• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.399-408
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• 2005

In the progression of the Temporomandibular Joint Disorder(TMD), not only deformation and perforation of disc occur. But also fibrotic adhesion and inflammatory changes to the retrodiscal tissue can be seen in addition to the condylar degenerative change (e.g. osteoarthritis). However, the correct diagnosis,?planning for appropriate treatment, and prediction of prognosis are limited, because there are no means to stage the progression of the disorder. In this study relative signal intensity of retrodiscal tissue in MRI and the synovial fluid concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and Interleukin-6(IL-6) in the 23 temporomandibular joints(TMJ), from 17 patients with TMD were evaluated as a possible diagnostic marker. The relative signal intensity of retrodiscal tissue was referenced to brain gray matter with same region of interest(ROI) size. The concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9, and IL-6 were evaluated by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The collected data were compared with condylar degenerative change, joint effusion and disc position observed in MRI. The relative signal intensity of the retrodiscal tissue was increased significantly when degenerative changes were present. In addition, there was significantly high signal intensity in the presence of a disc displaced without reduction. The concentration of IL-6 was significantly increased when condylar degenerative change was no observed. And there were no changes in the levels of IL-6 according to disc position and joint effusion measurement. Moreover, there were no significant relevance between the concentration of total MMP-2 and active MMP-9 in synovial fluid, relative to degenerative changes in the mandibular condyle, to joint effusion, and to disc position observed on MRI images. In conclusion, the relative signal intensity of the retrodiscal tissue can be regarded as a mean of diagnosing the procession of TMD in a non-invasive manner. But more additional studies are required for the levels of MMP-2. MMP-9, and IL-6 to determine their potentials as a diagnostic marker for TMD.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제19호
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• pp.23-41
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• 2009

1930년대 경호 활동의 고찰을 통해 지금까지 경호사에서 다루지 않았던 사실들을 네 가지 측면으로 도출하였다. 첫째, 만주의 한인 자치기관인 국민부는 재만 한인들의 공안을 담당하기 위해서 경호국과 경호분국을 설치했다. 그 후에 경호조례까지 제정할 수 있었던 것은 당시 만주의 한인들이 가진 경호의 필요성에 대한 인식이 적용되었기 때문이다. 둘째, 경찰 업무 중에 범인 호송을 위한 '차량 경호', 원활한 행정업무를 조성하는 면사무소 경호, 산불 벌목에 대비한 '임야경호단' 등의 다양한 경호 활동들이 등장했다. 당시의 경호활동은 신변보호에만 한정된 개념이 아니고, 보호와 안전이 요구되는 분야에서 포괄적으로 이루어졌다. 셋째, 각종 행사에서의 경호는 '만보산사건'처럼 정치적인 측면 외에도, 대중들이 운집하는 장소에서 안전 및 질서유지와 의전을 담당했다. 이를 통해, 1930년대 각종 행사에서 오늘날 사설 경호 활동의 모습과 유사한 점을 찾을 수 있다. 넷째, 언론에 반영된 해외의 경호는 구체적인 업무를 표방하는 다양한 사례들에서 이색적으로 나타났다. 당시의 경호는 직접적인 신변보호의 측면만이 아니라, 물건이나 유해물질에 관한 대처까지도 포함하는 통괄적인 보호 개념임을 확인할 수 있다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.177-181
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• 2016

This cross-sectional descriptive and qualitative study was aimed to study the people participation and their approaches toward the human carcinogenic liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, prevention and control in Ban Chaun sub-district administrative organization (BCSAO) and Bamnet Narong sub-district municipality (BNSM), Bamnet Narong district, Chaiyaphum Province, Thailand between June 2013 and February 2014. Participants were purposive selected, included chiefs of sub-district administrative organizations, sub-district municipalities, sub-district health promotion hospitals (SHPHs), heads of village, and a further sample was selected with a multi-stage random sampling for public health volunteers, and villagers. The pre-designed questionnaire contained items for individualized status and the participatory steps of sharing ideas, decision-making, and planning, procession, evaluation, and mutual benefit, for the project O. viverrini prevention and control (POPC). In-depth interviews were used for collection of need approaches to POPC. With 375 participants who completed the questionnaire, it was found that people had a high level regarding to participate in the POPC, particularly in the process stage ($\bar{X}=3.78$, S.D. = 0.56), but the lowest level was found in sharing ideas, decision making, and planning step ($\bar{X}=3.65$, S.D. = 0.63). By comparison, participant status and organization did not significantly differ with people participation. In each step, Ban Chaun sub-district had a high level of participation in the step of sharing ideas, decision making, and planning toward POPC, more than Bamnet Narong sub-district municipality (t=2.20, p=0.028). Approaches for POPC in Ban Chaun sub-district and Bamnet Narong sub-district municipality included requirements for budget support, annual campaigns for liver fluke prevention and control, campaign promotion, risk group observation, home visiting, community rules regarding reducing raw fish consumption in their communities, and a professional public health officer for working in their communities, BCSAO, BNSM, and SHPH, for O. viverrini prevention and control. This study indicates that people realize that eradication of the liver fluke needs a continuous people participation for O. viverrini prevention and control in their communities.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.283-307
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• 2004

