• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 2017

Background: American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) and Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) products, such as slices, have a similar appearance, but they have significantly different prices, leading to widespread adulteration in the commercial market. Their aroma characteristics are attracting increasing attention and are supposed to be effective and nondestructive markers to determine adulteration. Methods: The aroma characteristics of American and Asian ginseng were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) and an electronic nose (E-nose). Their volatile organic compounds were separated, classified, compared, and analyzed with different pattern recognition. Results: The E-nose showed a good performance in grouping with a principle component analysis explaining 94.45% of variance. A total of 69 aroma components were identified by GC-MS, with 35.6% common components and 64.6% special ingredients between the two ginsengs. It was observed that the components and the number of terpenes and alcohols were markedly different, indicating possible reasons for their difference. The results of pattern recognition confirmed that the E-nose processing result is similar to that of GC-MS. The interrelation between aroma constituents and sensors indicated that special sensors were highly related to some terpenes and alcohols. Accordingly, the contents of selected constituents were accurately predicted by corresponding sensors with most $R^2$ reaching 90%. Conclusion: Combined with advanced chemometrics, the E-nose is capable of discriminating between American and Asian ginseng in both qualitative and quantitative angles, presenting an accurate, rapid, and nondestructive reference approach.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.789-800
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• 2021

Objective: Conservation and genetic improvement of cattle breeds require information about genetic diversity and population structure of the cattle. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of the three cattle breeds in the Korean peninsula. Methods: Jeju Black, Hanwoo, Holstein cattle in Korea, together with six foreign breeds were examined. Genetic diversity within the cattle breeds was analyzed with minor allele frequency (MAF), observed and expected heterozygosity (HO and HE), inbreeding coefficient (FIS) and past effective population size. Molecular variance and population structure between the nine breeds were analyzed using a model-based clustering method. Genetic distances between breeds were evaluated with Nei's genetic distance and Weir and Cockerham's FST. Results: Our results revealed that Jeju Black cattle had lowest level of heterozygosity (HE = 0.21) among the studied taurine breeds, and an average MAF of 0.16. The level of inbreeding was -0.076 for Jeju Black, while -0.018 to -0.118 for the other breeds. Principle component analysis and neighbor-joining tree showed a clear separation of Jeju Black cattle from other local (Hanwoo and Japanese cattle) and taurine/indicine cattle breeds in evolutionary process, and a distinct pattern of admixture of Jeju Black cattle having no clustering with other studied populations. The FST value between Jeju Black cattle and Hanwoo was 0.106, which was lowest across the pair of breeds ranging from 0.161 to 0.274, indicating some degree of genetic closeness of Jeju Black cattle with Hanwoo. The past effective population size of Jeju Black cattle was very small, i.e. 38 in 13 generation ago, whereas 209 for Hanwoo. Conclusion: This study indicates genetic uniqueness of Jeju Black cattle. However, a small effective population size of Jeju Black cattle indicates the requirement for an implementation of a sustainable breeding policy to increase the population for genetic improvement and future conservation.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1445-1456
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• 2018

Environment perception and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction tasks are used to provide unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) with driving awareness interfaces. The speed of obstacle segmentation and surrounding terrain reconstruction crucially influences decision making in UGVs. To increase the processing speed of environment information analysis, we develop a CPU-GPU hybrid system of automatic environment perception and 3D terrain reconstruction based on the integration of multiple sensors. The system consists of three functional modules, namely, multi-sensor data collection and pre-processing, environment perception, and 3D reconstruction. To integrate individual datasets collected from different sensors, the pre-processing function registers the sensed LiDAR (light detection and ranging) point clouds, video sequences, and motion information into a global terrain model after filtering redundant and noise data according to the redundancy removal principle. In the environment perception module, the registered discrete points are clustered into ground surface and individual objects by using a ground segmentation method and a connected component labeling algorithm. The estimated ground surface and non-ground objects indicate the terrain to be traversed and obstacles in the environment, thus creating driving awareness. The 3D reconstruction module calibrates the projection matrix between the mounted LiDAR and cameras to map the local point clouds onto the captured video images. Texture meshes and color particle models are used to reconstruct the ground surface and objects of the 3D terrain model, respectively. To accelerate the proposed system, we apply the GPU parallel computation method to implement the applied computer graphics and image processing algorithms in parallel.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 2023

