• 근관절건강학회지
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.18-27
• /
• 2002

Introduction : Exercise has been suggested as an important nursing strategy in which to help elderly maintain functional performance and to enhanced quality of life. Most of exercise study has been reported on fitness exercise such as walking, swimming, dance etc for health of elderly. There have been few reports about exercise on the promotion of small and fine movement of elderly. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine an effect of 6 weeks hand and finger exercise in home to improve hand muscle strength such as grip strength and finger pinch pressure. Materials and Methods Design: This pilot study was used one group pre and post-test design. Sample: Twelve elderly women above 60 years of age or older living in community were selected by convenient sampling. Procedure: Signed informed consent was obtained prior to participate in this study. The authors met elderly and taught hand and finger exercise, daily a week for 6 weeks, within 30 minutes per session. But exercise frequency and strength were not same. Instruments: Left and right grip strength were measured by Bulb Dynamometer(made in USA) and left and right pinch pressure were measured by Baseline Hydraulic Pinch Gauge(made in USA). Data analysis: Discriptive data analyses were performed on all variables. Wilcoxon matched-pairs Signed-Ranks test were used to find difference of grip strength and pinch pressure between pre and post exercise using SPSS 10.0 for Window. Results: Samples age ranged from 60 to 73, Mean age was 65.3. All were women. Ten elderly were diagnosed osteoarthritis and one had DM. After six weeks hand and finger exercise, Left and right grip strength were higher than those of before exercise(Z=-2.667, P<0.01 ; Z=-3.065, p<0.01). And left pinch pressure after hand and linger exercise were higher than that of before pinch pressure (Z=-2.315, p<0.05). But Right pinch pressure was not shown significant change(Z=-1.099, p>0.05). Conclusions: Although this study was limited by the sample size and design, the findings provide some important implications for community based exercise nursing intervention. Short term (six weeks) exercise of hand and linger is shown to be useful as nursing intervention to maintain routine daily activities such as eating, writing, grip something for elderly.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.119-125
• /
• 2011

Background and Objectives : Temporary or permanent vocal paralysis can be occurred after head and neck surgery such as thyroid cancer, esophageal resection, and chest operation including lung parenchymal resection, due to a vagus or recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. The authors aimed to determine the clinical efficacy of using Calcium-Hydroxyapatite (CaHA) for permanent unilateral vocal cord palsy patients. Materials and Method : Between July 2008 to July 2010, among patients with chief complain of hoarseness and aspiration, only who were diagnosed as unilateral vocal cord palsy under laryngoscopy, were selected. The patients included 3 females and 13 males age range between 29 to 79 and average age was 60 years old. Results : The hoarseness range were $8.94{\pm}0.77$, $4.63{\pm}1.02$, $4.31{\pm}1.30$ statistically showing significant postoperative improve at preoperative, 1 week and 3 months. Also aspiration were $7.44{\pm}2.48$, $3.63{\pm}1.82$, $3.19{\pm}1.91$ statistically improved during the same period. The result of voice analysis showed that the frequency range shows decrease at 1 week and 3 months after the injection compared to that of the preoperative result in both male and female group (Male: $161.63{\pm}32.78$ Hz, $139.13{\pm}30.63$ Hz, $146.67{\pm}34.20$ Hz ; Female: $244.62{\pm}26.62$ Hz, $244.91{\pm}42.03$ Hz, $237.50{\pm}38.95$ Hz). The Maximal phonation time were $2.75{\pm}1.06$ (sec), $8.88{\pm}3.46$ (sec), $8.44{\pm}3.71$ (sec) statistically showing significant postoperative improve at preoperative, 1 week and 3 months. Conclusion : Injection laryngoplasty with CaHA in unilateral vocal cord paralysis is very safe and efficient procedure to improve a voice disorder, a swallowing difficulty, and a quality of life for those patients with a sacrificed RLN, a cancer invasion of the nerve, and a prolonged vocal cord paralysis which is more than six to twelve months.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.557-566
• /
• 2002

본 논문은 4개의 철골모멘트 접합부에 대한 반복재하 실물대(實物大) 실험결과를 요약한 것이다. 주요 실험변수는 기둥과 보의 접합방식 (볼트접합 대 용접) 및 패널존의 강도 (강한 패널존 대 중간강도 패널존)이다. 중간 패널존 강도를 갖는 시험체는 패널존과 RBS 영역 모두에서 균형잡힌 방식으로 에너지가 소산되도록 고려하여 설계된 것으로 패널존 보강비용을 줄이고자 시도한 경우이다. 보웨브가 용접으로 접합된 경우의 시험체들은 특별연성모멘트골조에 요구되는 충분한 접합부 회전성능을 보여 주었지만, 웨브를 볼트로 접합한 시험체들은 스캘럽을 가로지르는 보플랜지의 조기 취성파괴로 인해 열등한 내진성능을 노출하였다. 보웨브를 볼트로 접합하면 비용을 줄일 수 있으나 원래 보단면의 전소성모멘트를 기둥에 전달하기 어려운 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 적용된 것과 같이 양질의 용접시공에 의해 일단 그루브 용접부 자체의 취성파괴 문제가 해결되고 나면, 용접접근공내에 위한 보플랜지 모재의 파단이 다음의 문제로 대두됨을 알 수 있다. 용접접근공 내의 보 플랜지 파단문제를 역학적인 측면에서 이해하는데 도움이 되는 해석적 연구도 수행되었다.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국독성학회 2006년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.65-74
• /
• 2006

