• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.80-88
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• 2016

The main purpose of this study was to derive managerial priority for pollutants in drinking water using the Delphi technique and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. We collected fundamental existing items based on a literature review for water pollutants, and deduced a total of 36 sub-items from nine core sectors, as follows: organic matter; inorganic substances; pathogenic organisms; chemicals; heavy metals; radioactive substances; sediment deposits; heat; and oil, and then conducted the first round of an expert study to ensure that objective indicators properly evaluate major issues for management of for drinking water quality. In the following round, the necessity and importance assessments of adjusted items were implemented using a content validity ratio index. Finally, items modified by Delphi surveys were applied to AHP. We computed weighted values by pair-wise comparison of sub-items and each of five sectors modified by the second round. According to the results of AHP, the managerial priority for pollutants in drinking water was as follows; while heavy metal placed first in importance, pathogenic organisms came second, followed by inorganic substances, organic matter and chemical substances from the sector perspective.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.16-25
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• 2013

The Korean groundwater law regulates 20 groundwater contamination parameters, including 14 specific harmful substances. Expanding the number of groundwater quality standards are needed to cope with recent groundwater quality deterioration due to the use of various chemicals. Chemical ranking and scoring system (CRS) is a scientific tool to sort priority chemicals by considering exposure and toxicity potentials. In this study, we developed a CRS for scoring and ranking of possible groundwater pollutants and screened priority substances to be later considered in the Korean standard expansion. Chemical Ranking Of groundWater pollutaNts (CROWN) incorporates important parameters consisting of exposure potential, human and water ecotoxicity, interests, and certainty. Furthermore, CROWN additionally evaluated existence of other media standards to consider impacts by contamination of other media. The 197 substances that were common to 9 countries were selected first. CROWN evaluated and ranked each chemical, and finally suggested priority substances. Suggested priority substances were classified into two groups according to the groundwater use purposes: drinking and non-drinking. The priority substances were further classified into $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ group priorities. The $1^{st}$ group consists of 75 substances, including the all the Korean groundwater standard parameters. CROWN will be used in selecting groundwater pollutants for possible inclusion in the Korean standard expansion.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.440-447
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• 2007

This paper is dealing with recent hot issues related with copper toxicity and its criteria, which was caused by a new government policy relocating some industries discharging priority-water quality pollutants from the watershed of Han River to other regions. Author is not interested in arguments between two sides of anti- and pro-policy but would like to go over status of copper pollution and its management and regulatory policy in Korea. From the data of published Research Journals and Reports, it can be concluded that copper is very common metal not only in the effluent from publically owned wastewater treatment plants, but also as a non-point source pollutant in the rainfall runoff. In addition, there have been very few studies personal interests, not by National Fund Basis. In order to enforce a new regulation, national-wide macro and micro-mass balance work of heavy metals should be performed in advance. In particular, background concentration and measurement errors have to be clearly defined before a new standard or criteria is established. The new standard has to be acceptable in terms of the best available technology and cost.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제39권10호
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• pp.581-590
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• 2017

석문호 수질을 가장 효율적으로 개선하기 위한 최적의 방안을 마련하기 위해 본 연구에서는 지류하천의 수질 및 유량조사, 퇴적물 조사, 오염원 조사, 하천그룹화를 통한 중점관리 대상유역 선정을 포함한 다양한 분석을 수행하였다. 석문호 유역의 주요 지류하천은 대부분 BOD농도는 낮은 반면 COD농도는 높은 경향을 보였으며, 역천, 당진천, 시곡천, 백석천, 진관소하천, 장항소하천 등은 수질항목에 관계없이 수질농도가 높은 경향을 보였다. 석문호 유역 내 오염원은 생활계, 축산계 및 산업계가 대부분으로 지역에 따라 다양하게 분포하는 것으로 조사되었다. 석문호 수질개선을 위해 중점관리 대상하천으로 선정된 당진천, 역천, 백석천, 장항소하천 유역 내 위치하고 있는 오염원의 우선적인 저감이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 석문호 수질개선을 위한 다양한 시나리오별 수질개선효과를 수질모델을 이용하여 정량적으로 평가한 결과, 유역 내 오염물질 배출량 관리를 위해 공공하수처리시설을 신설 및 증설만 하여도 호소 수질 V등급을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.29-41
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• 2014

