• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.331-338
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• 2004

Folate nutrition in early pregnancy is crucial in order to prevent neural tube defects (NTDs) in the fetus and maternal folate deficiency in late pregnancy If the influencing factors on maternal folate status are identified we may be able to detect the women at most risk of folate deficiency. This study intends to determine folate intakes, assess the levels of serum folate, erythrocyte folate, and plasma homocysteine, and reveal theinfluencing factors on maternal folate status in early pregnancy. A total of 151 healthy women in their first trimester volunteered for this study. The average length of gestation period was 9.1$\pm$ 2.3 weeks and seventy subjects were primipara. They consumed 1599$\pm$589 ㎉/day of energy and 230.8$\pm$145.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day of folate. This represented 72.5％ and 46.2％ of the Korean RDA respectively for pregnant women in the first half of Pregnancy. Results show that they consume less folate and energy due to morning sickness. Morning sickness correlated negatively with the intakes of energy, folate, ana Kimchi also. Their levels of serum folate, erythrocyte folate, and plasma homocysteine were 5.5$\pm$1.9 ng/mL, 266.6$\pm$75.0 ng/mL, and 7.0$\pm$1.8 $\mu$mol/L, respectively. Results indicate that 7.8% were deficient and 60.3% were borderline deficient in serum folate, 4.3% were deficient in erythrocyte folate, however, all had normal levels of plasma homocysteine. Results indicate that the folate status was not poor Contributing factors influencing serum folate concentrations ($R^2$= 0.724, p = 0.0001) were self-reported health status (+), folate intake (+), age (-), length of gestation (-), and homocysteine levels (-). Factors influencing erythrocyte folate concentrations ($R^2$ = 0.570, p = 0.0029) were the infant birth height of the last pregnancy (+), energy intake (+), age (-), plasma homocysteine concentration (-), and education level (-). Factors influencing plasma homocysteine concentrations ($R^2$= 0.450, p = 0.0051) were income level (+), prepregnancy weight (+), serum folate concentration (-), and the infant birth weight of the last pregnancy (-). These results indicate that pregnant women are likely to have a folate deficiency if they are in poor health status, having a history of delivering small infant and low energy and/or folate intake, and/or are older. And folate status is likely to decline as pregnancy progresses.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.5-27
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• 1997

This study was carried out to identify the difference between nursing needs and levels of satisfaction of primiparae during the early postpartum period. The goal of the study was to obtain data needed to develope maternal education programs and to improve the nursing quality for primipara. The subjects were 111 primiparae who had normal delivery at 2 general hospitals in the Seoul area. The data was gathered using an 81 items questionnaire which was developed by the researcher from Nov. 30, 1995 to Feb. 5, 1996. Results found are as follows : 1. The characteristics of subjects : The majority of subjects were aged 26-30yrs(60.4%), high school graduated(49.5%), jobless(52.3%), had no religion(49.5%), no antenatal(74.5%), and postnatal education on self and infant care(55.9%). A large proportion of primiparae intended to feed breast milk(49.5%) but in fact only 7.2% fed breast milk while in the hospital. Many subjects perceived that they had reasonable self confidence about self care(46.8%), and infant care(36%). 2. The level of nursing needs of overall nursing care was relatively high(Mn 3.98) but the level of satisfaction was of average level(Mn 3.09). Therefore, difference between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant(p=0.0001). 3. The nursing needs by category of nursing care the highest need was on the education of infant care(4.29), the lowest was on physical care(3.80). The level of satisfaction was higher on environmental care(3.40) and physical care(3.32). But the category that showed the lowest satisfaction was education of infant care(2.67). Hence, difference of categories between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant(p=0.0001). 4. Among items of physical care, observation of primiparas' conditions(4.21), accurate medication and treatment(4.18), care of breast engorgement(4.07) and control of postpartal hemorrage(4.01) showed high nursing needs. On the other hand, only the level of satisfaction was higher on accurate medication and treatment(3.82). The rest of items revealed only average level of satisfactions. Difference of items between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant(p=0.0001) except items of dietary care. 5. Among items of psychological care, 8 items of nursing needs were high(3.72-4.29), expecially detailed explanation on which mothers want to know(4.29), treatment and nursing care they receive(4.23), kind and faithful care(4.22), early contacts with their baby(4.20), and adequate draping during the care and treatment(4.18). Among items of psychological care higher satisfactions were shown on items of kind and faithful care(3.80), personal treatment(3.70), and detailed explanation to mothers, but the least satisfied items was early contact with baby(2.13). Difference between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant(p=0.0001). 