• Title/Summary/Keyword: Primary frequency

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Effects of Phase Difference between Voltage loaves Applied to Primary and Secondary Electrodes in Dual Radio Frequency Plasma Chamber

  • Kim, Heon-Chang
    • Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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    • v.4 no.2 s.11
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    • pp.11-14
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    • 2005
  • In plasma processing reactors, it is common practice to control plasma density and ion bombardment energy by manipulating excitation voltage and frequency. In this paper, a dually excited capacitively coupled rf plasma reactor is self-consistently simulated with a three moment model. Effects of phase differences between primary and secondary voltage waves, simultaneously modulated at various combinations of commensurate frequencies, on plasma properties are investigated. The simulation results show that plasma potential and density as well as primary self-dc bias are nearly unaffected by the phase lag between the primary and the secondary voltage waves. The results also show that, with the secondary frequency substantially lower than the primary frequency, secondary self·do bias remains constant regardless of the phase lag. As the secondary frequency approaches to the primary frequency, however, the secondary self-dc bias becomes greatly altered by the phase lag, and so does the ion bombardment energy at the secondary electrode. These results demonstrate that ion bombardment energy can be more carefully controlled through plasma simulation.

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Performance Analysis of Frequency Allocation Methods Using Frequency Reuse and Channel Estimation in Cognitive Radio Systems (인지 무선 시스템에서 주파수 재사용율과 채널 추정에 따른 주파수 할당 방식의 성능 분석)

  • Kim, Tae-Hwan;Lee, Tae-Jin
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.34 no.5A
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    • pp.391-400
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    • 2009
  • Recently, cellular communication networks are migrating from 2G to 3G. Spectrum utilization tends to be inefficient during the transition. Cognitive radio (CR) technology can be a key solution to increase spectrum efficiency by allowing secondary networks to utilize frequency resource of primary networks. However, conventional CR approaches which do not utilize the frequency reuse factor of primary networks may incur degradation of whole network performance. In this paper, we propose a mechanism that a secondary network senses pilot signals of a primary network and select optimum frequency bands. In order to maximize whole network performance, we formulate an optimization problem subject to interference constraints for a primary network and present algorithms. Simulation results compare the proposed method with the conventional method. Our proposed method shows performance gain over the conventional method if channel variation of a primary network is dynamic and the frequency reuse factor of a primary network is high.

Simulation of a Dually Excited Capacitively Coupled RF Plasma

  • Kim, Heon-Chang;Sul, Yong-Tae;Park, Sung-Jin
    • 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2005.07a
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    • pp.513-514
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    • 2005
  • In plasma processing reactors, it is common practice to control plasma density and ion bombardment energy by manipulating excitation voltage and frequency. In this paper, a dually excited capacitively coupled rf plasma reactor is self-consistently simulated with a three moment model. Effects of phase differences between primary and secondary voltage waves, simultaneously modulated at various combination of commensurate frequencies, on plasma properties are investigated. The simulation results show that plasma potential and density as well as primary self-dc bias are nearly unaffected by the phase lag between the primary and the secondary voltage waves. The results also show that, with the secondary frequency substantially lower than the primary frequency, secondary self-dc bias remains constant regardless of the phase lag. As the secondary frequency approaches to the primary frequency, however, the secondary self-dc bias becomes greatly altered by the phase lag, and so does the ion bombardment energy at the secondary electrode. These results demonstrate that ion bombardment energy can be more carefully controlled through plasma simulation.

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A study on the correlation between the dental caries and dietary habits and snack intake of pre-school children (미취학 아동의 치아우식증과 식습관 및 간식섭취와의 관계)

  • Kang, Hyun-Sook;Jeong, Jeong-Hwa
    • Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.345-359
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    • 2010
  • Objectives : The purpose of this study was to correlation between the index of dental caries in primary teeth and the habits of diet and snack which are expected to influence on the index. The subjects of this study were 165 parents of the children who visited a pediatric dental hospital located in Gyeong-gi do from Jun. 15th to Sep. 26th, 2009, and the self-report questionnaire survey was performed. Methods : A questionnaire used in a previous study was revised and completed for this study and it consisted of 15 items on general characteristic, nine items on dietary habit, and five items on snack intake habit. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS program and findings are as follows Results : 1. The index of dental caries in primary teeth by ages was that children of four years old has 4~5 with 27.5%, children of five years old has 2~3 and 4~5 with 33.3% and children of six years old has 1 and 8~9 with 25.6%, showing a statistically significant(${\chi}^2$=37.72, p<.01). 2. The frequency of brushing teeth was found to have statistically significant negative correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=61.20, p<.001). 3. The frequency of taking snack was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=51.42, p<.001). 4. The desirability of dietary habit was found to have statistically significant negative correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=36.51, p<.001). 5. The frequency of taking biscuit was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=67.74, p<.001). 6. The frequency of taking bread was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=29.63, p<.01). 7. The frequency of taking caramel and candy was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=38.85, p<.001). 8. The frequency of taking soft drinks was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=52.92, p<.001). 9. The frequency of taking ice-creams was found to have statistically significant positive correlation with the number of primary teeth with dental caries (${\chi}^2$=75.07, p<.001). Conclusions : Those findings show that the children with undesirable dietary habit and higher frequency of taking snack have higher index of dental caries in primary teeth, therefore, it is considered that the regular brushing teeth and establishment of desirable dietary habit are very important for keeping health oral cavity. It is recommended that the continuous concern and repeated learning are needed in house and group of rearing infants so that the children take foods of fruits which have function of self-purification than the food of carbohydrates which has high adhesion and level of sweetness.

