• 천문학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.161-174
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• 2009

Observation of standard stars is of crucial importance in stellar photometry. We have studied the standard transformation relations of the UBV RI CCD photometric system at the Maidanak Astronomical Observatory in Uzbekistan. All observations were made with the AZT-22 1.5m telescope, SITe 2k CCD or Fairchild 486 CCD, and standard Bessell UBV RI filters from 2003 August to 2007 September. We observed many standard stars around the celestial equator observed by SAAO astronomers. The atmospheric extinction coefficients, photometric zero points, and time variation of photometric zero points of each night were determined. Secondary extinction coefficients and photometric zero points were very stable, while primary extinction coefficients showed a distinct seasonal variation. We also determined the transformation coefficients for each filter. For B, V, R, and I filters, the transformation to the SAAO standard system could be achieved with a straight line or a combination of two straight lines. However, in the case of the U filter and Fairchild 486 CCD combination, a significant non-linear correction term - related to the size of Balmer jump or the strength of the Balmer lines - of up to 0:08 mags was required. We found that our data matched well the SAAO photometry in V, B - V, V - I, and R - I. But in U - B, the difference in zero point was about 3.6 mmag and the scatter was about 0.02 mag. We attribute the relatively large scatter in U -B to the larger error in U of the SAAO photometry. We confirm the mostly small differences between the SAAO standard UBV RI system and the Landolt standard system. We also attempted to interpret the seasonal variation of the atmospheric extinction coefficients in the context of scattering sources in the earth's atmosphere.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.701-712
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• 2012

장애 복구형 백본 네트워크에서 경로의 짧은 거리 및 빠른 전파 지연시간은 주 경로와 백업 경로의 설정시 활용될 수 있는 중요한 성능 인자이기에 이에 $k$-최단 분리 경로 개념은 이러한 백본 네트워크 환경에서 매우 중요하게 고려된다. 이에 본 논문에서는 선박 장비 간의 중복 메시지 전송 기능을 명세하는 IEC61162-410 표준이 적용된 장애 복구형 선박 백본 네트워크에서 $k$-최단 분리 경로 개념의 적합성을 비교 평가하였다. 성능 평가는 링크 용량, 주경로 및 백업 경로의 홉 및 거리, 트래픽 흐름의 균등 분포, 백업 경로의 장애 복구 시간, 그리고 물리 네트워크 토폴로지의 연결성 측면에서 수행되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.7701-7706
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• 2013

Background: In a prospective cohort study of antiemetic therapy conducted in Malaysia, a total of 94 patients received low emetogenic chemotherapy (LEC) with or without granisetron injections as the primary prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). This study is a retrospective cost analysis of two antiemetic regimens from the payer perspective. Materials and Methods: This cost evaluation refers to 2011, the year in which the observation was conducted. Direct costs incurred by hospitals including the drug acquisition, materials and time spent for clinical activities from prescribing to dispensing of home medications were evaluated (MYR 1=$0.32 USD). As reported to be significantly different between two regimens (96.1% vs 81.0%; p=0.017), the complete response rate of acute emesis which was defined as a patient successfully treated without any emesis episode within 24 hours after LEC was used as the main indicator for effectiveness. Results: Antiemetic drug acquisition cost per patient was 40.7 times higher for the granisetron-based regimen than for the standard regimen (MYR 64.3 vs 1.58). When both the costs for materials and clinical activities were included, the total cost per patient was 8.68 times higher for the granisetron-based regimen (MYR 73.5 vs 8.47). Considering the complete response rates, the mean cost per successfully treated patient in granisetron group was 7.31 times higher (MYR 76.5 vs 10.5). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) with granisetron-based regimen, relative to the standard regimen, was MYR 430.7. It was found to be most sensitive to the change of antiemetic effects of granisetron-based regimen. Conclusions: While providing a better efficacy in acute emesis control, the low incidence of acute emesis and high ICER makes use of granisetron as primary prophylaxis in LEC controversial.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2000

