• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.53-67
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• 1996

A total health state evaluation of Korean female elderlies was made by using the questionary scheme measuring the physical, mental and social functions of the elderlies, in order to investigate the critical factors for the health maintenance of female elderlies and to develop their preventive nursing program. A total of 280 subjects over 65 years old living in Seoul and the suburban area were selected and interviewed during the period of September and October in 1995. The materials collected were analyzed statistically by using SAS data processing program, and the results and recommendations are summarized as follows. 1. The physical health state of Korean elderly women was evaluated to be satisfactory by showing an average score of 3.722 in 5.0 full-score scale. But this score was lower than those evaluated for the elderlies combined both sexes(4.054). The mental health state of the subjects was also evaluated as high scoring 3.484, possibly due to the fact that 78% of the subjects lived together with their children's family. On the other hand, the social health state of the subjects was relatively low scoring 2.585, mainly due to that 80% of them was widows which was resulted by the 6-7 years longer life-expectancy of Korean women. 2. A significant differences in the physical health state scores between different age groups was observed, indicating the rapid ageing process occurring in this age group. The family structure was appeared to be an important factor influencing the physical health state of the female elderlies ; the physical health score of the women with her husband only was higher than that of those living with children's families, and the lowest score was obtained from those living alone. 3. The age was the most important factor determining the mental health state of the subjects, while the religion, educational status, marriage state and family structure did not significantly influenced the mental health state of the aged women. 4. The social health state of the subject was deeply influenced by the marriage state and family structure, showing significantly lower scores with widowers compared to the married couples. Those living with their married spouse only obtained the highest social health score, while those living along showed the lowest score. The parent and grandparentship of those living with their children and the religion, especially Catholic and Protestant, had positive influence on the social health state of the aged women. 5. The mental health state of aged women showed significant correlation with the factors determining the physical health, except for digestive system related ability and sexual ability and the highest extra home ability. 6. The mental health state of aged women showed significant correlation with the factors determining social health, especially with the parent and grandparentship and the family relative's role. From these results, the following recommendations are made. 1. Since the physical, mental and social health states of aged people are deeply influenced by the sex and the average values of the both sex can create misleading figures, the health evaluation of the elderlies should be made separately by sex. 2. Since the health state of aged women is highly influenced by their family structure, the spouse's role and living with married couple only should be emphasized in respect of preventive health care. 3. The social activity programs and grandparentship teaching programs should be prepared in the nursing care program for aged people.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 1993

The RNAI mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisia is a recessive and temperature sensitive lethal mutation which interferes with the production of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. However, the precise role of RNAI gene have not been revealed until yet. We have cloned rna1-1 mutant gene from rna1-1 mutant yeast strain(R49 ; trpl, ura3-52, rna1-1). The 3.4kb BglII fragment of wild type RNAI clone(81-2-6) contains whole RNAI gene. The genomic southern blotting with BglII digested R49 genomic DNA as a probe shows the unique and identical band with wild type 3.4kb BglII fragment. Therefore, We prepared partial BglII genomic library(3~4kb BglII fragments) into BamH I site of pUC19. The rna 1-1 mutant clone was screened with Digoxigenin(DIG)-lableled probe by high density colony hybridization. The 5'-flanking region of rna1-1 gene was sequenced by dideoxy chain termination method. The 5'-flanking sequence of RNAI gene contains three TATA-like sequence ; TAATA, TATA and TTTTAA at position of -67, -45, and -36 from first ATG codon respectively. The 5'-flanking region of wild type RNA I gene from ATG codon to -103nt was deleted with Bal31 exonuclease digestion, generating $pUC{\Delta}$/RNA I. After constructing $pYEP{\Delta}RNA$ I (consists of -103nt deleting RNA I gene, URA3 gene, $2{\mu}m$ rep. origin), pYEPrna1-1(consists of Xba I fragment of pUCrna1-1. URA3 gene, $2{\mu}m$ rep. origin), and pYEPRNAI. each plasmid was transformed into host strain(trpl, ura3-52, rna1-1) by electroporation, respectively. Yeast transformant carrying $pYEP{\Delta}RNA$ I did not complement the thermal sensitivity of rna1-1 gene. It means that TATA-like sequences in 5'-flanking region is not TATA sequence for transcribing RNAI gene and there may be other essential sequence in upstream region for the transcription of RNAI gene.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.155-166
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• 1980