6. Among items of environmental care, the highest level of need and satisfaction was on the items of neat bedding and pajamas(3.54). The difference was significant (p=0.0001). 7. Among the items of educational needs on self care, all of 22 items revealed higher educational needs(3.50-4.33) but the levels of satisfaction varied with a range of 2.63-3.42. Among the items the satisfactions were high on items of breast care including massages(3.42), perineal care(3.36) and expression of breast milk(3.32). Less satisfied items were drugs not be taken by breast milk feeder(2.63), maintenance of breast figure(2.76) and postpartum exercise(2.80) and so on. The difference was significant(p=0.0001). maintain 8. Among the items of educational needs on infant care, 19 items revealed higher educational needs(3.28-4.54). And the highest need were on the 3 items of normal growth and development of infant, safety and emergency care, symptoms of sick(4.45) and the meaning of crying of the baby(4.52). The level of satisfaction among items of education of infant care ranged from 2.47 to 3.16. Most satisfied items were buriping(3.16), bathing(3.11) and diapering(3.09). The items of which the mother's needs were high revealed the lowest satisfaction level. The difference was significant (p=0.0001). 9. Relationship between nursing needs and levels of satisfaction among primiparae of different characteristics were as follows : 1) Nursing needs of physical and psychological areas were significantly different among different age levels but no relationship was found on other categories regardless of the level of satisfaction. 2) With regard to different levels of education, some relationship was found in nursing needs of psychological area(p=0.007), educational needs on infant care(p=0.04) and environmental care(p=0.01). Also, the difference of satisfaction level was significant. 3) Working mothers had higher nursing needs and were more satisfied on items of physical care(p=0.05), education on self care and infant care. Difference were significant between nursing needs and level of satisfaction. 4) With regards to different religion a moderate relation was found between nursing needs of environmental care infant care education but no relationship was found on levels of satisfaction. 5) With regards to antenatal education, the mothers who have had no antenatal education revealed higher nursing needs on physical care but those who had antenatal education were more satisfied with education on self care and infant care. The difference was significant. (p=0.0001). 6) With regards to postpartum education, the mothers who have had some sort of postpartum education revealed higher nursing needs on physical and self care. And they were more satisfied with nursing of every category except infant care than mothers who had not any postpartum education. Differences was significant between the nursing needs and levels of satisfaction.(p=0.0001). 7) With regards to breast feeding experience during the hospitalization, those who had no experience of breast feeding revealed higher nursing needs on physical care in contrast to breast feeders, who had higher educational needs on infant care. And breast feeder were more satisfied with all categories. Differences was significant(p=0.0001). 8) With regards to perception of self confidence on self care and infant care, no relationship was found on nursing needs and level of satisfaction in every category of nursing.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.5-20
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• 1992

This study was undertaken to identify the levels and affecting factors of the maternal role attainment(MRA) in the primipara during the postpartum period. The healthy ninety primiparous from the one university hospital and two local clinics in KwangJu city were selected and two Semantic Differential Scales (SD-Myself as Mothers, SD-My Baby) and the Pharis Self Confidence Scale were used in this study. Questionnaires were distributed at the 3rd days and the 4-6 weeks of the primiparous not showing any complication after normal delivery. The data collected were analysed statistically using t-test, Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and ANOVA. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1) On the 3rd day after the delivery, the scores of SD-myself as mother, SD-baby and Pharis Self Confidence were 70.6 points, 73.6 points and 78.6 points, respectively, showing the low level of MRA. 2) On the 4-6 weeks after delivery, the score of SD-myself as mother, SD-baby and Pharis Self Confidence were 72.8 points, 77.9 points, and 86.9 points, respectively, indicating the moderate level of MRA. 3) The mean scores of the SD scale and the Pharis Self Confidence during the postpartum periods were higher than those of the 3rd days, showing the SD-myself as mother (t=-2.09, P<.05), SD-baby(t=-4.12, P<.001), Pharis Self Confidence(t=-6.59, P<.001), respectively. 