This study aims at revealing important utilization planning by surveying and analyzing unused classrooms in primary school's facilities. That is various and positive utilization planning of unused classrooms in order to cope with the changes of educational environment focused on high and multi-functionization, rather qualitative aspect than quantitative. By field-survey and interview, physical and environmental factors such as, the change procedure of students, unused facilities in schools and improvement affairs and purpose stressed by schools were surveyed. Additionally, the way of educational facilities to future society linked with residents was examined by surveying about the relationship between educational facilities and regional communities. The curriculums and "School facilities standard ordinance" have been revised in part by several times individually and couldn't meet with educational facilities, educational and social change positively. In rural area, to apply the standard of the capacity by a class with 40 students like city is not desirable. To make educational environment better qualitatively, the capacity should be reduced by 30 students and the unit square per a student enlarged by $2.4m^2$. By room unit module "school institution and managerial regulations under high school" should be applied distinctively to break down like 6, 7~12, 13~24 and over 25 classes. So re-institution of the capacity by a class and the standard unit of the number of class by scale is needed.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.3470-3476
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 현행 지적측량 관련 법률에서 규정하고 있는 지적측량에 대한 성과인정 범위와 적용 장비 규정, 관련 규정에서의 정확도와 적용 규정 등을 종합적으로 고찰하여 지적재조사에 관한 특별법에서 규정하고 있는 지적측량의 성과인정 범위에 적합한 지적측량 장비의 성능 기준을 마련해 보고자 하였다. 연구성과는 다음과 같다. 적용 장비의 성능과 성과인정 범위에 대해 현행 법률과 지적재조사에 관한 특별법 규정의 비교를 통해 지적재조사사업시 장비의 성능 개선이 필요한 부분에 대해서 기초측량과 세부측량으로 구분하여 기준을 제시하였다. 본 연구의 성과는 지적재조사사업을 위한 기본계획수립시 측량 장비 수급 계획 등에 기초자료로 활용이 가능하다.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.283-309
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• 2021

Achieving profound anesthesia in mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis is a tedious task. This review aimed at evaluating the success of buccal/lingual infiltrations administered with a primary inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) injection or as a supplemental injection after the failure of the primary injection in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with irreversible pulpitis in human mandibular molars. The review question was "What will be the success of primary and supplemental infiltration injection in the endodontic treatment of patients with irreversible pulpitis in human mandibular molars?" We searched electronic databases, including Pubmed, Scopus, and Ebsco host and we did a comprehensive manual search. The review protocol was framed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist. We included clinical studies that evaluated and compared the anesthetic outcomes of primary IANB with primary and/or supplementary infiltration injections. Standard evaluation of the included studies was performed and suitable data and inferences were assessed. Twenty-six studies were included, of which 13 were selected for the meta-analysis. In the forest plot representation of the studies evaluating infiltrations, the combined risk ratio (RR) was 1.88 (95% CI: 1.49, 2.37), in favor of the secondary infiltrations with a statistical heterogeneity of 77%. The forest plot analysis for studies comparing primary IANB + infiltration versus primary IANB alone showed a low heterogeneity (0%). The included studies had similar RRs and the combined RR was 1.84 (95% CI: 1.44, 2.34). These findings suggest that supplemental infiltrations given along with a primary IANB provide a better success rate. L'Abbe plots were generated to measure the statistical heterogeneity among the studies. Trial sequential analysis suggested that the number of patients included in the analysis was adequate. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analyses, we concluded that the infiltration technique, either as a primary injection or as a supplementary injection, given after the failure of primary IANB, increases the overall anesthetic efficacy.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.106-111
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• 2008

해양생태독성평가를 위한 공정시험방법으로서 해양생태계의 분해자, 기초생산자 및 소비자를 대표하는 6개 생물군을 이용하여 각각의 생물에 대한 생태독성시험용 표준시험방법(standard methods)을 개발 또는 정립하였다. 본 시험방법은 미환경보호국, 국제기구 및 유럽국가의 표준시험방법을 참고하였으며, 독성시험에 사용되는 표준시험생물은 우리나라에 서식하는 해양성 또는 광염성 생물(euryhaline species)로 선정하였다. 각 시험방법은 표준시험생물의 배양 및 사육, 시험방법 및 과정, 시험의 재현성 및 적합도 기준 등을 포함한다. 표준시험생물은 총 9종으로서 해산발광박테리아(Vibrio fischeri), 해산규조류(Skeletonema costatum), 녹조구멍갈파래(Ulva pertusa), 해산윤충류(Brachionus plicatilis), 저서요각류(Tigriopus japonicus), 저서단각류 2종(Mandibulophoxus mai and Monocorophium acherusicum) 및 어류 2종(Oryzias latipes and Paralichthys olivaceus)을 포함한다. 표준시험생물은 해양생태계의 기초생산자, 분해자 및 소비자를 대표하며, 생태독성 시험시 각 영양 단계별 최소 1종을 포함하는 총 3종의 "battery test"를 권장한다.

