• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.85-115
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• 2013

Digital knowledge and information goods as experience goods have some unique characteristics such as close to zero reproduction and distribution cost, high price volatility, and low price acceptability. For the reasons, the pricing policies of digital knowledge goods are very difficult and complicate. Also, most consumers of digital goods have experienced cognitive dissonance after buying decision. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what factors affect the price acceptability level and cognitive dissonance of digital knowledge goods buyers. This paper suggest a structural model that was established by the cognitive dissonance theory and S-O-R(Stimulus-Organization-Response) model. The model is consisted of four exogenous variables and three endogenous variables. The empirical test and statistical analysis suggest following results and practical implications. The variables such as product involvement and perception of price fairness that have positive roles to price acceptability have strong influence on the all the three endogenous variables. But the variables such as sale proneness and price mavenism that have negative roles to price acceptability have little influence on the all the three endogenous variables. In the model, the payment intention was very important mediating variable between exogenous variables and two dependent variables, ie. price acceptability and cognitive dissonance. These results imply that the digital knowledge portals must have some differentiated pricing policies to the customers who have price consciousness and price mavenism. Also, they need some special promotions to whom have positive attitude to the value of digital goods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.62 no.8
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• pp.134-148
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• 2012

Social commerce is not only a new form of shopping malls that did not exist in the past, but also a new form of media as it gets combined with social networking services. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of clothing involvement on the relationship between shopping values, attitudes, and purchase intentions of consumers in the group-buying type of social commerce. A specialized Internet survey company carried out the survey targeting consumers in their 20s and 30s with experience of purchasing fashion products using group-buying type of social commerce. A total of 200 questionnaires were used for the final analysis. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, t-test, and regression analysis were conducted by using SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 19.0. The results are as follows. First, diversity/informativeness, impulse/accumulation, price, convenience, reliability, interaction, and adventure were identified as shopping value dimensions. Second, especially in cases of diversity/informativeness, price, and interaction, there were significant differences between the high involvement group and the low involvement group. Third, five of the categories, which were diversity/informativeness, price, convenience, reliability, and interaction, had significant influence on attitude and purchase intention. When the attitude variable was included with shopping value as independent variables in the regression model to predict purchase intention, the attitude variable presented a full mediating effect or a partial mediating effect between shopping value and purchase intention. Also, the relationship among shopping value, attitude, and purchase intention was different to some degree according to the level of consumer clothing involvement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.54 no.7
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• pp.107-120
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• 2004

In this study. with the discovery of adolescents' dissatisfaction factors and preferred images of underwear, the Potentiality of adolescents' underwear market was illuminated. For the purpose of this study, focused group interviews were performed to develop a questionnaires. And data was collected from 309 adolescents female consumer in the age of 13-18 living in busan. The fellowing are the results from the study. First. the female adolescents' dissatisfaction with underwear was analyzed into seven factors. such as buying decision, deformation after laundring, feeling from putting on, price/product variety, the lack of effective design considering body shape, inconvenience for activity and aesthetics. And degree of dissatisfaction was significant different among groups classified by consumer's level of product involvement and consumer's age. Second, the female adolescents' preferred images of underwear are gorgeous/elegant, simple/plain, pure & innocent/modest. active and lovely. From these results, it can be concluded that adolescents' desires of underwear product are different from adults'. Managerial Implications are provided for adolescents' underwear market.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.982-993
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• 2018

Consumers' interests in the environment have been growing; hence, their consciousness about the environment has changed and affected their clothing shopping behavior. Prior study indicated attitude-behavior inconsistency in eco-friendly consumer behavior. It was because consumers' consciousness or attitude was often measured at an abstract level, not at a product specific level. This study investigated eco-friendly clothing knowledge, eco-friendly clothing consciousness, and ecological clothing consumption behavior. The effects of consumers' level of clothing involvement and subjective norms in this process were also investigated. For the empirical research, a questionnaire was developed, and responses from 480 women in their 20s to 50s were statistically analyzed. Results indicated that interest and fashion consciousness dimensions of clothing involvement had a significant influence on eco-friendly clothing knowledge, which thereby significantly influenced the three factors of eco-friendly clothing consciousness: social responsibility, health orientation, and clothing resource-saving consciousness. Such factors had different roles in the clothing consumption process. Social responsibility had a significant influence on the entire process of clothing consumption: shopping, purchasing, using, and disposing behaviors. Health orientation consciousness had a significant influence on shopping and purchasing behaviors, whereas resource-saving consciousness had a significant impact only on shopping behavior. Subjective norms were significantly correlated with all aspects of the clothing consumption process. Influence on disposing behavior was relatively weaker than other aspects of clothing consumption behavior.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.17 no.31
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• pp.163-176
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• 1994

Over the last few years Total Quality Management (TQM) programs have hem widely adapted by Korean manufacturing firms to improve their productivity, competitive edge and product quality levels. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of importance placed on four key TQM factors (customer satisfaction, strong management leadership, continuous improvement, imployee involvement and participation) used during the implementation of korean manufacturing TQM programs and to assess the effectiveness of those key factors in improving the performance of the firms. A Questionaire was developed and sent to senior managers in manufacturing organizations throughout korea. This survey asked qustions regarding 1) the firm's business environment and TQM program development 2) subcomponents of the key factors and 3) the effectiveness of the TQM program at improving the performance of the organization. The survey data were analyzed to determine the degree of correlation between each of the factors and the effectiveness of the TQM programs. This study demonstrated that the TQM programs were instrumental at improving the performance of the firms studied, and that the improvement was positively correlated with the length of time that the program had been implemented and the planned duration of the TQM program implementation. It was found that the person-oriented elements of management leadership and employee involvement were positively correlated and predictive of the success of the TQM Program, while the process-oriented components of customer satisfaction and employee involvement were not useful predictors of the effectiveness of the TQM program implementation.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.81-93
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• 2008

