• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.192-194
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• 2015

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), essential components of plant defense signaling. Salicylic acid (SA) is also central to plant resistance responses, but its specific role in regulation of MAPK activation is not completely defined. We have investigated the role of SA in PAMP-triggered MAPKs pathways in Arabidopsis SA-related mutants, specifically in the flg22-triggered activation of MPK3 and MPK6. cim6, sid2, and npr1 mutants exhibited wild-type-like flg22-triggered MAPKs activation, suggesting that impairment of SA signaling has no effect on the flg22-triggered MAPKs activation. Pretreatment with low concentrations of SA enhanced flg22-induced MPK3 and MPK6 activation in all seedlings except npr1, indicating that NPR1 is involved in SA-mediated priming that enhanced flg22-induced MAPKs activation.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2003

The purposes of this study were to examine effect by Solid Matrix Priming(SMP) ; method far enhanced rapid and uniform seedling emergence in tobacco seeds. The results were as follows. No enhancement of germination rate was by SMP treatment. In KF114 during 9 days treatment and in KB108 during 7 days treatment, germinative energy was highest, and T50 and mean germination time were the shortest. Cells in embryo and hypocotyl were divided and extended during SMP treatment. The contents of fatty acid were increased in SMP treatment. The changes of glucose content were little.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.101-106
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• 1984

체외순환전 심폐기내 충전액의 이산화탄소분압, 산도, 완충염기, 산소분압을 측정하고 저체온 체외 순환 15분후의 각각의 치를 측정하여 비교 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 이산화단소분양은 충전액은 $12.1{\pm}7.8mmHg$로 매우 심한 저이산화탄소혈증 이었으나 체외순환 후 15분에서 $35.7{\pm}5.7mmHg$로 정상 범위이었다. 2. 산도는 충전액은 최저 pH 6.93, 최고 pH 7.99(평균 $7.45{\pm}0.29$)로 매우 심한 변동폭을 보였으나 체외순환후 15분에는 pH $7.35{\pm}0.05$로 정상범위이었다. 3. 완충염기는 충전액은 $7.9{\pm}3.5mmol/l$로 매우 낮았으나 체외순환후 15분에는 $19.6{\pm}1.2$로 정상치에 가깝게 유지되었다. 4. 산소분압은 충전액은 $667.1{\pm}45.6$으로 매우 심한 과산소혈증 이었으나 체외순환후 15분에는 $280.7{\pm}131.7$로 크게 감소되었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 체외순환전 심폐기내 충전액의 저이산화탄소분압 및 고산소분압 상태는 체외순환중 생체내에는 크게 영향을 마치지 않는것으로 사료된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.590-596
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• 2002

The resin : metal interface is at the basis of most bonding failures in resin-bonded prosthesis. Although debonding has been a problem with adhesive fixed partial dentures, various dentists classify them as long-term restorations. The advantages of resin-bonded fixed partial dentures include minimal tooth reduction and the possibility of rebonding. if resin-bonded protheses can be easily rebounded, it is of clinical importance to know if the lutingagents rebond as well the second time as they did originally. Several retentive systems for resin-to-metal bonding have recommended. Treatments such as electrolytic etching and silicone coating, despite the good result of bond strength, have proved to be time-consuming and technique-sensitive. Therefore a simple and more reliable method is desirable. This study evaluated the effect of metal surface treatments on the rebond strength of panavia 21 cement to a nickel-chromium(Ni-Cr) alloy. The samples were received the following surface treatments : Group No.1 (control or served as the control) treatment with sandblasting with 50um aluminum oxide and ultrasonically cleaned for 10minutes in double-deionized water, Group No.2 were no surface treatments. Group No.3 were treated with metal primer. Group No.4 were treated with sandblasting as previously described, and then metal priming. From the analysis of the results, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. Sandblasting and metal priming appears to be an effective method for treatment of metal after accidental debonding. 2. Group without surface treatment had significantly lower bond strengths compared with other groups. 3. The combination of sandblasting and metal priming may not develop superior bonding strengths compared with other techniques that used the Ni-Cr alloys. 4. Combination of cohesive and adhesive failures were the most common type observed. The results support the use of sandblasting as a viable procedure when rebonding accidentally lost adhesive partial denture. We concluded that sandblasting and metal priming of metal surface before bonding could provide the adequate bond strength during rebonding of resin-bonded fixed partial denture.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.585-601
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of blood-and saliva-contamination during dentin pretreatment procedure on tensile bond strength, and to investigate the effect of contaminant-removing treatments on the recovery of bond strength of dentin bonding agents. Dentin specimens prepared from freshly extracted bovine mandibular anterior teeth were divided into non-contaminated control and contaminated experimental groups. The specimens of the contaminated group were contaminated with saliva or blood after etching or priming procedure, followed by contaminant-removing treatments. All the specimens were bonded with All Bond$^{(R)}$ 2 dentin bonding agent and Bisfil$^{TM}$ composite resin or Scotchbond$^{TM}$ Multipurpose and Z100. After all the bonded specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours, tensile bond strengths were measured. The contaminated dentin and fractured dentin surfaces were examined under the scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows : Contaminated specimens showed lower bond strength than non-contaminated ones regardless of the kind of contaminant, contamination time and contaminant-removing treatments, except specimens which were acid-etched following saliva contamination after etching in All Bond$^{(R)}$ 2 groups (p<0.05). Blood contaminant resulted in much bond strength decrease than saliva ones (p<0.01), and contamination after priming resulted in much decrease in bond strength than after etching (p<0.01). Re-etching resulted in increase of bond strength in the specimens contaminated with saliva after etching but not in blood contaminated ones. Re-priming resulted in increase of bond strength in the specimens contaminated after priming regardless of the kind of contaminant.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2021