본 연구는 사회복지기관을 이용하고 있는 클라이언트와 가족을 돕고 지원하는 사회복지사들의 가족인식을 비교한 연구이다. 또한 가족인식에 영향을 주는 요인으로써 인구사회학적인 요인, 원가족에 대한 인식, 자기효능감이 사회복지사와 클라이언트의 가족인식에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 파악하고자 하였다. 조사는 사회복지관을 이용하고 있는 클라이언트 134명과 가족을 대상으로 사회복지서비스를 제공하고 있는 사회복지사 131명을 대상으로 유의표집을 통한 서베이조사를 통하여 실시하였다. 조사결과는 가족개념, 가족주의, 남녀평등의식에 있어서 두 집단간 비교에서 모두 유의미한 차이를 보이고 있었다. 또한 가족인식에 영향을 주는 요인으로는 클라이언트에게는 연령과 원가족에 대한 인식이었으며, 사회복지사는 성별과 자기효능감이 가족인식에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 가족인식에 대한 사회복지사와 클라이언트에 대한 비교를 통하여 사회복지사가 다양한 가족형태를 수용할 가능성이 높음을 확인하였다. 또한 클라이언트와 가족주의에 대한 차이는 사회복지 실천과정에서 가족가치, 가족집단주의, 가족내 성별 역할분담에 차이를 가질 수 있음도 예측할 수 있었으며, 사회복지사간에도 성별에 따라 가족인식에 차이를 미칠 수 있음으로 사회복지 교육에 있어서 성인지적 교육이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제28호
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• pp.131-152
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• 2011

상정조대 장용영(壯勇營)은 정조 즉위 후에 신변안전(身邊安全)과 왕권강화(王權强化)를 이룩할 수 있도록 뒷받침한 친위부대(親衛部隊)였다. 이는 경호학적 관점에서 볼 때 경호제도 발전과 호위(扈衛) 성과, 경호환경(警護環境)조성의 문화적 가치가 있다. 장용영은 조선 후기의 호위제도의 변화 속에서 정조의 정치적 개혁을 실천해 나가는 데 있어서 합당한 제도로 거듭났다. 인조반정 이후에 역 쿠데타를 방지하기 위하여 설치되었던 호위청(扈衛廳)과 어영청(御營廳) 발족, 그리고 효종 때의 군사력 증강을 목표로 금군을 발전 시켰던 제도들은 임시변통적인 것이다. 그러나 장용영은 숙위소${\blacktriangleright}$장용위${\blacktriangleright}$장용영의 과정을 거치면서 보다 지속적이고 미래지향적인 제도로 거듭나 자신의 왕위 계승의 정통성을 지키면서 왕권강화와 민생안정에 대한 정치적 포부를 실현하는 데 실질적으로 뒷받침 할 수 있는 친위부대로 발전하였다. 장용영의 제도에는 효율적인 조직과 운영이 내포되어 있다. 장용영 조직의 특성은 통합성, 전문성, 대규모성을 지닌 것으로서 현대경호의 특성을 드러냈다. 장용영의 군사훈련(軍事訓鍊)과 호위(扈衛)는 분리된 것이 아니었다. 호위 작용에서도 정적인 신변보호(身邊保護)와 숙소경비(宿所警備)의 임무에 충실했으며, 이에 머무르지 않고 보다 폭넓은 활동의 범위에서 일어날 수 있는 돌발 사태에도 충분히 대비하였다. 그리하여 잦은 능행과 대규모의 화성행차 및 병사들의 훈련 참관 등의 폭넓고 자유로운 활동을 뒷받침할 수 있었다. 장용영은 단순히 군사적 기능만을 발휘한 부대가 아니고 문화적 기능을 발휘하여 왕실과 백성들이 위기를 극복하고 하나가 되어 왕의 행차(行次)에 참여하고 왕과 직접 만날 수 있는 계기가 마련되었다. 왕과 병사가 하나가 된 장용영은 정조의 개혁정책을 뒷받침하는 핵심부대로서의 위용(偉容)을 보여줌으로써 왕실의 권위를 높이고 국왕과 신하와 백성들이 하나가 되는 경호문화행사(警護文化行事)의 모범을 보여주었다.