The Korean government has purchased land properties alongside any significant water bodies before setting up the buffers to secure water qualities. Since the annual budgets are limited, however, there has always been the issue of which land parcels ought to be given the priority. Therefore, this study aims to develop efficient mechanism for land acquisition priorities in stream corridors that would ultimately be vegetated for riparian buffer zones. The criteria of land acquisition priority were driven through literary review along with experts' advice. The relative weights of their value and priorities for each criterion were computed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) method. Major findings of the study are as follows: 1. The decision-making structural model for land acquisition priority focuses mainly on the reduction of non-point source pollutants(NSPs). This fact is highly associated with natural and physical conditions and land use types of surrounding areas. The criteria were classified into two categories-NSPs runoff areas and potential NSPs runoff areas. 2. Land acquisition priority weights derived for NSPs runoff areas and potential NSPs runoff areas were 0.862 and 0.138, respectively. This implicates that much higher priority should be given to the land parcels with NSPs runoff areas. 3. Weights and priorities of sub-criteria suggested from this study include: proximity to the streams(0.460), land cover(0.189), soil permeability(0.117), topographical slope(0.096), proximity to the roads(0.058), land-use types(0.036), visibility to the streams(0.032), and the land price(0.012). This order of importance suggests, as one can expect, that it is better to purchase land parcels that are adjacent to the streams. 4. A standard scoring system including the criteria and weights for land acquisition priority was developed which would likely to allow expedited decision making and easy quantification for priority evaluation due to the utilization of measurable spatial data. Further studies focusing on both point and non-point pollutants and GIS-based spatial analysis and mapping of land acquisition priority are needed.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.673-682
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated influent and effluent water pollutants in 53 Public Sewage Treatment Works (PSTWs) where industrial wastewater or landfill leachate is combined four times for two years from 2014 to 2015. Also, we analyzed the characteristics of heavy metals and volatile organic carbons at influent and effluent of these PSTWs caused by sewage treatment combined with industrial wastewater or landfill leachate. As a result, six heavy metals such as barium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel and zinc, and four volatile organic carbons (VOCs) including phenols, di(2-)ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), formaldehyde and toluene were observed above detection limits in most of PSTWs. Also, it was revealed that six heavy metals such as hexavalent chromium, mercury, cadmium, chromium, nickel and selenium, and four VOCs including 1,1-dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, naphthalene, and epichlorohydrin were observed more frequently according to precipitation. As a result of reviewing the monitoring data on "Water Quality Monitoring Networks" in lower watersheds of PSTWs, both heavy metals and VOCs were below detection limits, indicating that the effluent water had little influence on the watershed. Nevertheless for the better management of influent and effluent pollutants in PSTWs, it is necessary to establish the advanced management plans for water pollutants in PSTWs, which include a list of priority substances management, monitoring plans, and guidelines for industrial wastewater and landfill leachate combined in PSTWs.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.94-99
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• 2016

최근 보다 높은 수준의 하천 수질 관리를 위해 비점오염물질 관리와 관련된 연구 및 사업이 지속적으로 수행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 대규모 도시를 통과하는 도시하천의 수질관리방안 마련을 목적으로 본류와 연계된 5개 지천에 대한 강우시 비점오염물질 유출특성 분석을 수행하였다. 모니터링은 강우 전(Phase I), 강우 1시간 이후(Phase II), 강우 6시간 이후(Phase III)의 3단계로 수행되었으며, BOD, COD, TN, TP, SS 등의 수질항목과 유량이 측정되었다. 강우 시 5개 지천 모두에서 비점오염물질의 농도 및 유입부하량 증가가 확인되었으며, 상대적으로 우선 관리 대상 지천과 지천별 우선 관리 비점오염물질이 선정되었다. 해당 연구결과는 향후 도심지역 비점오염물질 모니터링 방안 및 점감시설 설치 등을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 예정이다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2001

An intensive watershed survey including water quality measurement of 6 times was carried out in order to find out the relationship between pollutant load and water quality in a small stream watershed where livestock wastewater is the main source of water pollution. The findings from the survey are as follows. 1) The number of livestock showed large disagreement among county office, myon, and insite survey. It is vital to check the data at the beginning of watershed survey. 2) The fluctuation of streamflow and water quality was so large depending on the day of measurement that it is essential to set up continuous telemetering system to get reliable data about delivery ratio of pollutants. 3) It was helpful for setting the priority of investigation to check water quality and quantity at several points along the stream after dividing the watershed into 5 drainage areas. 4) To control the livestock wastewater, especially in case of cows, it is necessary to have roof system and prevent overland flow from the ground. In case of pig farms, it is recommended to have public treatment system instead of private treatment system. The exact emission load of livestock wastewater was difficult to estimate, and requires more study.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.514-522
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• 2013

The major 24 tributaries in Nam-River mid-watershed were monitored for discharge and water quality in order to understand the characteristics of the watershed and to select the tributary catchment for improving water quality. According to the analytical results of discharge and water quality monitoring data of 24 tributaries, the mean value of discharge below $0.1m^3/s$ was 62.5% among the monitored tributaries and it mostly exceeded the water quality standards of Nam-river mid-watershed ($BOD_5$ = 3 mg/L, T-P = 0.1 mg/L over). According to the stream grouping method and the water quality delivery load density ($kg/day/km^2$) based on the results of tributary discharge and water quality monitoring, the tributary watersheds for improving the water quality were selected. In the Nam-River mid-watershed, tributaries in the GaJwaCheon, HaChonCheon catchment (Group D, $BOD_5$ = 3 mg/L over) and in the UirYeongCheon, SeokGyoCheon catchment (Group A, T-P = 0.1 mg/L over), which have a small flow (and/or large flow) and a high concentrations of water pollutants. The various water quality improving scheme for tributaries, in accordance with the reduction of potential point source pollution by living sewage and livestock wastewater, should be established and implemented.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.766-775
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• 2007

The use of toxic chemicals was extended as the industry in Korea has grown dramatically during the last three decades. However, list of toxic substances and limit concentrations in the water environment are not consistent within management of ambient water, drinking water and industrial effluent. This article suggests the systematic framework to classify toxic substances in the water environment and deriving their effluent limits. The most important factor for decision-making to classify toxic substances is whether their concentrations in the water environment are higher than the reference concentrations, estimated by considering human health risk and ecological risk. Using a risk-based reference concentration, the ambient water quality criterion, it is possible to derive the regulatory limit concentrations of toxic substances in drinking water and in industrial effluent. The goal concentrations in the effluent, which guarantee the human and ecological safety, should be determined with scientific investigation, balancing environmental benefit and economical effect, considering availability of treatment technology and identifying characteristics of wastewater from different industries.