Microglial priming is the process of microglial proliferation and activation in response to neurodegeneration and abnormal protein accumulation. Priming makes microglia susceptible to secondary inflammatory stimuli and causes exaggerated inflammatory responses. In the present study, we established a microglial priming model in mice by administering a single injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 20 mg/kg). MPTP induced microglial activation without dopaminergic degeneration; however, subsequent treatment with a sub-toxic dose of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced an amplified inflammatory response and caused nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration. These pathological and inflammatory changes, including microglial activation and dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra (SN) area were reversed by papaverine (PAP) administration. In addition, MPTP/LPS enhanced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression and processing via nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in the SN region of mice. However, PAP treatment suppressed inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β maturation. Moreover, PAP inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and enhanced cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) activity in the SN of MPTP/LPS mice. These results suggest that PAP inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by modulating NF-κB and CREB signaling pathways, which results in reduced microglial activation and neuronal cell death. Thus, PAP may be a potential candidate for the treatment of Parkinsons's disease, which is aggravated by systemic inflammation.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.321-326
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• 2000

발아온도를 $10^{\circ}C$에서 $5^{\circ}C$ 간격으로 $35^{\circ}C$까지 달리한 후 priming 종자의 발아율, T50 및 평균발아소요일수(MDG)를 조사하였다. 당근은 -0.50MPa PEG 8000에서 priming한 종자가 무처리에 비하여 $10^{\circ}C$와 $35^{\circ}C$에서 발아율이 높았으며 T50 및 MDG는 모든 발아온도에서 단축효과가 있었다. 그러나 PEG에 100mM $K_3PO_4$ 혼용 priming시 PEG 단용 priming에 비하여 발아력에 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 상추의 무처리는 $30^{\circ}C$와 $10^{\circ}C$에서 단지 2%만 발아 되었으나 50mM $K_3PO_4$에 priming한 종자는 $30^{\circ}C$와 $35^{\circ}C$에서 각각 40%와 21%로 발아율 향상에 효과적이었다. 그리고 $K_3PO_4$ 단용 priming에 비하여 $K_3PO_4$에 200mM $KH_2PO_4$ 혼용 priming시 발아율은 낮았지만 T50 및 MDG는 더 단축되었다. 양파는 200mM $KH_2PO_4$, 파는 100mM $Ca(NO_3)_2$에서 priming시 $10^{\circ}C$와 $35^{\circ}C$에서 발아율 향상에 효과적이었다. 그리고 양파는 $KH_2PO_4$ 단용 priming보다 100mM $Ca(NO_3)_2$ 혼용priming, 파는 $Ca(NO_3)_2$ 단용 priming보다 100mM $KH_2PO_4$ 혼용 priming시 발아율은 향상시키지 못하였으나 T50 및 MDG 단축에는 더 효과적이었다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.214-214
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• 2017