Studies have teen undertaken to investigate the degree of microbial contamination in the subsidiary materials which have been known as an important source of microorganisms associated with spoilage of fish sausage and fish paste products. Twenty hinds of food ingredients including starch, spices and condiments, 59 samples in total collected from commercial fish sausage processing plants and supermarket in the period of July to October 1979, were examined for standard plate count, coliform and fecal coliform, mold and yeast, thermoduric microorganisms, aerobic sporeformers (mesophilic and thermophilic), anaerobic sporeformers (mesophilic and thermophilic) and sulfide spoilage anaerobes. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Among the food ingredients examined, corn starch, black pepper, hot pepper, onion, garlic, ginger, beef extract and frank marked high bacterial contamination with general and sporeforming microorganisms. And bacterial content of marked samples were generally higher than that of the samples from plants. 2. The high standard plate count caused by high content of these bacteria like thermoduric, mesophilic or thermophilic sporeforming aerobes. 3. Bacterial content of food ingredients such as black pepper and beef extract being used in plants, and black pepper, hot pepper, onion and garlic from the market were exceeded the bacterial standards being enforced in Japan and U. S. A. 4. Average standard plate count was in the range of 10$^4$to 10$^{5}$ /g for black pepper, wheat flour, onion and garlic collected from plants, and 10$^{5}$ to 10$^{7}$ /g for black pepper, hot pepper, onion and garlic from market. No plate count was observed in pepper essence and coloring material. 5. Coliform organism was detected in starch, black pepper, hot pepper, onion, garlic, ginger and gluten that showed high standard plate but no fecal coliform in the samples except black pepper and hot pepper. 6. Average mold and yeast count was 140 to 460/g for corn starch, wheat flour and black pepper from plants, and 10$^3$/g for black pepper and hot pepper from market. No count was observed in the other ingredients. 7. Sulfide spoilage sporeforming anaerobes boiled for 5 min. at 10$0^{\circ}C$ and incubated at 55$^{\circ}C$ was not detected in all the samples examined.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.11A no.7 s.91
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• pp.555-562
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• 2004

Both global volume reduction and local shape changes of hippocampus within the brain indicate their abnormal neurological states. Hippocampal shape analysis consists of two main steps. First, construct a hippocampal shape representation model ; second, compute a shape similarity from this representation. This paper proposes a novel method for the analysis of hippocampal shape using integrated Octree-based representation, containing meshes, voxels, and skeletons. First of all, we create multi-level meshes by applying the Marching Cube algorithm to the hippocampal region segmented from MR images. This model is converted to intermediate binary voxel representation. And we extract the 3D skeleton from these voxels using the slice-based skeletonization method. Then, in order to acquire multiresolutional shape representation, we store hierarchically the meshes, voxels, skeletons comprised in nodes of the Octree, and we extract the sample meshes using the ray-tracing based mesh sampling technique. Finally, as a similarity measure between the shapes, we compute $L_2$ Norm and Hausdorff distance for each sam-pled mesh pair by shooting the rays fired from the extracted skeleton. As we use a mouse picking interface for analyzing a local shape inter-actively, we provide an interaction and multiresolution based analysis for the local shape changes. In this paper, our experiment shows that our approach is robust to the rotation and the scale, especially effective to discriminate the changes between local shapes of hippocampus and more-over to increase the speed of analysis without degrading accuracy by using a hierarchical level-of-detail approach.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.11B no.6
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• pp.749-758
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• 2004

In this paper, we propose a new method utilizing only raw corpus without additional human effort for disambiguation of target word selection in English-Korean machine translation. We use two data-driven techniques; one is the Latent Semantic Analysis(LSA) and the other the Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis(PLSA). These two techniques can represent complex semantic structures in given contexts like text passages. We construct linguistic semantic knowledge by using the two techniques and use the knowledge for target word selection in English-Korean machine translation. For target word selection, we utilize a grammatical relationship stored in a dictionary. We use k- nearest neighbor learning algorithm for the resolution of data sparseness Problem in target word selection and estimate the distance between instances based on these models. In experiments, we use TREC data of AP news for construction of latent semantic space and Wail Street Journal corpus for evaluation of target word selection. Through the Latent Semantic Analysis methods, the accuracy of target word selection has improved over 10% and PLSA has showed better accuracy than LSA method. finally we have showed the relatedness between the accuracy and two important factors ; one is dimensionality of latent space and k value of k-NT learning by using correlation calculation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.188-198
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• 2005