4) Positive correlations (r=.24$\sim$.69) were shown in the concepts related to the MRA and the cognitive-motor skill components and cognitive-affective skill components of the MRA became harmonious over time. 5) The relationships between the score of the MRA and the demographic and obstetric variables were as follows ; a) the score of the MRA in the twenties was higher than those of the thirties. b) the group with higher educational background showed higher MRA socres than the group with lower one. c) those who wanted pregnancy sustenance had higher MRA scores than those who did not. d) the group that did think of festus-feature represented higher MRA scores than those who did not. e) the group of mothers who have the daughters showed higher MRA scores than those who have boys. It can be concluded from the results that the MRA in the primiparous increased gradually, and that the cognitive-motor skills and cognitive-affective skills became harmonious over time. The level of the MRA was affected partly by the mothers general, obstetrical variables. Following suggestion were made oil the basis of the present study ; a) The longitudinal study on the MRA is needed. b) Multivariate analyses should be done for the identification of the factors influcening on the MRA. c) Education program for primiparous mother should be designed and developed to improve the MRA.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.356-364
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the exposure pathway of PBDEs in human breast milk collected from new mothers residing in Chuncheon, a comparatively clean area in Korea. The congeners of PBDE in 22 human breast milk samples were analyzed using a high resolution gas chromatography with a high resolution mass detector. The residue level of ${\sum}PBDEs$ was higher in primipara subjects than in multipara subjects (p<0.05). The levels in this study were similar to those of people in some Asian and European countries, but were lower than those of people in north America. In the congener profiles, BDE-47 (mean contribution=36.1%) was predominant, followed by BDE-153 (27%), BDE-99 (11.7%), BDE-100 (11.1%), BDE-28 (7.9%) and BDE-183 (3.5%). The sum of BDE-47 and BDE-153 accounted for more than 50% of ${\sum}PBDEs$ in most samples. BDE-47 was highly correlated with ${\sum}PBDEs$ (r=0.94, p<0.001). No strong trend was observed between PBDE levels and a number of key biological factors (women's age, weight, height and body mass index) examined in this study, however, weak correlations were observed in PBDE levels measured against dietary habits, particularly in fish consumption frequency. It seems that Korean people might be exposed to multiple sources including products of PBDEs, and particularly food resources.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2012

The levels of indicator PCBs were determined in 132 human milk samples (Colostrum, 30th days after delivery, 60th days after delivery) collected in 2006 according to World Health Organization's (WHO) protocol. In addition, concentrations of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured by the isotope dilution method with high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass detector (HRGC/HRMS), which gave accurate and precise data for estimations of international trend and comparisons. Average daily intakes (ADIs) of all analytes were calculated. The median level of total indicator PCBs was 14 ng/g lipid, which is significantly lower than the level found in individuals from other countries. PCB congeners 138, 153 and 180 accounted for about 65% of the sum of the indicator congeners analyzed. The concentration of the most abundant PCB 153 is positively correlated with the concentration of the sum indicator PCBs (p<0.001). In this study, concentrations of total indicator PCBs significantly decreased with increasing number of children for a mother, indicating that parity and breast-feeding period an important role in the accumulation and elimination of these compounds in lactating women. The ADI for the median of total indicator PCBs for an infant was evaluated at $0.077{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw/day$ from birth to 6 months of age. The present study shows that concentrations of PCB 118 primipara breast milk have decreased 25~35 since 1998, and that this trend is continuing.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.168-174
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• 1997