• 대한감각통합치료학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.11-21
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• 2018

목적 : 본 연구는 대학생의 감각처리 유형과 학습유형, 학습전략 간에 상관관계를 조사하고자 실시되었다. 연구방법 : 부산소재 K대학교의 학생 115명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 측정도구는 청소년/성인 감각프로파일(Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile; AASP)과 학습과정 설문지(Study Process Questionnaire; SPQ)와 학습동기전략 설문지(Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnarie; MSLQ)를 사용하여 감각처리 유형, 학습유형, 학습전략에 대한 설문을 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS/WIN 20.0을 이용하여 카이 제곱 검정(chi square test), 피어슨 상관계수(Pearson correlation coefficient)로 분석하였다. 결과 : 감각처리 유형과 학습유형의 상관관계에서 감각등록저하 유형은 표층형 학습유형(p=0.03), 감각추구 유형은 심층형 학습유형(p=0.02)과 상관관계가 있었다. 감각처리 유형과 학습전략의 상관관계에서 감각추구 유형은 조직화 학습전략(p=0.00), 감각민감 유형은 조직화 학습전략(p=0.03)및 초인지 학습전략(p=0.00)과 상관관계가 있었다. 감각추구 성향의 차이에 따라 group A와 B로 나누었을 때 학습유형(p=0.00) 및 학습전략(p=0.03)에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 결론 : 감각처리 유형과 학습유형, 학습전략 간에 상관관계가 나타났으며 감각처리 유형에 따라 학습유형, 학습전략이 달라짐으로 개인에게 맞는 학습 유형과 학습전략을 선택함에 있어 기초자료로써 활용되어지는데 의의가 있다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제39권
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• pp.191-217
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• 2006

상장례 중 발인절차에서 각종 물품과 시신을 운반하는 상구를 이용하여, 상주들은 예를 원활하게 치루고자 노력한다. 이미 조선시대 초기에 "세종실록"과 "국조오례의"를 통해서, 이들을 구체적으로 설명하였다. 그러나 이들은 일반백성들이 지켜야 할 예서의 수준을 넘어선 국가의례의 표준서이다. 조선 중후기를 넘어오면서, 국가가 정한 국장의례 규정에 따라서, 국장도감은 운반상구류를 제작하여서 사용하였다. 그 예로 대여 견여 요여 채여 연 가자 등을 제작하여서 국장에 실제로 사용하였다. 이와 관련하여서, 조선 중기 이후에 일련의 실제 국장과 그에 소요된 기물들을 기록한 책인 의궤를 살펴볼 수 있다. 본 글은 "선조국장도감의궤", "인조국장도감의궤", "정조국장도감의궤", "순조국장도감의궤", "명성황후국장도감의궤"를 참고서로 활용하여서 조선 중후기 국장에서 실제로 사용되었던 운반상구류에 관해서 살펴보았다. 운반상구류의 준비와 제작과정, 활용상황, 그 변화에 이르기까지 국장도감의궤를 통해서 구체적으로 알아보았다. 조선시대 왕실의례는 곧 국가를 대표하는 의례이어서 개인의 기호에 따라서 좌우될 수 없었다. 조선시대 왕실이 한 국가의 상징이자, 실질적인 권력이 나오는 곳이었기 때문에, 왕실의례는 한 국가의례로서 전형을 보여주어야 했다. 운반상구류가 대행왕의 옥체를 실은 재궁, 왕실의 권위와 왕통을 상징하는 물품 등을 운반하기 때문에, 국장도감은 세심한 배려와 함께 신중을 기하였다. 이는 이러한 물품들이 살아서 이 땅을 지배하였던 왕 같은 권위를 지니고 있었다고 생각하기 때문이다. 따라서 이들은 발인 시에 단순한 운반상구에 지나지 않는 것이 아니라 왕과 동격 선상에 있는 상징적인 물품들이다. 정형성을 유지하였던 국장용 운반상구 역시 조선 후기로 접어들면서 당시 현실적인 여건으로 다소의 변화가 일어났다. 왕실의례가 전례의식의 특징을 지니고 있음에도 불구하고 일부 변화를 가져왔다면, 사대부 및 일반 백성들 사이에서 상구류 제작 또는 사용에서도 변화를 꾀할 수 있었다. 이 점에서 조선시대의 국장용 상구류 변화에도 관심을 기여야 한다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.33-43
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 이산 웨이블릿 변환(Discrete Wavelet Transform, DWT) 기반의 영상 압축기와 연동하여 동작할 수 있는 실시간 워터마킹 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제안된 알고리듬은 워터마크 위치 결정을 위한 계산량을 줄이기 위해 이산 웨이블릿 변환의 특징인 부대역간의 에너지 상관도를 이용하여 통계적으로 형성한 룩-업 테이블을 사용한다. 즉, 레벨-1 부대역의 에너지 값에 의해 레벨-3 부대역의 임계치를 룩-업 테이블에서 찾아 그 이상의 계수들에 워터마크를 삽입한다. 따라서 DWT 기반의 영상 압축을 위한 연산에 영향을 미치지 않고 워터마킹을 위한 연산이 병렬적으로 이루어짐으로써 실시간 워터마킹이 가능하다. 또한 손실 압축인 양자화 과정과 허프만 코더에서의 압축율을 고려하여 워터마크를 삽입함으로써 워터마크의 손실과 영상 압축기의 성능을 향상시켰다. 삽입되는 워터마크는 시각적으로 인지가 가능한 특정 로고 형태의 이진 영상을 사용하였다. 본 논문에서 제안되는 기법은 실험 및 결과를 통해서 워터마킹의 요구조건인 강인함(Robustness)과 비인지성(Imperceptibility)를 만족시킴을 확인하였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.41-55
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• 1980