Modem drug discovery requires rapid pharmacokinetic evaluation of chemically diverse compounds for early candidate selection. This demands the development of analytical methods that offer high-throughput of samples. Naturally, liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is choice of the analytical method because of its superior sensitivity and selectivity. As a result of the short analysis time(typically 3-5min) by LC-MS/MS, sample preparation has become the rate- determining step in the whole analytical cycle. Consequently tremendous efforts are being made to speed up and automate this step. In a typical automated 96-well SPE(solid-phase extraction) procedure, plasma samples are transferred to the 96-well SPE plate, internal standard and aqueous buffer solutions are added and then vacuum is applied using the robotic liquid handling system. It takes only 20-90 min to process 96 samples by automated SPE and the analyst is physically occupied for only approximately 10 min. Recently, the ultra-high flow rate liquid chromatography (turbulent-flow chromatography)has sparked a huge interest for rapid and direct quantitation of drugs in plasma. There is no sample preparation except for sample aliquotting, internal standard addition and centrifugation. This type of analysis is achieved by using a small diameter column with a large particle size(30-5O ${\mu}$m) and a high flow rate, typically between 3-5 ml/min. Silica-based monolithic HPLC columns contain a novel chromatographic support in which the traditional particulate packing has been replaced with a single, continuous network (monolith) of pcrous silica. The main advantage of such a network is decreased backpressure due to macropores (2 ${\mu}$m) throughout the network. This allows high flow rates, and hence fast analyses that are unattainable with traditional particulate columns. The reduction of particle diameter in HPLC results in increased column efficiency. use of small particles (<2 urn), however, requires p.essu.es beyond the traditional 6,000 psi of conventional pumping devices. Instrumental development in recent years has resulted in pumping devices capable of handling the requirements of columns packed with small particles. The staggered parallel HPLC system consists of four fully independent binary HPLC pumps, a modified auto sampler, and a series of switching and selector valves all controlled by a single computer program. The system improves sample throughput without sacrificing chromatographic separation or data quality. Sample throughput can be increased nearly four-fold without requiring significant changes in current analytical procedures. The process of Bioanalytical Method Validation is required by the FDA to assess and verify the performance of a chronlatographic method prior to its application in sample analysis. The validation should address the selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and stability of the method. This presentation will provide all overview of the work required to accomplish a full validation and show how a chromatographic method is suitable for toxirokinetic sample analysis. A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method developed to quantitate drug levels in dog plasma will be used as an example of tile process.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.36-42
• /
• 1997

비건조 화학펄프의 세포벽공 속으로 충전제의 충전을 요체로 하는 소위 섬유벽 충전기술은 제지 공정의 충전공정을 개선하는데 기여해 왔다. 섬유 세포벽 충전기술이라 함은 펄프섬유의 세포벽공에 두가지 이상의 수용성 염의 이온용액을 1차와 2차로 차례로 흡착시켜 충전제를 침착시키는 기술이다. 즉 이들 두 이온 용액의 세포벽 내에서의 화학반응에 의해 세포벽 세포벽공내에서 물에 부용의 침전을 유발케하는 공정이다. 비록 이 섬유 세포벽 충전기술이 제지공정상 비건조 화학펄프에 적용하도록 고안되었지만, 본 연 구에서는 폐지의 재활용을 위해 폐지에 이 충전기술을 시도하였다. 그 결과 무게비율로 폐지섬유의 약 5-6%와 4-5%의 CaCO$_3$와 SrCO$_3$가 각각 충전되었다. 비건조 화학펄프의 그들 값이 17-18% 와 16-18%를 나타내는 결과와 비교하여 매우 낮은 값이긴 하지만, 여전히 주목할 만한 결과로 간주되었다. 또한 이 세포벽 충전기술은 실험결과 재래의 충전방식보다 광학적 성질, 물리적 성질 및 강도적 성질이 훨씬 우수함을 보여 주었다.

