• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.165-170
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• 2023

This paper proposes an algorithm that can obtain a solution with linear time for a set cover problem(SCP) in which there is no polynomial time algorithm as an NP-complete problem so far. Until now, only heuristic greed algorithms are known to select sets that can be covered to the maximum. On the other hand, the proposed algorithm is a competitive algorithm that applies an inclusion-exclusion principle rule to N nodes up to 2nd or 3rd in the maximum number of elements to obtain a set covering all k nodes, and selects the minimum cover set among them. The proposed algorithm compensated for the disadvantage that the greedy algorithm does not obtain the optimal solution. As a result of applying the proposed algorithm to various application cases, an optimal solution was obtained with a polynomial time of O(kn²).

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2338-2356
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• 2019

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is the name of technology, which uses 'mobile internet' to facilitate communication between vehicles. The aim is to ensure road safety and achieve secure communication. Therefore, the reliability of this type of networks is a serious concern. The reliability of VANET is dependent upon proper communication between vehicles within a given amount of time. Therefore a new formula is introduced, the terms of the new formula correspond 1 by 1 to a class special ST route (SRORT). The new formula terms are much lesser than the Inclusion-Exclusion principle. An algorithm for the Source-to-Terminal reliability was presented, the algorithm produced Source-to-Terminal reliability or computed a Source-to-Terminal reliability expression by calculating a class of special networks of the given network. Since the architecture of this class of networks which need to be computed was comparatively trivial, the performance of the new algorithm was superior to the Inclusion-Exclusion principle. Also, we introduce a mobility metric called universal speed factor (USF) which is the extension of the existing speed factor, that suppose same speed of all vehicles at every time. The USF describes an exact relation between the relative speed of consecutive vehicles and the headway distance. The connectivity of vehicles in different mobile situations is analyzed using USF i.e., slow mobility connectivity, static connectivity, and high mobility connectivity. It is observed that $p_c$ probability of connectivity is directly proportional to the mean speed ${\mu}_{\nu}$ till specified threshold ${\mu}_{\tau}$, and decreases after ${\mu}_{\tau}$. Finally, the congested network is connected strongly as compared to the sparse network as shown in the simulation results.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.93-101
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• 2013

This paper suggests optimal location algorithm of new firm $A(F_A)^{\prime}s$ p(p$B(F_B)$ already operating q outlets of sports in the market. This algorithm selects top q nodes among $V=V{\backslash}F_B$ nodes that covers maximum nodes based on the shortest distance. Then, q nodes choose next node that has a maximum cover with inclusion-exclusion principle. At the time of same number of cardinality in q sets to pre-defined q, we select the maximum cover node set. This algorithm called by competitive algorithm. The competitive algorithm simply decides the optimal location of the outlets p=1,2,3,4 for q=5. Also, we show that the market share of competitive algorithm can be maximize.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.251-265
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• 2021

This paper discusses the pricing of autocallable structured product with knock-in (KI) feature using the exit probability with the Brownian Bridge technique. The explicit pricing formula of autocallable ELS derived in the existing paper handles the part including the minimum of the Brownian motion using the inclusion-exclusion principle. This has the disadvantage that the pricing formula is complicate because of the probability with minimum value and the computational volume increases dramatically as the number of autocall chances increases. To solve this problem, we applied an efficient and robust simulation method called the Brownian Bridge technique, which provides the probability of touching the predetermined barrier when the initial and terminal values of the process following the Brownian motion in a certain interval are specified. We rewrite the existing pricing formula and provide a brief theoretical background and computational algorithm for the technique. We also provide several numerical examples computed in three different ways: explicit pricing formula, the Crude Monte Carlo simulation method and the Brownian Bridge technique.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.257-281
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• 2017