The medical care insurance system, being put into practice nearly for three years, seem to have brought about some considerable problems as serious for the government as to consider a revision of that system. As one of the most serious problems of present system, the treatment cost of insurance patients is so remarkably low in comparison with than of non-insurance cases that normal operation of hospitals is threatened and care services of low quality are induced. The researcher carried out this survey to analyze and bring to light several aspects of treatment cost of non-insurance patients as a material for a re-assessment of the cost of insurance cases which shows a a considerable difference in amount at the standpoint of hospitals with than of non-insurance cases and further, hoping the significant blind spot of present insurance system(that is, the absence of regulations' for cost assessment by patterns or types of health care treatment) will be mended in near future. The survey was carried out with the treatment invoice sheets of total 902 in-hospital Patients of a general hospital in Seoul during the period of the 2 nd quarter of the year(1979). Among total 902 patients, 694 cases were used for analysis, because those disease or syndromes shared by less than 10% of the patients were put aside before procession. The data were analyzed by kinds or types of diseases, demographic characteristics of patients, hospitalization patterns, types of nursing treatment, etc. The result of analysis was as follows 1. Among all the non-insurance cases, those who received one or more kinds of nursing treatment mounted up to 96. 7 ％. The invoice issue frequency per person was 7.2 times, while that frequency per day for a person was 0.8, : the treatment cosr per person was ￦22,650 while its daily average was ￦2,430, due to the average 9.3 in-hospital days per person. 2. As to the nursing treatment types by the demographic characteristics of patients and hospitalization patterns. a. The unit cost female patients was generally more expensive them that of males, and independent nursing service was more given than other types of treatment. As to age, higher age groups received independent nursing service most, while the youngest group received instrumental and integrated nursing services. b. As to room grade, the unit cost of I.C.U. cases was the highest : and the cast of private room patients was higher than that of public room patients. By in-hospital days, the curve of function showed L. type : that is, the longer stay, the lower function. 3. State of treatment types by kinds of disease were ; a. Dependent nursing service showed comparatively high availability in surgical and neurologic disease and independent nursing service was most received by medical, obstetrical and urological patients, while instrumental and integrated services were most available for respiratory disease and obstetrical and neurologic diseases next. b. The invoice issue frequency per day for a patient was highest in obstetrical disease 3.8 times, and the unit cost(per one invoice sheet) was also highest in obstertrical disease(￦10,880) and next in neurologic cases(￦ 4,690 ). 4. As to the pertained departments. a. Cost amount per person was highest in department of Psychiatries daily cost was highest in obstetrical cases : while the invoice issue frequency was highest in obstetrics and next in pediatrics. b. In departments in need of surgical operation, dependent nursing care was highly availabl : while in internal medicine and obstetrics, independent service was higher. Psychiatrics showed the highest the of integrate nursing while pediatrics and obstetrics higher of instrumental services. The variation co-efficien of treatment cost came out to be relatively in high in special surgery, opthalmology and internal medicine. 5. State of treatment cost by types of nursing behavior was. a. The average frequency of invoice issue was 3.5 (times). Among the type four types of treatment, instrumetal service (4.3) and independent nursing behavior(3.9) showed higher frequency than average respectively. But as to unit cost (per invoice). dependent (￦5,200) and integrated (￦5,340) nursing care services were higher than average and considerably higher than the other two types. b. In repect patient distribution. independent nursing behavior(80.3% ) was the highest and depend ent nursing (31.7% ) the lowest. The variation co-efficient of treatment cost appeared highest in dependent nursing be havior as a whole, and among that, doctor's diagnosis showed the highest coefficient value (100.7). In conclusion, the variaty of treatment cost(treatment itself ) by various characteristics and treatment types pro- that treatment various sort of patients and treatment cost of various types of nursing behavior cannot be uniform. Therefore, to attain the equalization of health care service and its cost both for insurant and non-insurant patients, a more specific provision for assessment of cost should be added to the present medical care insurance system and, in addition, the cost of nursing treatment is desired to be inserted into the treatment invoice.

