• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.651-658
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze the invention-related content of foreign science curricula and investigate the perception of science educators about the degree of relevance between science curriculum and invention. For the analysis of foreign science curricula, we investigated the programs of 10 nations, including the US, Canada, UK, Japan, Australia, Singapore, New Zealand, France, Finland and China. To analyze the relevance between Korean science curriculum and invention, we examined common topics such as science, integrated science, and science inquiry experiment, and investigated that the elements related to invention education were included in each 'achievement standard' and 'teaching and evaluation methods'. Science educators including science teachers were asked to evaluate the degree of relevance of invention education. The results were as follows. First, science curricula in many countries contained invention-related content. Second, science educators recognized that invention education was related to science curriculum, but the systematic connection was insufficient. Third, because it is mainly limited to the results of designing and device design, they recognized that the relevance of invention education, which focuses on various processes such as problem design, inventive techniques and intellectual property, was not revealed. Therefore, it is necessary to be process-oriented when developing invention education teaching-learning methods and related materials in science education for the future.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.553-564
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• 2017

This study investigated the change of pre-service elementary teachers' professional visions through video-based reflection on science teaching with focus on their attention and pedagogical reasoning about student learning. Specifically, we compared two reflection cycles before and after pre-service elementary teachers went through the collaborative video-based reflection process in a professional learning community. The primary data were collected from eight pre-service elementary teachers and included their science lesson plans, videotaped lessons, video-reflection papers, and transcripts from the interviews. Pre-service elementary teachers' attention was categorized in five aspects: classroom management & control, teacher's instruction, students' thinking & learning, subject knowledge, and assessment. The level of their pedagogical reasoning about student thinking and learning was determined with six levels based on the number of evidence, evidence area, and evidence type. The findings revealed that 1) individual reflection is not enough - collaborative reflection is essential to change their attention toward students learning and thinking 2) pedagogical reasoning levels increase gradually throughout the individual and collaborative video-based reflection processes. The participants not only attributed student learning solely to the characteristics of students but also connected it with their own instruction or science content knowledge and used different types of evidences as they went through two reflection cycles. Implications for using video in the teacher education program were discussed.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.879-889
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to develop the evaluation criteria for students' research reports on online science inquiry problems that promote thinking abilities. The steps of developing the evaluation criteria are as follows; First, based on previous study results and literature review, the evaluation categories of the science inquiry contents were determined: 1) knowledge, 2) logical and analytical thinking, 3) critical thinking, 4) science process skills, 5) problem-solving, and 6) creative thinking. Second, evaluation criteria are developed according to the following steps: 1) define each category, 2) identify sub-category, 3) develop evaluation criteria for all categories that could serve as guidelines in the development of scoring rubrics, and 4) expert validation processes were performed. Finally, the usability test for these evaluation categories and criteria were done by being applied to the development of real scoring rubrics for 24 problems included in e-learning contents. Then the users' feedbacks were filed and the implications of this study were discussed.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.38-49
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate tangible clues influence on perceived risk and overall satisfaction of customers at family restaurant in South Korea. In this research overall CFA and SEM were employed to analyze the data. Tangible clues were divided to 3 factors and perceived risk to 6 factors. Tangible clue 1 'physical evidence', had negative(-) influence on financial risk(p<0.01), performance risk(p<0.01) and psychological risk(p<0.001). Tangible clue 2 'employee' affected negatively(-) time risk(p<0.001), performance risk(p<0.001), psychological risk(p<0.01) and social risk(p<0.001). And tangible clue 3 'service process' influenced negatively(-) physical risk(p<0.01), time risk(p<0.05), financial risk (p<0.001) and performance risk(p<0.01). And among customer's perceived risks, 3 factors(time risk~p<0.001, performance risk~p<0.001, social risk~p<0.001) influenced negatively(-) their overall satisfaction. Through these results, it appears that customers perceive various tangible clues and risks at family restaurants. And they are likely to satisfy or dissatisfy according to their perceived risks. As a result, food service companies need to research various customers' perceived risks as important marketing strategy, and reduce them for increase and induction of customers' satisfaction.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.72-87
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate how environmental attitudes of top managers of hotel business affect on environmental commitment of hotel employees and identify of the mediator effects of line supervisor and peer group during implementing green management process using Sobel z test. Data analysis is conducted by SPSS 18.0. The findings and implications can be summarized as follows. First, environmental attitudes of top managers has significantly positive effect on environmental attitude of line supervisors and peer group. Second, environmental attitude of line supervisors and peer group, in turns, has significantly positive effect on value or normative commitment on green management of hotel employments. Third, there is positive mediating effect of environmental attitude of line supervisors and peer group between environmental attitudes of top managers and value or normative commitment of hotel employees. Hence we can conclude that implementing of green management intention of top managers to hotel employs in work place needs strong support of line supervisors and peer group.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.281-291
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare the sleep characteristics between the prone and the supine position in healthy newborns. The 48 newborns were observed in the prone position and the supine position respectively on the 2nd day after birth. The data were collected from January to May, 1999. The state of a newborn was classified and categorized to 6 states (deep sleep. light sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying) by Barnard. The movements of eyes, face and extremities, pulse and arterial oxygen were observed and recorded continuously from the start of sleep after feeding until the time of being woken for the next feeding by a trained nurse The data was analyzed by using paired t-test. The results of this study were as follows; 1. There was no significant difference in the length of sleeping time between the prone and the supine position. 2. There was no significant difference in the length and frequencies of each states(deep sleep, light sleep, drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, crying) between the prone and the supine position But the frequency of light sleep in the supine position was significantly higher than that of the prone position. 3 There was no significant difference In the numbers or eyes movements between the prone and the supine sleep position. But the amount of facial and extremity movement in the supine position was significantly higher than those in the prone position 4. There was no significant difference in the arterial oxygen content between the prone and the supine sleep position. 5. There was no significant difference in the heart rates between the prone and the supine sleep position. The above results indicated that the newborns in the prone Position moved less and slept deeper than those in the supine position. though there was no difference in the length of sleep or arterial oxygen content between the prone and the supine sleep Position. But. Nurses and mothers should consider the relationship between the sleep Position and SIDS suggested by previous researches. The infant's 'awakening' during sleep is a normal process and rather valuable because it can provide an opportunity to promote a stronger relationship between mother and baby. So, It is suggested that the supine sleep position is better than the prone sleep position for infants.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.136-145
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• 2013