• 토지주택연구
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.101-109
• /
• 2011

Recently, the construction of U-City or of U-City service (U-service) in many kinds of urban development projects becomes the general trend. However, as the construction of U-city comes into the spotlight like the trend of the times, various service constructions are being indiscreetly implemented since it's processed focusing on local specialized projects or local landmark project by a local autonomous entity or an institute in charge being off the original purpose of the improvement of living quality of residents and the efficiency of urban management, which causes a number of problems on the process, maintenance, operation and management of those projects. Therefore, this study is to derive the standard pattern of U-service construction through the analysis of patterns and numbers of U-service and problems during the process of construction in domestic U-City construction case district, and is aimed to suggest the reasonable direction of service construction based on this. 11 projects areas in which data related to U-service are available among U-City construction project areas were selected for the subjects of this study, and it's standardized with 228 detailed unit services that were suggested by U-Eco City R&D and with 11 service domains that are regulated in "the Act of ubiquitous city construction etc.", and it is limited to services that were suggested in U-City case area of which design was completed by July, 2010 based on this. The actual state of various U-service construction is analyzed through case studies as well as reviews on the legal and theoretical concept and the method of pattern classification of U-service, the plan for the standardization (pattern classification) of U-service and the plan for the construction body of service and to share the costs are suggested as the plan to construct reasonable U-service based on this for the method and the procedure of this study For the method to construct U-service, the plan to classify the pattern of U-service into the basic service and additional service is suggested, and whether it has the publicity, whether urban infrastructure is included, whether utilities are included, the body of realization, the recipients, the urgency, the importance and the spreading, etc. are suggested for the index to determine the pattern of service. The method to get the executor of a project to construct the basic service, the method to get the executor of a project to construct the most basic service among the group classification of service and to get a private entity and a local autonomous entity to perform additional service in the future, and the method to construct the whole service and to distribute the construction costs were suggested, and the first one that determines the body of construction after dividing U-service into the basic service and the additional service was evaluated to be the most reasonable one. And the plan to solve the problem that the excessive construction costs of U-service are shifted onto the executor of a project through benefit principle, balanced distribution principle and consultation and mediation between the interested parties was suggested for the criteria to share the costs.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국작물학회 2005년도 국제학술회의
• /
• pp.57-74
• /
• 2005

Rice yield and protein content have been shown to be highly variable across paddy fields. In order to characterize this spatial variability of rice within a field, the two-year experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in a large-scale rice field of $6,600m^2$ In year 2004, an experiment was conducted to know if prescribed N for site-specific fertilizer management at panicle initiation stage (VRT) could reduce spatial variation in yield and protein content of rice while increasing yield compared to conventional uniform N topdressing (UN, ,33 kg N/ha at PIS) method. The trial field was subdivided into two parts and each part was subjected to UN and VRT treatment. Each part was schematically divided in $10\times10m$ grids for growth and yield measurement or VRT treatment. VRT nitrogen prescription for each grid was calculated based on the nitrogen (N) uptake (from panicle initiation to harvest) required for target rice protein content of $6.8\%$, natural soil N supply, and recovery of top-dressed N fertilizer. The required N uptake for target rice protein content was calculated from the equations to predict rice yield and protein content from plant growth parameters at panicle initiation stage (PIS) and N uptake from PIS to harvest. This model equations were developed from the data obtained from the previous two-year experiments. The plant growth parameters for this calculation were predicted non-destructively by canopy reflectance measurement. Soil N supply for each grid was obtained from the experiment of year 2003, and N recovery was assumed to be $60\%$ according to the previous reports. The prescribed VRT N ranged from 0 to 110kg N/ha with average of 57kg/ha that was higher than 33kg/ha of UN. The results showed that VRT application successfully worked not only to reduce spatial variability of rice yield and protein content but also to increase rough rice yield by 960kg/ha. The coefficient of variation (CV) for rice yield and protein content was reduced significantly to $8.1\%\;and\;7.1\%$ in VRT from $14.6\%\;and\;13.0\%$ in UN, respectively. And also the average protein content of milled rice in VRT showed very similar value of target protein content of $6.8\%$. Although N use efficiency of VRT compared to UN was not quantified due to lack of no N control treatment, the procedure used in this paper for VRT estimation was believed to be reliable and promising method for managing within-field spatial variability of yield and protein content. The method should be received further study before it could be practically used for site-specific crop management in large-scale rice field.

