• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.139-154
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• 2015

This paper uses the Heckman model to evaluate the income difference between the public sector and the private sector based on the CHNS data. The research finds that the difference of the public sector versus the private sector between the west area and the east area is about 10% from 1989 to 2000, the transition of the income difference is smooth, that data has made sharp increase to 32% from 2000 to 2011. Considering the income difference between the west area and the central area, the central area and the east area from 1989 to 1997, the data is about 10~15%, from 2000 to 2011 is rocketing time, the data reaches 20%. This paper is very revealing about the income difference ofthe public sector versus the private sector is increasing year after year, and the economy is developing rapidly but with imbalance among different areas in China. It would provides the reference for adjust the income distribution system in future.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
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• pp.211-211
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• 2022

The marketization reform from the open-door policy in 1978 was not only booming export-oriented industries with foreign investment but also expanding the role of private actors in the Chinese water sector. Private Sector Participation (PSP) has become an important element in developing urban infrastructure by providing better services with advanced facilities. The rapid development of PSP-driven urban water infrastructure in China has a positive impacted on Chinese economic development, particularly in coastal areas. PPPs in some coastal areas have successfully spread out over China since China applied the first Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) mode in the water sector in the early 1990s. The market-oriented water and wastewater, Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mechanism in the initial period of China has been transformed into a state-dominated PPP mechanism. The development pattern of the water and wastewater PPPs in China has been divided in four stages: the first period from 1984 to 2002, the second period from 2003 to 2008, the third period from 2009 to 2014, and the last period after 2015. The study aims to investigate the successful process of water and wastewater PPPs in local areas through five socioeconomic elements: export-oriented economic strategy, urbanization, cheap land policy, infrastructure investment, and water issues and climate change. In addition, the study focuses on analyzing the extent to which the Chinese government re-asserted its control over the PPP mechanism by classifying five elements in three different development Phases from early 2000 to 2020. The Jiangsu Province in the estern coastal area has actively invited PPP projects in the water and wastewater sectors. The successful introduction and rapid growth of PPPs in the urban water infrastructure has made the province an attractive area for a foreign investor.

• 분석과 대안
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.39-70
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• 2020

This paper examines the changing roles of ownership in the economic growth by using a panel data set of 30 provinces in China for the period (1999-2010). With the use of absolute and relative presence variables, this study shows that private enterprises have emerged as the engine of economic growth in China in the later period (2005-2010). The growing size and number of private enterprises are positively linked to growth. However, though foreign-invested enterprises have been acclaimed as the main contributors to economic growth in China, they have minimal effect on the economic growth in the later period. State-owned enterprises have a significant and negative effect on the economic growth in the later period. The results can be interpreted that the engine of growth in China has been changed over time from other ownerships to private ownership. Private companies have developed a lot in every respect and started to lead the economy for long-run growth. China initiated its economic growth by adopting foreign capital and it is still the top destination for foreign direct investment among developing countries. However, to sustain the growth over a long period, private sector should be of great importance and perform a key role in the view of catch-up economics.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.211-223
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• 2013

Massive migration is underway in rapidly urbanizing Guangzhou, the south gate of P. R. China. Over half the migrants choose to rent in "villages-in-the-city" in the downtown area because of the low-cost and prime location. The overpopulation and resulting poor environment and high crime-rate turn villages-in-the-city into de facto ghettos. As a result, these ghettos are undergoing a manner of demolition-development, leaving migrants' housing needs unmet. A private-sector initiative-the Tulou Commune-intends to address this considerable market potential. Targeting low-income groups, the Tulou Commune creates a socio-spatially exclusionary enclave. This paper analyzes the Tulou Commune and the implications if more low-income migrants shifting from village-in-the-city (excluded ghetto) to Tulou Commune (exclusionary enclave). This study argues that the intervention of the private sector causes the demographic, social, and spatial similarities and differences of the two living arrangements. Socioeconomic and institutional factors also affect the initiative. This study also provides more empirical evidence in the field of low-cost housing and socio-spatial development in transitional Chinese cities. As the first project of its kind, the analysis of the case can suggest how to improve strategies for accommodating migrants in the future.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.55-79
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• 2013

The objective of this article is to explore the economic relationship between China and the surrounding dynamic Asian economies. It delves into China's influence over the Asian economies and whether this relationship is a market-led or de facto symbiosis. The three principal channels of regional integration analyzed in this article are trade, FDI and vertically integrated production networks. They are essentially based on the activities of the private-sector in these economies. China methodically expanded and deepened its economic ties with the regional neighbors. At the present juncture, China's integration with the surrounding Asia is deep. Another issue that this article explores is the so-called China "threat" or "fear" in Asia. It implies that China is crowding out exports of the other Asian economies in the world market place. Also, as China has become the most attractive FDI destination among the developing countries, it is apprehended that China is receiving FDI at the expense of the Asian economies. These concerns were examined by several empirical studies, and the inference is that they are exaggerated. This article concludes that the private-sector business activities in China and other rapidly growing Asian economies were (and are) instrumental in bringing together the production structures and real economies. The result is both convergence and integration among the dynamic Asian economies. Over the years China and its Asian neighbors has developed a close and symbiotic economic relationship and a de facto regional integration.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권7호
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• pp.577-586
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• 2020