Effective Capacity Calculation of the Electrical Energy Storage providing the Primary Frequency Control Service based on the Contribution to the Frequency Response of Power Systems (전력계통 주파수응답 기여도 기반의 전기저장장치 주파수추종서비스 유효용량 산정)

  • Lim, Hyeon Ok;Choi, Woo Yeong;Gwon, Han Na;Kook, Kyung Soo
    • The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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    • v.66 no.11
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    • pp.1561-1567
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    • 2017
  • This paper calculates the effective capacity of EES providing the primary frequency control service based on its contribution to the frequency response of the power system. The amount of governor response from conventional generators which can be replaced by the primary frequency control from EES keeping the frequency response of the power system is defined as the effective capacity. The proposed method for calculating the effective capacity of EES is verified through case studies employing Korean power system. Furthermore, the application of the effective capacity of EES to power system operation is also discussed.

Nonlinear Sound Amplification and Directivity Due to Underwater Bubbles (수중 기포에 의한 비선형 음파의 증폭과 지향성)

  • 김병남;최복경;윤석왕
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.250-260
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    • 2003
  • Since a bubble in water is a highly nonlinear acoustic scatterer, the acoustic scattered waves from underwater bubbles show highly nonlinear acoustic properties. These acoustic scattered waves can be observed at the second or higher harmonics as well as at the fundamental primary frequency of incident acoustic wave. When two primary acoustic waves of different frequencies are incident on a bubble, the acoustic scattered waves can be also observed at the sum and the difference frequencies of the primary waves. In this study, when the two primary acoustic waves were incident on a bubble screen in water, we observed that the amplitude of difference frequency wave was amplified by the bubble nonlinearity and its directivity was oriented in the propagation directions of primary waves. The directivity of scattered difference frequency wave was analyzed as a coherent scattering for virtual source by using the directivity of the primary acoustic wave.

A Study on Optimal Multi-dynamic Absorber of Damped Linear Vibration System under the Harmonic Motion of the Base (기반의 조화운동을 받는 감쇠선형진동계의 최적 복합동흡진기에 관한 연구)

  • 안찬우;김동영;홍도관
    • Journal of KSNVE
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.325-330
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    • 2000
  • A dynamic absorber is used to protect the primary vibration system under the steady-state harmonic disturbance. In a number of cases it appears expedient to install several absorbers of smaller masses instead of one. This may be due to the need of distribute the absorber's response along the construction, restrictions on the absorber's installation. So, we studied characteristics of the primary vibration system for the optimal natural frequency ratio and the optimal damping ratio of serial multi-dynamic absorber. Also we obtained the optimum values of the serial multi-dynamic absorber parameters using computer simulation for the damped primary vibration system. In designing multi-dynamic absorber, we presented for the optimal natural frequency and the optimal damping ratio of multi-dynamic absorbers.

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A Study on the Effects of Dual Dynamic Vibration Absorber for Damped Vibration System (감쇠진동계에 부착된 복합동흡진기의 효과에 관한 연구)

  • 안찬우;최석창;김동영
    • Journal of KSNVE
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    • v.7 no.6
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    • pp.1039-1048
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    • 1997
  • This paper describes the effects of dual dynamic vibration absorbers attached to a primary vibration system with damping. The efficiency of dual dynamic vibration absorbers was investigated with the height of amplitude ratio at the resonance frequency ratio of the damped vibration system according to mass ratio, natural frequency ratio and damping ratio. The variation of amplitude ratio related to frequency ratio of primary vibration system is verified experimentally and theoretically according to dual dynamic vibration systems using computer program designed to find mutual relationship between two absorbers.

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Structural modal identification through ensemble empirical modal decomposition

  • Zhang, J.;Yan, R.Q.;Yang, C.Q.
    • Smart Structures and Systems
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.123-134
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    • 2013
  • Identifying structural modal parameters, especially those modes within high frequency range, from ambient data is still a challenging problem due to various kinds of uncertainty involved in vibration measurements. A procedure applying an ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method is proposed for accurate and robust structural modal identification. In the proposed method, the EEMD process is first implemented to decompose the original ambient data to a set of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), which are zero-mean time series with energy in narrow frequency bands. Subsequently, a Sub-PolyMAX method is performed in narrow frequency bands by using IMFs as primary data for structural modal identification. The merit of the proposed method is that it performs structural identification in narrow frequency bands (take IMFs as primary data), unlike the traditional method in the whole frequency space (take original measurements as primary data), thus it produces more accurate identification results. A numerical example and a multiple-span continuous steel bridge have been investigated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Lessons Learned from Energy Storage System Demonstrations for Primary Frequency Control

  • Yu, Kwang-myung;Choi, In-kyu;Woo, Joo-hee
    • KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.107-114
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    • 2018
  • In recent years, ESS (Energy Storage System) has been widely used in various parts of a power system. Especially, due to its fast response time and high ramp rate, ESS is known to play an important role in regulating grid frequency and providing rotational inertia. As the number of installed and commercially operating ESSs increases, the reliability becomes an important issue. This paper introduces control schemes and presents its test method for grid-connected ESS for primary frequency regulation. The test method allows to verify the control operation in the individual operation mode and state. A validation of the method through actual ESS test in a electrical substation is presented in the case study section.