• 대한미생물학회지
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.289-297
• /
• 2000

Background: Staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are major pathogens in community and hospital. And they sometimes cause the outbreak in hospital in the immunocompromised patients. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has been regarded as a standard method for genotyping in epidemiologic studies, but it is laborious and time-consuming. Infrequent restriction site-polymerase chain reaction (IRS-PCR), a new genotyping methods, was performed to compare the applicability with PFGE. Methods: We performed PFGE and IRS-PCR on S. aurues (n=120) and E. coli (n=117) which were collected clinically in 4 different hospitals. We assessed each method in terms of discriminatory power, quality, and efficiency. Results: In E. coli, the discriminatory power of IRS-PCR was $46.7{\sim}86.7%$, and that of PFGE was $88.9{\sim}96.7%$ according to hospital. But in S. aurues, the discriminatory power of IRS-PCR was $20{\sim}56.7%$, and that of PFGE was $40{\sim}90%$ according to hospital. The typablity and reproducibility of IRS-PCR were 100% of each. PFGE needed four days to complete the procedure, but IRS-PCR could be performed within one day, IRS-PCR showed better resolution than PFGE. Conclusion: In case of gram negative bacteria (like E. coli), IRS-PCR could be a reliable alternative for epidemiologic typing due to better efficiency and comparable discriminatory power. But in the case of gram positive bacteria (like S. aureus), IRS-PCR does not seem to be suitable for the strain-to-strain differentiation. More trials and changes of restriction enzymes or primers could reveal the efficacy of IRS-PCR in the field of molecular typing.

• 공학교육연구
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.64-72
• /
• 2009

본 연구는 공학교육인증제 운영과정에서 강조되고 있는 학습성과 중 리더십 교육과 관련한 CQI 방안을 탐구하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 리더십 교육과 관련된 영남대학교의 사례를 연구하였다. 본 연구를 위해 리더십 교육과 관련된 영남대학교의 교과 및 교과 외 교육과정 분석, 리더십 교육 CQI 방안 마련을 위한 전문가 및 유관 기관 실무자 포커스그룹 면담이 실시되었다. 또한 리더십 캠프 참가자를 대상으로 리더십 역량진단, 리더십 교육 수요 조사, 캠프 만족도 조사를 실시하였다. 리더십 캠프진행을 주관한 데일 카네기 연구소 대구지부의 전문 강사들과 포커스그룹 면담을 실시하고 캠프 기간 동안 비참여관찰법을 통한 내용분석과 질적 면접이 병행되었다. 본 연구 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대학수준의 수학능력 향상방안과 심리적 차원의 역량강화 방안이 동시에 고려되어야 한다. 특히 지방대학이라는 특성을 고려할 때 외국어 능력 향상과 자신감 및 비전 수립을 위한 교육에 역점을 둘 필요가 있다. 둘째, 일회성의 단기 리더십 세미나 및 팀 티칭 형태의 교육을 보완하기 위해서 설계교과목 이수체계도를 활용한 중장기 교육계획 수립 및 리더십 캠프 참가 경험이 있는 학생과 차기 캠프 참가자들간의 멘토-멘티제 운영이 고려될 수 있다. 셋째, 리더십 교육에 역점을 두는 전공, 학과 및 교내외 유관기관 관계자들로 구성된 리더십 교육 자문위원회를 구성함으로써 체계적이고 효과적인 리더십 교육을 실현할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
• /
• 제9권5호
• /
• pp.159-167
• /
• 2008

건설산업관리는 건설사업의 초기부터 완성에 이르기까지 범위, 시간, 비용, 품질 등 관련 요소에 대한 통합 관리를 통해 프로젝트를 성공적으로 완수하기 위한 조직적 활동이며, 이의 궁극적 목표는 전사적 경영효율을 극대화하는 것이다. 이를 위해 관리자는 작업의 범위와 방법과 순서 및 비용과 일정을 계획, 실행, 감시 및 통제하며 그들에 수반되는 자원을 할당하고 조정한다. 자원배분은 공기 및 비용과 밀접하게 연관되고, 따라서 이들 관계에 근거한 효과적 자원배당은 하나의 의사결정문제로 모형화될 수 있다. 여기서 문제를 구성하는 의사결정기준과 대안의 성과뿐만 아니라 가중치 또한 중요한 기능을 하므로, 이들의 산정에는 일관성과 객관성이 담보되어야 한다. 본 논문은 다수의 의사결정기준하에 동시에 계획된 단일(복수) 프로젝트(현장)에 속한 활동들간에 한정된 동일 자원의 효과적 투입을 위한 우선순위를 결정하는 개념과 방법을 제시하였다. 기반 도구로 다기준 의사결정기법의 하나인 계층분석법을 활용하였으며, 세 가지 유형의 사례에 적용하여 그에 대한 타당성과 유용성을 보였다. 사례 1은 각 활동이 주공정상에 위치하며 선택기준으로 조기종료시간, 잔여후속공기, 후속활동수, 자원요구량 등을 선정하였으며, 사례 2는 경쟁 활동이 상이한 여유시간과 조기종료시간, 자원일수, 후속잔여공기, 후속활동수 등을 의사결정속성으로 선정하였다. 사례 3은 이미 수행된 4개의 농사에 대해 본 연구의 방법을 피드백하여 유용성을 검토하였다.