Alphafetoprotein(AFP) is a glycoprotein synthesized by the fetus early in gestation by the yolk sac and later by the gastrointestinal tract and liver. The concentration of AFP is highest in fetal serum and amniotic fluid around 13th week, and 32nd week in maternal serum. Some conditions are associated with abnormal maternal serum AFP concentration. For examples, neural tube defects, omphalocele, renal anomalies are associated with elevated maternal serum AFP and fetal death, chromosomal trisomies are associated with low level of maternal serum AFP. So maternal serum AFP screening plays a significant role in assessing candidates for prenatal diagnosis and prenatal counselling in pregnant women. This study evaluates the normal ranges of AFP using enzyme immunoassay in normal pregnant women. We studied 500 normal pregnant women who visited the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yeungnam Medical Center, Yeungnam University during the period through January, 1993 to September, 1996. The group of the study were selected randomly at various gestational ages from 8 to 41 weeks. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The lowest level of AFP in our study group was 2.1ng/ml at 8 weeks of gestation. Thereafter serum alpha-fetoprotein concentrations rose rapidly to reach a peak value at 32nd week. 2. The mean levels of AFP in the primipara and multipara were $166.37{\pm}12.06ng/ml$, and $223.78{\pm}14.00ng/ml$, respectively, showing stastiscally significant difference between these two groups(p<0.01). 3. The mean levels of AFP between mothers who delivered male and female babies were $192.96{\pm}13.00ng/ml$, and $194.29{\pm}13.84ng/ml$, respectively, without statistically significant difference(p>0.05). 4. The normal ranges of maternal serum AFP according to each gestational week were evaluated.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.64-76
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• 1970

This report will present a clinical and statistical analysis of 210 case of Ectopic pregnancies who were treated at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Chung Nam Medical Center from January, 1966 to March, 1970. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The total number of Ectopic pregnancies was 8.22%. 2. The occurrence of Ectopic pregnancy was high in June(13.81%), low in October(2.98%). There was a higher occurrence of Ectopic pregnancy in the summer than in the winter. 3. The average age of all patients was 33.25 years. The most frequent age for this type of pregnancy was 31-35 years (32.86%) . The youngest patient was 18 years old and the oldest was 50. 4. Multipara occurred in 82.38% of the cases; Mulipara in 17. 62% and the occurrence of primipara was especially high, 20.95%. 5. 48.09% of the women had previously experienced normal deliveries; 42.8% had received artificial abortions and 5.23% had experienced spontaneous abortions. 3.8% had a previous history of Ectopic pregnancy. It was found that the occurrence of Ectopic pregnancy was more frequent in those women who had a D & C in the Past. 6. The average length of infertility was 21.7 months. The shortest length was 60 days; longest period of infertility was 19 years. 7. The occurrence of Ectopic pregnancy is higher (29.27%) in patient who have experienced only one previous D & C. The total number of patients who received a D & C was 58.57%. 3. Ectopic symptoms appeared during the first 4.7 weeks (mean) and most frequently occurred between the 5th and 6th weeks (48.57%) of pregnancy. The Symptoms were: -99.04% complained of lower abdominal pains. -80.95% experienced abnormal uttering bleeding. -42.38% experienced bleeding before the occurrence of pain. -18.57% experienced pain before the occurrence of bleeding. -8.57% experienced both pain and bleeding. -7.62% experienced only bleeding. -22.86% experienced only pain. 9. In-77.62% of the cases the annexal mass palpated. 91.42% complained of abdominal tenderness. 42.38% complained of pain when the cervix was examined. 10. Culdocentesis was performed in 86.19% of the cases. In 92.82% of the cases the presence of an Ectopic pregnancy was accurately diagnosed 11. 71.90% of the Ectopic pregnancies occurred in the ampule portion of the ovarian tube, of the total number of gestations, 40.95% were tubal abortions and 59.05% were ruptured. The ruptured group occurred more frequently in the islamic portion and interstitial portion of the tube than the aborted group. The aborted group occurred more frequently in the fimbrial extremities of the tube. 12. The blood pressure (systolic) was noted at 119-80mmHg in 81.89% of the total cases. Hemoglobin value was noted at over 8gm/㎗ in 58.57% of the cases. The average blood transfusion was 2.3 pints. 13. In 52.86% of the Ectopic pregnancies the right side of the ovarian tube was affected. The left side of the tube was affected in 47.14% of the cases. 14. 3.33% of the patients were not given an accurate diagnosis. 15. The kinds of operation performed were as follows; Salpingectomy, 41.43%; Adnectomy, 38.57% and Adnectomy with total hysterectomy, 19.05%. 16. The patient mortality rate was significantly small; only 1 case out of 210 died. This patient most likely had a profuse hemorrhage because of a ruptured tube before her admission to the hospital. 17. The patients personal feelings and attitudes must be treated with care. Particularly patients who are concerned about vaginal bleeding or the impossibility of another pregnancy.