Currently many studies aimed at enhancing efficacy of medicinal food on biological activity using bioconversion technology including fermentation process. In this study, the quality characteristics and antioxidative activity of fermented Crataegi fructus was investigated. The antioxidant activity of fermented Crataegi Fructus was assessed by various radical scavenging assays using DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power), Reducing power and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)). Moisture content of fermented Crataegi Fructus was $39.3{\pm}0.06%$. Contents of crude ash, crude protein, and crude fat were $0.20{\pm}0.01$, $1.77{\pm}0.04$, and $1.40{\pm}0.59%$, respectively. Moreover, the hunter's color values of fermented Crataegi Fructus were 79.24 (lightnees), 1.58 (redness), and 31.25 (yellowness), respectively. Total phenolic contents of fermented Crataegi Fructus were $3,015{\pm}250$ GAE ${\mu}g/g$. The antioxidative activities of fermented Crataegi Fructus significantly increased in a dose dependent manner. In addition, fermented Crataegi Fructus slightly (10.4%) inhibited ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity; however, there was no inhibitory activity against ${\alpha}$-amylase. In terms of proteolytic activity, fermented Crataegi Fructus showed a strong activity than pancreatin (used as a positive control). These results indicate that fermented Crataegi Fructus can be used as a natural resource for material aiding digestion.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.375-382
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• 2003

Lip-reading technique based on bimodal is to enhance speech recognition rate in noisy environment. It is most important to detect the correct lip-image. But it is hard to estimate stable performance in dynamic environment, because of many factors to deteriorate Lip-reading's performance. There are illumination change, speaker's pronunciation habit, versatility of lips shape and rotation or size change of lips etc. In this paper, we propose the IIR filtering in time-domain for the stable performance. It is very proper to remove the noise of speech, to enhance performance of recognition by digital filtering in time domain. While the lip-reading technique in whole lip image makes data massive, the Principal Component Analysis of pre-process allows to reduce the data quantify by detection of feature without loss of image information. For the observation performance of speech recognition using only image information, we made an experiment on recognition after choosing 22 words in available car service. We used Hidden Markov Model by speech recognition algorithm to compare this words' recognition performance. As a result, while the recognition rate of lip-reading using PCA is 64%, Time-domain filter applied to lip-reading enhances recognition rate of 72.4%.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.29-46
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• 2015

Examined how it varied the knowledge network of the country along with R&D changes in planning policy for the research and development of government. Therefore, in this study, chronological Analysis analyzed separately the network between each entity of participate in the industry fusion source technology development business of industry trade and Energy. Planning policy of industrial fusion source technology development business, to change the starting point before and after 2012, before 2012 from selected planning issues at the center "planning committee" and in 2012 'PD' changes to a system for planning issues around. First of all, an attempt to analyze the R&D network based on the "planning committee" current situation of 2009~2011, from 2012 to analyze the variation of the R&D network with the introduction of the 'PD' system after it was analyzed by dividing the time in the current state of up to 2013. The results of the analysis, since the PD system was introduced, such as self-relationship (the form of planning user to run directly challenges the person was planning to challenge participants)is greatly improved, I was able to grasp the effect became clear. The more the self-relation, and the budding scholars considering that there is inequality of the planning, the introduction of the PD scheme, it can be seen to have resulted in a positive effect. These studies, quantitatively analyzed to improve the results to the effects associated with changes in the planning policy of the government, I think that there is a meaning in terms of presenting the future direction of R&D policy.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.135-150
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• 2014

As the collection and use of personal information increases, the accidents that abuse and leak personal information are continuously increasing. The nation has established new laws and strengthened related laws for the prevention of the mass leakage of personal information and the secondary damage due to the leaked personal information. The nation also established the guidelines that need to be implemented by the institutions handling personal information for the safety of the personal information. For the efficient implementation of guidelines under the limited time and resources, it is necessary to establish the priorities between guidelines. This paper compares the relative importance of the guidelines by AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) technique. We performed the analysis on two expert groups, the group of consultants working in information security consulting company and the group of information security staffs handling personal information directly in the company. We compared the differences between groups and recommended the relative importances of the guidelines.