• 분석과학
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.357-363
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• 2014

아이소프렌은 자연기원의 휘발성 유기화합물 (BVOCs) 중의 하나로 대류권 오존 생성 및 포름알데히드의 근원으로 알려져 있다. 또한, 아이소프렌은 호흡가스에 포함된 미량 성분으로 폐암과 같은 질병의 진단마커로 사용되기도 하기 때문에 대기 중 아이소프렌의 정확한 측정을 위해 신뢰성 있는 가스 표준물질이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 아이소프렌 측정용 일차표준가스의 개발을 위해 중량법에 의한 제조 및 특성평가를 수행하였다. 독립적으로 제조한 일차표준가스들의 농도를 가스크로마토그래프-불꽃이온화검출기(GC-FID)로 비교하여 0.01%의 순도를 포함한 중량법에 의한 제조 불확도와 0.08% 수준의 제조 재현성을 확인하였다. 제조한 일차표준가스는 14개월간 동안 1.3% 수준의 안정성을 보였다. 원료의 순도, 질량측정(질량값), 제조 재현성, 흡착성 및 장기 안정성을 모두 고려하여 결정한 $10{\mu}mol/mol$ 수준 아이소프렌 일차표준가스 인증값의 상대 확장불확도는 2.8%(95%의 신뢰수준, k=1.96)이었다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.521-527
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• 2006

CHIME 연대측정을 위한 전자현미분석(EPMA)에서는 통상적으로 핵 연료 물질 등 구하기 어렵고 관리에 민감한 표준 물질을 사용하므로 이를 구하지 못하는 실험실에서는 적용에 어려움이 있다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 표준 물질을 대신할 수 있는 새로운 실험실 표준법을 제시한다. CHIME 연대 측정이 원활하게 이루어지고 일련의 표준 물질이 잘 구비된 실험실에서 X선 세기가 균질함이 확인된 모나자이트와 같은 광물편을 대상으로 보정 상수를 정확히 구하고, Th, U 등의 특성 X선 세기를 측정해두면, 다른 실험실에서는 단지 광물편의 특성 X선 세기를 측정하는 것만으로 바로 사용할 수 있는 표준 물질로 활용할 수 있다. 이 기법은 전자 현미 분석에서 화학성분과 X선 간섭 보정 계수의 결정에 필요한 표준 물질로 모두 활용이 가능하며, 광물 표준 물질의 복잡한 화학 성분에 대해 독립적이다.

• Architectural research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2016

Importance of FM has rapidly increased because of its growing business. However, due to lack of clarity and identity of FM in professional areas, standardization of FM became to be imperative in such a rapidly changing global business environment. Facility services are defined as the provision of support the primary activities of an organization, delivered by an internal or external provider. Majority of FM activities are services related to 'space and infrastructure' and 'people and organization' (CEN, 2011). The purpose of this study is to investigate definitions and characteristics of FM from both globally and domestic environment, by comparison with international or national standards, to identify quality management in FM and service characteristics of FM, to investigate the differences in service level elaboration in FM, and to suggest standard issues of quality management in FM service quality. This study examines contents of the European Standards in FM, Part 3 'Guidance on quality in Facility Management, especially for the process of QM standardized by CEN (2011) and explores undefined issues such as service level, measurement metrics according to service characteristics of FM. The European FM Standard guides the common process of QM in terms of requirements specification, service level elaboration, measurement metrics development although it does not specifically address various service levels, specific performance metrics and indicators.