The Goldschmidt iterative algorithm for finding a floating point square root calculated it by performing a fixed number of multiplications. In this paper, a variable latency Goldschmidt's square root algorithm is proposed, that performs multiplications a variable number of times until the error becomes smaller than a given value. To find the square root of a floating point number F, the algorithm repeats the following operations: $R_i=\frac{3-e_r-X_i}{2},\;X_{i+1}=X_i{\times}R^2_i,\;Y_{i+1}=Y_i{\times}R_i,\;i{\in}\{{0,1,2,{\ldots},n-1} }}'$with the initial value is $'\;X_0=Y_0=T^2{\times}F,\;T=\frac{1}{\sqrt {F}}+e_t\;'$. The bits to the right of p fractional bits in intermediate multiplication results are truncated, and this truncation error is less than $'e_r=2^{-p}'$. The value of p is 28 for the single precision floating point, and 58 for the doubel precision floating point. Let $'X_i=1{\pm}e_i'$, there is $'\;X_{i+1}=1-e_{i+1},\;where\;'\;e_{i+1}<\frac{3e^2_i}{4}{\mp}\frac{e^3_i}{4}+4e_{r}'$. If '|X_i-1|<2^{\frac{-p+2}{2}}\;'$ is true, $'\;e_{i+1}<8e_r\;'$ is less than the smallest number which is representable by floating point number. So, $\sqrt{F}$ is approximate to $'\;\frac{Y_{i+1}}{T}\;'$. Since the number of multiplications performed by the proposed algorithm is dependent on the input values, the average number of multiplications per an operation is derived from many reciprocal square root tables ($T=\frac{1}{\sqrt{F}}+e_i$) with varying sizes. The superiority of this algorithm is proved by comparing this average number with the fixed number of multiplications of the conventional algorithm. Since the proposed algorithm only performs the multiplications until the error gets smaller than a given value, it can be used to improve the performance of a square root unit. Also, it can be used to construct optimized approximate reciprocal square root tables. The results of this paper can be applied to many areas that utilize floating point numbers, such as digital signal processing, computer graphics, multimedia, scientific computing, etc.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.321-325
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• 2002

For examination, amaranth was first dried its surface after sufficient soaking in water. Dried amaranth was roasted when the moisture contents reached 30∼50%, its nasty smell disappeared and its color turned to yellow and it was puffed. Pretreated amaranth was added to biscuit for the improvement of apparence and merchandise value. The maximum expansion was reported at the moisture percentage of 130∼160% according to the examination of expansion and moisture percentage. In order to compare gelatinization of different processing, three different amaranth were prepared as follows ; Raw amaranth, steamed/dried amaranth, and roasted amaranth. The degree of gelatinization was increased as the percentage of moisture was increased and the degree of gelatinization of roasted amaranth was higher than the one of steamed/dried amaranth, their moisture contents were 62.10% and 57.59%, respectively In addition, the hardness($\times$10$\^$5/dyn/㎠) of roasted amaranth was showed lower values than that of steamed amaranth and raw amaranth were showed the large values. After examining biscuits containing each amaranth, raw amaranth had problem with nasty smell and bad texture, and streamed/dried amaranth were able to remove viscosity but turned brown. Biscuits containing roasted amaranth had good smell and texture, and besides the color of biscuits became bright because roasted amaranth turned white. Biscuits tasted best when it contained 5% of roasted amaranth. The rancidity of biscuits with 5% roasted amaranth were proceeded slowly while roasted amaranth itself had high acid value and peroxide value. For the safety from oxidation, it was fairly safe for about 6 months.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.118-126
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• 1986