The paper seeks to explore the role of green finance in achieving sustainable development goals through the case of China, and address some issues of sustainable finance and environmental, social and governance concerns of green finance by introducing the episodes of green finance in China. This paper aims to provide some viewpoints about the following questions: 1) What are the latest trends in green finance? 2) What are the main challenges to the development of green finance? 3) What are policy recommendations for the development of green finance? 4) What are the roles of both the public and private sectors in promoting green finance? This paper identifies the mainstream to sustainable bonds, diversification of green finance, transition of corporates' business models, transparency and disclosure, and harmonizing taxonomy and measurement of green finance for the emerging trends of green finance. As the results, this paper recommends some policy measures for the private sector such as greening the banking system, greening the bond market, and greening institutional investors. This paper also suggests some policy initiatives for the public sector such as developing policies and capacity, promoting market transparency and governance, and promoting private-public partnership for diversifying resources of green finance.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.217-227
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• 2022

중국 물시장에 PPP를 도입한 이후, 몇몇 다국적기업이 장악했던 중국 물시장은 중국기업의 괄목할만한 성장과 함께 외국기업의 독점적인 지위는 무너지고, 경쟁적인 시장이 되었다. 진입장벽이 높은 물시장에서 중국 기업이 어떻게 주목할만한 성장을 할 수 있었는지 알아보기 위해, 중국 물산업 PPP의 발전과 중국 물기업의 성장요인을 중국 정부 정책 및 전략 변화의 흐름에 따라 이해하고자 한다. 따라서 해외시장에 진출하고자 하는 한국 물기업의 전략 수립 등에 있어 중요한 참고자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of the paper is to look into and review the management and operation of Chinese infrastructure process, especially focusing on port industry. Research design, data and methodology - The research methods to be applied is to examine PPPs that is a key way of cooperation in many infrastructure investment, financial matters, and then port industry as well. Results - It is well noticed that Chinese government has well managed with project, planning and investments in national infrastructure matters. Especially, this is clear message that government institutions for infrastructure planning has been well organized with systematic structure. However, even if it is involved with some risky business, PPPs should be asked for cooperation in the areas of financial, institutional and logistic part of infrastructure development in China. Conclusions - Every country has been in promoting its infrastructure development and it is not an exception in China. In order to get over inefficiency done by public sectors, Chinese government has invited a private sector in the form of PPPs, which gives more competitive opportunities, especially in port industry.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.99-114
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• 2015

What explains the sharp increase in the Chinese economy's indebtedness, in particular the China's onshore corporate debt? Has the overall debt burden reached a threshold where it poses a systemic risk, thereby making the economy vulnerable to a "Lehman Moment" - with disorderly unwinding of the private sector and sovereign debt? What are the short and longer term implications of China's growing debt problems on domestic economic growth and the broader global political economy? What has Beijing done to ameliorate the problem, how effective were its efforts, and what must it do to deal with this problem?

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.285-299
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• 2005

1978년 말 시작된 중국의 경제개혁은 시간이 지남에 따라 그 속도와 깊이가 심화되고 있으며, 특히 최근에 진행되고 있는 사영기업의 성장이 갖는 의미는 경제적으로나 정치적으로 매우 중요하지만, 공간적으로도 그 발전의 차별성으로 인해 특정지역의 발전과 지역불균등 성장패턴에 미치는 영향이 심대하다. 본 연구는 사영기업의 발전경로를 규정해 온 제도적 변화와 함께 사영기업 성장의 지역구조를 이해하고자하였다. 사영기업의 성장 이면에는 경제개혁의 근본접근양식이 시장화전략과 경제개혁이 진행됨에 따라 나타나는 실업의 문제해결이라는 중요한 동기가 자리 잡고 있다. 사영기업 발전의 지역패턴 또한 지속적으로 심화되는 공간적 차별화에 의해 특징 지워진다. 지역통계자료에 기초한 일차적인 분석결과, 사영기업의 발전은 지역경제의 시장화정도와 밀접한 관련성을 보이게 된다. 따라서 향후 경제발전의 지역적 패턴특정은 경제 개혁의 진전과 시장화 수준에 따라 결정될 것으로 생각되며, 이는 향후 지역발전을 위한 전략 수립에서 사영기업 발전전략이 차지하는 중요성을 뚜렷히 보여준다.