• 보건의료산업학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.137-154
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• 2008

The increase of the supply of medical service and the increase of hospitals have intensified the competition of hospitals, and the advancement towards internationalization in the opening of medical industry has triggered the infinite competition of medical profession. In addition, the high expectation of customers and quality improvement in the medical care in accordance with the improvement of overall income, and the change of active role of medical consumers according to the popularization and the improvement of rights awareness reflect the customer needs and choice in the medical service. Customers wanted to receive the kind and pleasant service under the up-to-date medical service. Therefore, as a solution, hospital coordinators were emerged for the purpose of smooth treatment and customer satisfaction by generalizing all service of hospital. Accordingly, this thesis attempted to investigate the effect of hospital coordinator education curriculum on the education satisfaction and the quality of medical service. In order to solve the purpose of this study, I, author reviewed the existing literatures, established hypothesis, and verified hypothesis by using the variety of statistics techniques such as reliability, validity, frequency analysis, and regression analysis. The verification of hypothesis is as followings: First, among education training factors of hospital coordinators, the quality of instructor significantly affects the satisfaction of hospital coordinator education training. Second, among training factors of hospital coordinator, the attitude of trainee significantly affects the training satisfaction of hospital coordinator. Third, among education training factors of hospital coordinator, education course significantly affects the training satisfaction of hospital coordinator education. As the qualities of instructor are better equipped, the satisfaction of education becomes higher. It indicates that the education method of instructors is important as an index to represent the qualities of instructor such as the appropriateness of education method, preparation, passion, visual materials, the adequacy of education procession, and specialized knowledge, and it has important effect on the satisfaction of education. In order to enhance the satisfaction of hospital coordinator education, the creation of education environment, making trainee concentrate on the education, is required by appropriately allocating programs, arousing interest in education, based on the attitude of trainee, discussion, and preliminary programs, preparation, ahead of enforcement of education. Fourth, the satisfaction of hospital coordinator education training significantly affects the reliability among the qualities of medical service. Fifth, satisfaction of hospital coordinator education training significantly affects hospitality I kindness among the qualities of medical service. If the education satisfaction of trainee is high, it is effective in the practical application such as dealing with complaints, the duty performance for the patients, and so on in offering the medical service, related to reliability and furthermore, we can find the positive change in the attitude change of medical professions related to the reliability of hospital coordinator. In addition, in the process of offering medical services such as the kind explanation on the duty, rapid response to the customers inquiry, and tidy uniform, practical effect was verified. Sixth, the education training factor of hospital coordinator significantly affects the reliability among the quality of medical service. Seventh, the education training factors of hospital coordinator significantly affect hospitality/kindness. In the education of hospital coordinator, the methods to attract the interest of trainee by emphasizing reliability should be sought and for gaining the practical effect of hospital coordinator education, the sufficient preparation and investigation on the education curriculum should be prerequisite and under this condition, intensified discussion on the instructor and education course is needed. In the design of education course, more education hours and subjects should be allocated in the part of hospitality in order to improve the practical application of hospitality. Therefore, it is meaningful in a sense that this study newly approached the components of hospital coordinator education and the need to modify the quality components of medical service in accordance with the study subjects was raised. This study also finds its meaning in that it provides basic materials for the study of future hospital coordinator education by suggesting the system development model of hospital coordinator education through preliminary study of education training. In addition, this study is meaningful in the aspect that it suggested the direction of education training by showing how the hospital coordinator education training would applied to the hospital coordinator course of the Continuing Education Center at Pusan and Kyungnam National University to some extent. Since all investigation of this study was approached from the side of hospital coordinator, the thoughts of patients who are beneficiaries of medical service, and care givers cannot be identified. Therefore, the satisfaction of patients and care givers through the experience of medical service, which is the essential prerequisite of medical service, should be importantly considered and investigated. Accordingly, The study of comparing and analyzing the views of both patients and care givers should be carried out in the future.