Vibrio vulnificus is a recently recognized halophilic organism that nay cause serious human infections. Patients infected with V. vulnificus often have a history of exposure to the sea, suggesting that the organism may be common inhabitant of marine environment. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the distribution and bacteriological characteristics of V. vulnificus. The strain used in this experiment was isolated from sea water and sea products such as common octopus (Octopus variabilis), ark shell (Anadara broughtonii), blue crab (Ericheir japonica), and sea squirt (Synthia roretzi) collected in Pusan area from July to October in 1985. V. vulnificus was frequently isolated in August when temperature of sea water was around $26^{\circ}C$ and rarely isolated in October when temperature of sea water was around $18.5^{\circ}C$. The distinctive biochemical characteristics of V. vulnificus were ONPG hydrolysis positive and fermented lactose and not grown in peptone water contained $8\%$ NaCl. The optical density at 660 nm of the growth of V. vulnificus was reached maximum level after 8 hours of culture at $35^{\circ}C$ in brain heart infusion broth but that of V. vulnificus was little increased at $15^{\circ}C$ for 14 hours. Optimum temperature and pH for the growth of V. vulnificus were around $35^{\circ}C$ and 8.0. The specific growth rate and the generation time of V. vulnificus isolated from the samples were $1.21\;hr^{-1}$, 34 min at $35^{\circ}C$ and $0.61\;hr^{-1}$, 69 min at $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. V. vulnificus did not grow on eosin-methylene-blue agar, salmonella-shigella agar, deoxycholate agar but grew well on Endo agar, xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar and hektoen enteric agar. On Endo agar, the colonies of V. vulnificus were red and achieved a diameter of 2 to 4 mm as a feature enabling differentiation of V. vulnificus from other Vibrio spp. V. vulnificus grow well on TCBS agar forming green colonies. V. vulnificus refrigerated at $4^{\circ}C$ exhibited a linear decline of its viablity as 1 log cycle in every 16 hours storage, while V. vulnificus freezed at $-18^{\circ}C$ almost became extinct.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.563-569
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• 2001

In order to utilize the processing wastes of squid, chitosan was prepared by intermittent deacetylation treaoent of $\beta-chitin$ contained richly in the pen of squid. Acetylchitosan also was synthesized from squid pen chitosan with anhydrous acetic acid and their characteristics were investigated. The amounts of nitrogen and ash of squid pen chitosan were $5.80.2\% and 0.2\pm0.03\%$ respectively, the yield of squid pen chitosan was $25\pm3\%$, the degree of deacetylation was $92\%$, and the molecular weight was $1.15\times10^6$, Acetyl contents of N-acetylchitosan powder, acetylchitosan bead, N-ACF-1 (N-acetylchitosan film-1) and N-ACF-2 (N-acetylchitosan film-2) were $55.9\%, 63.2\%, 56\% and 58.7\%$ respectively. Two major peaks, amide I ($1,653 cm^{-1}$) and II ($1,558 cm^{-1}$) bent, on FT-IR spectra of the N-acetylchitosan from squid pen were almost similar to these of $\beta-chitin$, While there was a broad single peak at $1,601 cm^{-1}$assigned to be an amide I bend in squid pen chitosan. The CP/MAS NMR spectra of $\beta-chitin$, squid pen chitosan and N-acetylchitosan from squid pen showed a relative broad and single peak at 74 ppm assigned to fifth carbon (C-5) and third carbon (C-3). In case of $\beta-chitin$ and N-acetylchitosan from squid pen, single peak at 74 ppm was showed as the same of $\beta-chitin$ type.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.549-560
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• 2019

The effects of the coal-fired power plant emissions, as the biggest point source of air pollutants, on spatiotemporal surface air pollution over the remote area are investigated in this study, based on a set of date selection and statistical technique to consider meteorological and geographical effects in the emission-concentration (source-receptor) relationship. We here proposed the sophisticated technique of data processing to separate and quantify the effects. The data technique comprises a set of data selection and statistical analysis procedure that include data selection criteria depending on meteorological conditions and statistical methods such as Kolmogorov-Zurbenko filter (K-Z filter) and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The data selection procedure is important for filtering measurement data to consider the meteorological and geographical effects on the emission-concentration relationship. Together with meteorological data from the new high resolution ECMWF reanalysis 5 (ERA5) and the Korea Meteorological Administration automated surface observing system, air pollutant emission data from the telemonitoring system (TMS) of Dangjin and Taean power plants as well as spatio-temporal air pollutant concentrations from the air quality monitoring system are used for 4 years period of 2014-2017. Since all the data used in this study have the temporal resolution of 1 hour, the first EOF mode of spatio-temporal changes in air pollutant concentrations over the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) due to power plant emission have been analyzed to explain over 97% of total variability under favorable meteorological conditions. It is concluded that SO₂, NO₂, and PM₁₀ concentrations over the SMA would be decreased by 0.468, 1.050 ppb, and 2.045 ㎍ m^-3 respectively if SO₂, NO₂, and TSP emissions from Dangjin power plant were reduced by 10%. In the same way, the 10% emission reduction in Taean power plant emissions would cause SO₂, NO₂, and PM₁₀ decreased by 0.284, 0.842 ppb, and 1.230 ㎍ m^-3 over the SMA respectively. Emissions from Dangjin power plant affect air pollution over the SMA in higher amount, but with lower R value, than those of Taean under the same meteorological condition.