It becomes a common feature of business practices in International Trade to use a standard terms for the formation of their contracts. However, because of differences in legal systems, business practices and so on in their own countries, there have been many conflicts and disputes happening between parties concerned in International Trade. The CISG, which has long been used as the governing law in many cases of International Trade, could not be free from those conflicting issues in its usage and application. This study analyzes the "Black Letter Rules" which was adopted by CISG Advisory Council in 2013 to provide an effective way of resolving the conflicting issues regarding the inclusion of standard terms in International Trade Contracts under the CISG. This study scrutinizes, the relevant rules and requirements for the inclusion of standard terms into a contract. It also deals with the offeror's duty of making clear reference to the standard terms, transmitting the contents of standard terms to the other party. As the other rules for the inclusion of standard terms, this study reviews the principle of denying the inclusion of standard terms after the formation of contracts, exclusion of surprising or unusual terms, preference of individually negotiated terms to the standard terms, contra preferentum rule and preference of the "knock-out rule" to "last-shot rule" in resolving the issue of so called, "Battle of Forms." Lastly, on the basis of analyzed opinion, this study suggests the practical implications for the people working at International Trade-related business sector to facilitate International Trade.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 2019

As deep learning has become popular, researches which can help explaining the prediction results also become important. Superpixel based multi-scale combining technique, which provides the advantage of visual pleasing by maintaining the shape of the object, has been recently proposed. Based on the principle of prediction difference, this technique computes the saliency map from the difference between the predicted result excluding the superpixel and the original predicted result. In this paper, we propose a new technique of both excluding and including super pixels. Experimental results show 3.3% improvement in IoU evaluation.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.141-148
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• 2013

This paper proposes an EMS algorithm designed to determine the optimal locations for Emergency Medical Service centers that both satisfy the maximum ambulance response time T in case of emergency and cover the largest possible number of residents given a limited number of emergency medical services p in a city divided into different zones. This methodology generally applies integer programming whereby cases are categorized into 1 if the distance between two zones is within the response time and 0 if not and subsequently employs linear programming to obtain the optimal solution. In this paper, where p=1, the algorithm determines a node with maximum coverage. In cases where $p{\geq}2$, the algorithm selects top 5 nodes with maximum coverage. Based on inclusion-exclusion method, this selection entails repeatedly selecting a node with the maximum coverage when nodes with lower numbers are deleted. Among these 5 selected nodes, the algorithm selects a single node set with the greatest coverage and thereby as the optimal EMS location. The proposed algorithm has proven to accurately and expeditiously obtain the optimal solutions for 12-node network, 21-node network, and Swain's 55-node network.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2024

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the safety of dental imaging in pregnant women with respect to fetal health. Materials and Methods: Searches were conducted of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases in May 2023. The inclusion criteria encompassed cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that focused on the analysis of diagnostic dental imaging in pregnant women, as well as studies utilizing phantoms to simulate imaging examinations. The exclusion criteria consisted of reviews, letters to the editor, book chapters, and abstracts from scientific conferences and seminars. Results: A total of 3,913 articles were identified. Based on a review of the titles and abstracts, 3,892 articles were excluded, leaving 21 articles remaining for full-text review. Of these, 18 were excluded, and 4 additional articles were included as cross-references. Ultimately, 7 articles underwent quantitative-qualitative analysis. Three retrospective studies were focused on pregnant women who underwent dental imaging procedures. The remaining 4 studies utilized female phantoms to simulate imaging examinations and represent the radiation doses absorbed by the uterus or thyroid. Conclusion: Few dental radiology studies have been conducted to determine the safe radiation threshold for pregnant women. Additionally, the reviewed articles did not provide numbers of dental examinations, by type, corresponding to this dose. Dental imaging examinations of pregnant women should not be restricted if clinically indicated. Ultimately, practitioners must be able to justify the examination and should adhere to the "as low as diagnostically acceptable, being indication-oriented and patient-specific" (ALADAIP) principle of radioprotection.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.71
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• pp.147-170
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• 2016