This article investigates the wave propagation analysis of the imperfect functionally graded (FG) sandwich plates based on a novel simple four-variable integral quasi-3D higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). The thickness stretching effect is considered in the transverse displacement component. The presented formulation ensures a parabolic variation of the transverse shear stresses with zero-stresses at the top and the bottom surfaces without requiring any shear correction factors. The studied sandwich plates can be used in several sectors as areas of aircraft, construction, naval/marine, aerospace and wind energy systems, the sandwich structure is composed from three layers (two FG face sheets and isotropic core). The material properties in the FG faces sheet are computed according to a modified power law function with considering the porosity which may appear during the manufacturing process in the form of micro-voids in the layer body. The Hamilton principle is utilized to determine the four governing differential equations for wave propagation in FG plates which is reduced in terms of computation time and cost compared to the other conventional quasi-3D models. An eigenvalue equation is formulated for the analytical solution using a generalized displacements' solution form for wave propagation. The effects of porosity, temperature, moisture concentration, core thickness, and the material exponent on the plates' dispersion relations are examined by considering the thickness stretching influence.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

The Skinned Multi-Person Linear Model (SMPL) is the most widely used parametric 3D Human Model optimized and learned from CAESAR, a 3D human scanned database created with measurements from 3,800 people living in United States in the 1990s. We point out the lack of racial diversity of body types in SMPL and propose K-SMPL that better represents Korean 3D body shapes. To this end, we develop a fitting algorithm to estimate 2,773 Korean 3D body shapes from Korean body measurement data. By conducting principle component analysis to the estimated Korean body shapes, we construct K-SMPL model that can generate various Korean body shape in 3D. K-SMPL model allows to improve the fitting accuracy over SMPL with respect to the Korean body measurement data. K-SMPL model can be widely used for avatar generation and human shape fitting for Korean.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.923-931
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• 2005

A study was carried out to identify the major causes of sediments pollution in the Paldang Lake in the vicinity of Gyeongan river. Samples from 40 sites were collected and analyzed to characterize the regional distributions of grain size, organic matter contents, and concentrations of T-N, T-P and heavy metals. contaminations. The mean grain size(Mz) ranged from sand type(Mz, $1{\sim}3\;{\phi}$) where Bukhan River and Namhan River converges at a high flow rate to silt type(Mz, $5{\sim}10\;{\phi}$) at the downstream of Gyeongancheon and Paldang lake, reflecting the water circulation in the area. Except sampling point St. 36 near the wetland, the determination coefficient($r^2$) of Mz and organic matter(LOI) was 0.88, showing that more organic matters are concentrated inside finer sediments. The concentrations of T-N and T-P in sediments were higher in the area at which Mz and organic matters are also higher. High concentrations of T-P analyzed in the sediments, ranging from $216{\sim}1,623\;{\mu}g/g$ (Avg. $769\;{\mu}g/g$) could be considered as a critical level. Adsorbed-P and NAI-P, which are easily released to the surrounding environments when physico-chemical characteristics of sediments are changed, was found to be around 20%, which was showed by the result of fractionated-P. Moreover, Principle Component Analysis(PCA), showed that high concentrations of T-N, T-P, organophilic metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) are distributed in the areas where high organic matter contents and fine grain-sized sediments are found. However, results of $I'_{geo}$ (Geoaccumulation Index) that considers the grain size of sediments showed that heavy metal concentrations in the lake was low enough to be considered as Class 1 indicating the relative degree of pollution was less than zero.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

