• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2016

This study attempted to investigate household's private educational expenditure that aggravates a burden on households by using the data from the 2014 Private Education Survey published by Statistics Korea. The effects of purposes of private education and participation in an after school program that is pushed by the government on household's private educational expenditure were analyzed. The major findings were as follows. First, the major purposes of private education lean toward preparing to enroll in school and relieving parents'uneasiness rather than prior learning Second, according to the purposes of private education, the differences of the private educational expenditure were verified. Households spend the highest level of private educational expenditure for the purpose of preparing to enroll in school contrary to the lowest level, which was for the purpose of compensatory learning. Third, participation in an after school program that is regarded as a method of moderating households' private education burden, had a positive effect on reducing private educational expenditure. Forth, private educational expenditure was influenced by the purposes of private education and participation in an after school program. In 2014, the Korean government enforced a law that prohibits schools'education in advance (prior learning) and regulates private educational institutes'advertisement about prior learning. Regarding this regulation, this study aimed to investigate the purposes and expenditure of private education to provide an empirical reference to determine the improvement of related policies.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.12spc
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• pp.451-458
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• 2021

Providing a secure and effective way to protect confidential and private data is an urgent process, and accordingly, we will present in this research paper a new method, which is called multiple rounds variable block method (MRVB) which depends on the use of a colored image that is kept secret to generate needed work and round keys. This method can be used to encrypt-decrypt data using various lengths private key and data blocks with various sizes. The number of rounds also will be variable starting from one round. MRVB will be implemented and compared with the encryption-decryption standards DES and AES to show the improvements provided by the proposed method in increasing the security level and in increasing the throughput of the process of data cryptography. The generated private key contents will depend on the used image_key and on the selected number of rounds and the selected number of bytes in each block of data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.734-745
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• 2004

This paper investigated the consumer's purchase behaviors on the home-shopping private brand apparel. Female consumers of age in the range of 20∼50 were asked to complete a questionnaire, who had experienced to search apparel on home shopping media or had purchased it from home shopping business. Through this empirical study, the importance of home-shopping private brand apparel is confirmed. And the model of home-shopping private brand purchase determination, consists of private brand purchase intention, brand evaluation and company patronage, is suggested focusing on two brand types and three different home shopping media. The data were analyzed by mean, multiple regression analysis, ANOVA, Duncan-test of SPSS Win(ver.10.0). The result generated from this study are as follows: First. there are significant differences in preferred private brand types according to the types of media they preferred to purchase. Consumers's sex and age are also important demographic variables in relation to purchase determination variables of home-shopping private brand apparel. Second, the home-shopping company patronage is directly influenced in consumer's purchase intention of home-shopping private brand apparel as well as the consumer's brand evaluation. Consequently, the company patronage is more related to purchase intention of home shopping private brand apparel.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.289-302
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• 2022

This study examined the effect of private educational expenditure on adolescent depression and somatic symptoms. The sample comprised 2,589 first-grade middle-school students who completed the 2018 Korea Children and Youth Panel Survey. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (the generalized linear model), multiple regression, and quantile regression analysis. The principal results were as follows. First, 15.15% of adolescents reported depression symptoms, and 15.57% reported somatic symptoms. Second, levels of depression were significantly different among classes with a different level of private educational expenditure. Third, depression level was significantly negatively associated with private educational expenditure, in that the higher the private educational expenditure, the lower the depression level. Fourth, the effect of private educational expenditure on adolescent depression was significant at the 70~90th quantile regression, suggesting that private educational expenditure was associated with a higher level of depression symptoms. The results indicate that private education was viewed as a consumption commodity rather than a complementary educational practice or investment in human capital. Private education as a commodity might induce the highly developed and costly private education market. In turn, there is an increased financial burden for education at one end of the social-economic continuum and depression caused by relative deprivation at the other end.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2022.11a
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• pp.217-218
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• 2022

Supervision work deals with important data necessary for the performance management on building construction sites in accordance with the Building Act. Therefore, this study attempts to use the data from supervisory reports to measure the performance of private building projects. Performance measurement is important for systematic management. However, there are only a few cases in which performance measurement is performed because it requires strenuous efforts to collect data for measurement. First, this study derived 6 performance areas and 15 indicators through a few rounds of expert group discussions. Then, we confirmed the performance indicators with high feasibility of data collection through a survey of supervision experts. It is expected that the data of supervisory reports can measure systematically performance and assist in speedy diagnosis of private building construction sites.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.151-169
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• 2003