Seeds of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) have demanded high quality because of their high cost of seed. The optimization of the seed priming techniques that have positive effect on fast and uniform germination becomes important at the commercial level. Several factors such as solution composition, osmotic potential, and treatment duration affect seed priming response. In this study, osmotic potentials of priming solution and germination characteristics of primed seed were investigated to clarify the effects different inorganic salt types and the duration. Tomato seeds were primed in osmotic solutions that were osmotic potential ranged -1.54 to -0.45 MPa in an aerated solution of PEG 8000 (17%, 22%, 27%), and inorganic salt solution of $KNO_3$, $Na_2SO_4$, and $K_2SO_4$ (100, 200, 300mM). The seeds were treated at $20^{\circ}C$ for 2, 4, and 6 days. After each treatment, the seeds were dried to moisture content ranged 5-8% at $25^{\circ}C$. Four replications of 25 seeds per each treatments were placed in 10-cm petri dishes containing two filter papers and 3 ml of $dH_2O$ and incubated at $20^{\circ}C/30^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$ and seedlings evaluated for abnormality after 14 days of incubation. Seed water potential (${\psi}$) was correlated with water potential of priming solution ($r^2=0.86$). Seeds primed in 100mM $KNO_3$ resulted the highest germination rate (GR, $63.9 %{\cdot}day^{-1}$) and lowest mean germination time (MGT, 2.0 days) comparing to untreated control ($23.9%{\cdot}day^{-1}$ of germination rate and 4.1 days of MGT) at $20/30^{\circ}C$, even though 96% of germination percentage were not different. Seeds primed in 100mM $KNO_3$ (${\psi}=-0.45MPa$) for 4 days showed ${\psi}=-0.38MPa$. Priming in $Na_2SO_4$, $K_2SO_4$, and PEG solution for 6 days improved MGT and GR, but not significantly than 4 days of treatment. Additionally, stepwise osmotic solution treatment with 100mM and 300mM concentration for 6 day did not showed differences with single treatment. In relation to osmotic potentials, identical osmotic potential in different inorganic salt solution showed different effect on germination characteristics.

• 인지과학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-26
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 한국어 시각 단어 재인과정에서 음운 정보가 주로 사용되는지(음운재부호화 가설) 혹은 표기 정보 중심으로 처리되고 음운 정보가 부수적인 역할을 하는지(이중경로가설)를 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 목표 단어(예: 녹말)와 음운이 완전히 일치하는 형태의 자극(예: 농말), 목표 단어와 첫음절의 음운은 일치하지만 두 번째 음절은 일치하지 않는 자극(예: 농알), 목표 단어와 첫음절의 표기가 일치하는 자극(예: 녹알)을 통제자극(예: 적감)과 비교하였다. 실험 1에서는 비단어 어휘판단과제를 사용하여 비단어 처리 시 음운 정보와 표기 정보의 영향을 살펴보았는데 그 결과 목표단어와 표기가 일치하는 조건은 통제조건에 비해 느린 반응시간과 높은 오류율을 보였지만 음운정보가 일치하는 조건에서는 통제조건에 비해 빠른 반응시간과 낮은 오류율을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 한국어 시각 단어 재인과정에서 표기 정보가 주도적으로 사용되지만, 음운정보도 어휘접근이나 그 이후의 과정에서 사용된다는 것을 시사한다. 실험 2와 실험 3에서는 두 SOA조건(60ms, 150ms)에서 차폐점화실험 패러다임을 사용한 어휘판단과제를 실시하였다. 그 결과 두 실험에서 모두 일음절의 표기정보가 동일한 조건에서만 점화효과가 나타나고 음운이 완전히 일치한 조건과 일음절의 음운정보만 일치한 조건에서는 점화효과가 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 실험 1과 마찬가지로 한국어 시각 단어 재인 시 표기 정보가 주로 사용되며 음운정보는 부수적인 역할을 한다는 것을 보여준다. 본 연구는 음운재부호화가설에 비해 이중경로 가설이 한글 시각단어재인과정을 설명하기에 더 적합함을 보여주는 경험적 증거라 볼 수 있다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 1995

인체 말초 혈액 림프구에서 저선량의 감마선에 의해 유도되는 적응 반응을 관찰하였다. 인체 림프구를 저선량의 감마선(priming dose 0.01Gy) 을 조사한 후 여러 시간 간격 후 고선량 (challenging dose, 1.5Gy) 을 조사하였다. 저선량을 미리 조사한 림프구와 조사하지 않은 림프구에서 발생된 미세핵의 빈도를 계수하였다. 비세핵 발생 빈도는 저선량 조사 4시간 후 고선량을 조사하였을 때 최대 감소치를 보였다. 저선량과 고선량 조사 시간차가 7시간 또는 20시간이었을 때 미세핵 발생 빈도는 약간 감소하였으나 유의성은 없었다. 본 연구에서는 $G_0$상태의 세포주기에서 저선량을 조사하였을 경우 적응 반응이 나타나는 것이 관찰 되었다. 미세핵 분석법은 실험 방법이 비교적 간단하고, 기타 염색체 분석법에 비하여 빠른 시간내 결과를 도출 할 수 있어 추후 방사선에 대한 적응 반응의 연구에 유용한 지표가 될 수 있을 것이다.