It is believed that traditional Korean medicines can be managed more scientifically through the development of logical criteria to verify their region of cultivation, and that this could contribute to the advancement of the traditional herbal medicine industry. This study attempted to determine such criteria for Sansuyu. The volatile compounds were obtained from 20 samples of domestic Corni fructus (Sansuyu) and 45 samples of Chinese Sansuyu by steam distillation. The metabolites were identified in the NIST Mass Spectral Library via the obtained gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) data of 53 training samples. Data binning at 0.2 min intervals was performed to normalize the number of variables used in the statistical analysis. Multivariate statistical analyses, such as principle component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed using the SIMCA-P software package. Significant variables with a variable importance in the projection (VIP) score higher than 1.0 were obtained from OPLS-DA, and variables that resulted in a p-value of less than 0.05 through one-way ANOVA were selected to verify the marker compounds. Finally, among the 11 variables extracted, 1-ethylbutyl-hydroperoxide (9.089 min), nonadecane (20.170 min), butylated hydroxytoluene (25.319 min), 5β,7βH,10α-eudesm-11-en-1α-ol (25.921 min), 7,9-bis(2-methyl-2-propanyl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (34.257 min), and 2-decyldodecyl-benzene (54.717 min) were selected as markers to indicate the origin of Sansuyu. The statistical model developed was suitable for the determination of the geographical origin of Sansuyu. The cultivation areas of four Korean and eight Chinese Sansuyu samples were predicted via the established OPLS-DA model, and it was confirmed that 11 of the 12 samples were accurately classified.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.417-425
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• 2012

Bronze Mirror with fine linear designs in the bronze age shows the greatest alloy and casting skills of the day and presents the highest level of handcrafting and molding techniques. Lately, Lost-wax casting and sand-mould casting were used for the restoration of the national treasures of No. 141 and No. 143 Bronze Mirror with fine linear designs. Also the Principle Component Analysis, Microstructure Analysis, X-ray and SEM-EDS analysis were carried out on the restored Bronze Mirror with fine linear designs. Bronze Mirror that is made of sand-mould casting, hardly has a eutectoid and it is observed as a ${\alpha}$ dendrite. In contrast, Bronze Mirror that is made of lost-wax casting, the eutectoid has found through the ${\alpha}$ dendrite. As we compare lost-wax casting to the sand-mould casting through an analysis of restored Bronze Mirror, mostly, sand-mould casting has better castability and it seems that it brings a clear and equal Bronze Mirror as it has a low cooling rate. In this way, we are able to confirm that there is a big difference between the method by lost-wax casting and by sand-mould casting through an analysis of microstructure and restored Bronze Mirror. If such research will be continued, it will be an opportunity that investigates diverse methods of production techniques.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.295-304
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• 2011

For effective water quality management, it is necessary to secure reliable water quality information. There are many variables that need to be included in a comprehensive practical monitoring network : representative sampling locations, suitable sampling frequencies, water quality variable selection, and budgetary and logistical constraints are examples, especially sampling location is considered to be the most important issues. Until now, monitoring network design for water quality management was set according to the qualitative judgments, which is a problem of representativeness. In this paper, we propose network design system for optimal water quality monitoring using the scientific statistical techniques. Network design system is made based on the SAS program of version 9.2 and configured with simple input system and user friendly outputs considering the convenience of users. It applies to Excel data format for ease to use and all data of sampling location is distinguished to sheet base. In this system, time plots, dendrogram, and scatter plots are shown as follows: Time plots of water quality variables are graphed for identifying variables to classify sampling locations significantly. Similarities of sampling locations are calculated using euclidean distances of principal component variables and dimension coordinate of multidimensional scaling method are calculated and dendrogram by clustering analysis is represented and used for users to choose an appropriate number of clusters. Scatter plots of principle component variables are shown for clustering information with sampling locations and representative location.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2011

The purpose of this research is to measure Quality of Life indices using Factor Analysis and Principle Component Analysis and to analyze the spatial patterns of Quality of life distribution in the Seoul Metropolitan Area in terms of spatial association using spatial statistics and spatial exploratory technique. In order to check the degree of clustering, this study used spatial autocorrelation indices, global Moran's I index. In addition, local scale analysis was conducted using Moran Scatterplot and Local Moran's I to identify the spatial association pattern and the high Quality of life. The analysis based on global statics showed that, in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, QoL Indices had been distributed with positive spatial association. According to the local spatial statistics, the general tendency of clustering H-H clusters which were mainly concentrated on the Seoul, L-H clusters were concentrated on the Kyunggi-Do and L-L Clusters showed the regional extent of lagging behind. However, in case of H-H, L-H Clusters they had been spread out in the Newtown as population increase.