This paper has analyzed the factors and purchasing places affecting the purchasing caned coffee which is classified into low involvement goods. As the result of research, it was discovered that affected factor has arisen out of distribution or recognition other than satisfaction of goods. Consumers who have low satisfaction level switch but this occasion happen at a much lesser rate than expected and on the contrary, even customers who were lesser satisfied expressed that they would buy the same brand again. Although this paper demonstrates the importance of the distribution and recognition factors (publicity), among other marketing mixes, that play a greater role than the product when purchasing the product, it has not taken the effects of promotion into consideration. In the future, the consequences of promotions should be explored and simultaneously look into how each of the factors influence direct sales and weigh how much impact each factor has.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.205-215
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identity the relationship of clothing involvement, consumer characteristics, and clothing buying behavior of college female students in China. A questionnaire was developed to measure clothing involvement, materialism, conspicuous consumption, reference group influence, clothing purchasing modes, fashion information sources. The questionnaire was administered to 390 college female students in Dandong of china. The data were analyzed using percentage, frequency, factor analysis, and t-test. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Subjects were divided into low clothing involved and high clothing involved groups according to the level of clothing involvement. 2. Three dimensions of materialism were derived by factor analysis such as Happiness-pursuing, Life-centered, and Sucess-symbolic. And three dimensions of conspicuous consumption and reference group influence were derived by factor analysis such as luxury oriented, Status symbolic, Brand-name oriented, and Comparative, Informational, Normative exactly. Clothing purchasing motives and fashion information sources were factor analysed as Social and Individual mole, and Printed & Electric-wave media, Marketer managed, Personal exactly. 3. There were significant differences between high involved and low involved consumers in consumer characteristics and clothing purchasing behavior. The high involved consumers showed more importance than low involved consumers about materialism especially in Happiness-pursuing about conspicuous consumption in status symbolic and about influence of reference group in comparative. The high involved consumers put more importance than low involved consumer individual motive as clothing purchasing motive, and marketer managed in clothing fashion information. The high invoked consumers showed more importance than low invoked consumers about evaluating attributes of product, and about store patronage criterion.

• Korean Journal of Artificial Intelligence
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2020

In this paper, it is to identify the effects of differences in interpretation levels depending on the type of brand association and the brain psychological distance on the evaluation of the product of that brand through two experiments. To test our hypotheses empirically, we conducted online survey. We addressed the hypotheses involving the general and relative impact of actual and ideal self-congruence on emotional brand attachment (H1) and explored the effect of product involvement as the moderating variable (H1-1 and H1-2). The goal of this research was to validate the results from involving our basic model and to explore the impact of two additional moderating variables (self-esteem and public self-consciousness: H2). We followed the same procedure. This finding is theoretical to the extent of the interpretation level theory in brand association research by applying the interpretation level theory to the brand association, and provides the meaning that, in practice, it is necessary to utilize the message of different types of brain psychological distance depending on the brand association characteristics that the brand has in defining the brand. In particular, it was confirmed that functional brand associations and symbolic brand annals have representational harmonization, respectively, depending on the low and high levels of interpretation levels.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.423-432
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to build user's psychological response process model on design evaluation. Users firstly evaluate design factors such as form, structure, texture and colors which are basic elements of product design. These factors, however are affected by product's situational factors, user's individual factors and environmental factors. That is, even same design can be evaluated differently by users according to product's situational factors such as price level, brand prestige level and marketing programs, and user's individual factors such as tastes, involvement level, personality, lifestyles and demographics, and environmental factors such as culture, sub-culture, social class, reference group and family and so on. Understanding how users evaluate product design is necessary to increase the possibility to create user-preferring design and also is the starting point of user-based design and design marketing. In the future researches, it is necessary to examine more factors which are not included in the study and to find out the relationship between factors affecting user's evaluation on design and user's psychological response.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2015

Purpose: To determine clinically useful biochemical markers reflecting disease activity and/or gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement in Henoch-$Sch{\ddot{o}}nlein$ purpura (HSP). Methods: A total of 185 children with HSP and 130 controls were included. Laboratory data indicating inflammation, standard coagulation, and activated coagulation were analyzed for the HSP patients, including measurements of the hemoglobin level, white blood cell (WBC) count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) level, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen, D-dimer, and fibrin degradation product (FDP) levels. The clinical scores of the skin, joints, abdomen, and kidneys were assessed during the acute and convalescence phases of HSP. Results: The WBC count, ANC, ESR, and CRP, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and FDP levels were significantly higher in the acute phase compared with the convalescent phase of HSP (p<0.05). The total clinical scores were more strongly correlated with the D-dimer (r=0.371, p<0.001) and FDP (r=0.369, p<0.001) levels than with inflammatory markers, such as the WBC count (r=0.241, p=0.001), ANC (r=0.261, p<0.001), and CRP (r=0.260, p<0.001) levels. The patients with GI symptoms had significantly higher ANC (median [interquartile range], 7,138.0 [4,446.4-9,470.0] vs. 5,534.1 [3,263.0-8,153.5], p<0.05) and CRP (0.49 [0.15-1.38] vs. 0.23 [0.01-0.67], p<0.05), D-dimer (2.63 [1.20-4.09] vs. 1.75 [0.62-3.39]), and FDP (7.10 [0.01-13.65] vs. 0.10 [0.01-7.90], p<0.05) levels than those without GI symptoms. Conclusion: D-dimer and FDPs are more strongly associated with disease activity and more consistently reflect GI involvement than inflammatory markers during the acute phase of HSP.