International maritime law conventions concerned with cargo liabilities have sought to achieve solutions which will be acceptable to a wide range of states. The Rotterdam Rules was approved by the UN Assembly on 11 December 2008. The Rotterdam Rules are intended to replace The Hague and Hamburg Rules. This paper is comparing The Rotterdam Rules with The Hague and Hamburg Rules for the carrier' liabilities and exceptions in order to find carrier' liability System, the burden of proof and exceptions in the International maritime Rules. The purpose of this paper is considering the carrier's principal recourse for defending himself inmost cargo claims. The first area analyze the transfer of carrier's fundamental Liability system in the International Rules. The second is the matter on the appointment of proof in order to establish liability or to be relieve of liability. And the third is the change of the carrier's possible exclusions from liability in the International maritime Rules. From the result of the said analysis, my paper suggests differences of the exclusions in the Rotterdam Rules comparing with the Hague and Hamburg Rules, and features of the Rotterdam Rules appling exceptions on the basis of the Hague and Hamburg Rules with regard to carrier's liability and burden of proof. The former is the inclusion of three exclusions, the deleted natural fault, and The provision making the carrier responsible for the acts of its servants or agents in the 'fire on the ship' of the Rotterdam Rules. The latter is deleting the principle of overriding obligation related to carrier's obligation of seaworthiness in the Rotterdam Rules, the burden of proof being diverted from the carrier to the carrier and the shipper in the cargo damage caused by two factors(one for which the carrier was liable and the other for which it was excusable) in the new rules.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.177-213
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• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to research on the liability and cases for space damage with reference to the space activity under the international space treaty and national space law of major countries. The United Nations has adopted two treaties relating to the liability for space damage as follows: the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and the Liability Convention of 1972. Korea has enacted the Outer Space Damage Compensation Act of 2008 relating to the liability for space damages. The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 regulates the international responsibility for national activities in outer space, and the national tort liability for damage by space launching object. The Liability Convention of 1972 regulates the absolute liability by a launching state, the faulty liability by a launching state, the joint and several liability by a launching state, the person claiming for compensation, the claim method for compensation, the claim period of compensation, the claim for compensation and local remedy, the compensation amount for damage by a launching state, and the establishment of the Claims Commission. The Outer Space Damage Compensation Act of 2008 in Korea regulates the definition of space damage, the relation of the Outer Space Damage Compensation Act and the international treaty, the non-faulty liability for damage by a launching person, the concentration of liability and recourse by a launching person, the exclusion of application of the Product Liability Act, the limit amount of the liability for damage by a launching person, the cover of the liability insurance by a launching person, the measures and assistance by the government in case of occurring the space damage, and the exercise period of the claim right of compensation for damage. There are several cases with reference to the liability for damage caused by space accidents as follows: the Collision between Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251, the Disintegration of Cosmos 954 over Canadian Territory, the Failure of Satellite Launching by Martin Marietta, and the Malfunctioning of Westar VI Satellite. In the disputes and lawsuits due to such space accidents, the problems relating to the liability for space damage have been settled by the application of absolute(strict) liability principle or faulty liability principle. The Liability Convention of 1972 should be improved as follows: the clear definition in respect of the claimer of compensation for damage, the measure in respect of the enforcement of decision by the Claims Commission. The Outer Space Damage Compensation Act of 2008 in Korea should be improved as follows: the inclusion of indirect damage into the definition of space damage, the change of the currency unit of the limit amount of liability for damage, the establishment of joint and several liability and recourse right for damage by space joint launching person, and the establishment of the Space Damage Compensation Review Commission. Korea has built the space center at Oinarodo, Goheung Province in June 2009. Korea has launched the first small launch vehicle KSLV-1 at the Naro Space Center in August 2009 and June 2010. In Korea, it will be the possibility to be occurred the problems relating to the international responsibility and the liability for space damage in the course of space activity. Accordingly the Korean government and launching organization should make the legal and systematic policy to cope with such problems.