in the ambulatory setting in Korea. Implementation of concurrent drug utilization review (DUR) is a promising way to reduce inappropriate prescription and dispensing, and improve patient safety. This study was aimed to develop the process of DUR module of TD. Sixty-five drug ingredients classified into the drug category of the antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory drug approved in Korea (The KFDA-dess nated classification codes of 114 or 264) were reviewed for this purpose. The drug ingredients (and products) were reclassified based on WHO's Anatomical, Therapeutic and Chemical (ATC) classification system. The clinical practice guidelines, textbooks and product labels on therapeutic uses of these drugs in Korea and several fores n countries were reviewed. If the drugs were categorized into the same therapeutically duplicable class, they were defined not to be used concurrently because the concurrent use was "therapeutically duplicated (unnecessary or even harmful)". Among the studied drug products, the following 5 drug classes were considto beas "therapeutic duplication": (1), on-t tooid DURnti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, including s Dicylates), (2),Anilidts, (3),Opioids, (4) Ergot Dk Doids and (5) 5-$HT_1$ receptor agonot s. Therefore, concurrent prescribing or dispensing of more than 2 drug ingredients any in the above same classes should be considered as TD and needed to be warrant for careful review by pharmacists before dispensing.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.161-176
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• 2020

Numerous products have been created in a digital format in the era of digitization. At an early stage, such products were provided in the format of individual digital file, requiring the individuals to own products by downloading them on the personal devices. With the development of Internet network, people began to consume digital goods in a new mode called 'streaming.' Streaming is a service provided through access-based consumption mode based on Internet network. Rather than downloading each file, individuals can utilize such product and services by connecting the network to their own devices. Access-based digital goods are distinguished from traditional ownership-based digital goods such as downloaded contents, in that permanent ownership is not allowed. Taken this into account, this study attempts to investigate how individuals' perception toward digital goods, the psychological ownership, differs according to the consumption mode. The results show that individuals feel less psychological ownership toward access-based digital goods than ownership-based digital goods. Our study provides several avenues to both theory and practice.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.857-868
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• 2016

With changing software industry structure, the emerging concept called Software Ecosystems (SECO) has various challenges that software engineers have to overcome. In market-driven software product development, they should have the capability to offer high value products to their own business and their customers in order to being competitive. Each stakeholder's perspectives and interests should be reconciled in terms of requirements so that engineers can offer high value products through requirements selection. Existing works have just mentioned the need of requirements negotiation between stakeholders without proposing detailed guidelines or practice. In this work, a systematic Requirements Negotiation process is proposed to resolve conflicts of interests of stakeholders in SECO. The interests of stakeholders are analyzed based on goal-based requirements engineering. The rationale of requirements conflict is structured for management. A stepwise requirements negotiation process aims at resolving requirements conflict by applying game theory concepts based on self-interested behaviors of stakeholders.