This study is to investigate the important factor for household private education expenditure. Especially, this study analyzed the influence of financial management characteristics. For this, the income level is classified by comparative poverty and analyzed the influence power The data for this study was "the Korean Labor Panel" conducted by Korea Labor Institute in 2000. The result showed the demographic factors by the income level and financial characteristics have big difference. Also, income level affects private education expenditure. For lower income level, demographic factors affect more than financial factors. This result explained the private education expenditure as luxurious goods. For middle income level, financial factors affect more than demographic factors. This explained the private education expenditure as choice goods. For upper income level, the private education expenditure was explained as investment goods.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.24 no.6 s.84
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• pp.61-77
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• 2006

This study was to analyze the effect of private education expenditures on financial performance. The data from 1,669 households were taken from the Korean labor and Income Panel Study. The major findings were as follows: (1) The mean of monthly private education expenditure was 257,400 won for all households. Almost 66% of households encountered an economic burden in paying for private education. (2) The mean of financial performance in all households was 31,420,000 won and those with higher assets showed the greatest financial performance (112.8 million won net gain). (3) The variables that significantly influenced on private education expenditures and the financial performance were different in all households. (4) The relationship between financial performance and private education expenditures was verified partially. The association was proved in the middle assets group.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.85-92
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• 2022

In previous private education expenses were concentrated only on expenses for elementary, middle, and high school students. Therefore, it is difficult to understand the actual condition of preschool children's private education expenses. To solve this problem, we analyze the 2013 and 2020 data of the Korea Welfare Panel to confirm the private education expenditures of pre-school children. Also, we examine the differences and changes in private education expenditures according to household variables. We selected the household variable as the socio-demographic variable of the study subject. We defined the household variable as the area and income of the household. We show the actual results of private education expenses for household variables using frequency analysis, descriptive statistical analysis, t-test, and one-way ANOVA of SPSS 27.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to define the difference in the self-concepts between the public and the private primary school students. The data were collected from March 16 to 20 in 1994. The objects of this study are the 5th graded primary school students, total 193, from the public (94 students) and private (99 students) schools located in Chong Ju city. The tool used for this study is SDQ (Self Description Questionnaire). The SDQ is a multidimensional instrument designed to measure seven aspects self-concept hypothesized in Shavelson's hierarchical model. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, t-test and 2-way ANOVA. The results of the study are as follows: 1. Between the public students and the private students there were no significant differences in the self-concept. 2. 2-way ANOVA using sex (male vs. female) and type of school (public vs. private) were performed. The boys had substantially higher self-concepts in physical ability and the nonacademic self concept. The girls tended to have higher self-concepts for the academic factors (except for Mathematies). 3. 2-way ANOVA using social stratification (upper vs. lower) and type of school (public vs. private) were performed. The upper classes tended to have higher self-concept for the academic factors. The social stratification and sample interactions were statistically no significant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1210-1221
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• 2006

The strength of the PB(Private Brand) is that it can eliminate intermediary in the distribution channel and thoroughly control the quality under its own name. This study has developed traditional studies on private brand proneness in approaching data processing and empirical point of view of a consumer's attitude buildup process on PB through 'recognition-attitude-action(behavioral attitude)'. The subjects of this study are consumers in their $20s{\sim}40s$ who are main customer groups of PBs. A screening process has taken place to select consumers with purchasing experiences of retailor PBs. The data is analyzed by 'Structural Equation Modeling' of Amos 5.0 to verify consumer attitude formation model on private apparel brand. The results generated from this study are as follows: First, the proposed consumer attitude model on private apparel brand consists of store evaluation, experiential product evaluation, cognitive product evaluation, hedonic attitude, utilitarian attitude and purchase intention. Second, not only positively influence on utilitarian attitude but hedonic attitude can arouse positive emotional reaction of a consumer. Third, the store evaluation is ahead of the product evaluation because PB is more related to the image of a store. The influence of the store on PB is relatively stronger when compared with NB.