• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Health Promotion Conference
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.91-119
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• 2005

오타와 헌장에 따르면 건강증진은 건강형평성을 성취하는 것이다. 건강격차를 감소시키고, 모든 사람들이 건강잠재력을 달성할 수 있도록 동등한 기회와 자원이 제공되어야 한다. 또한 각 개인들은 자신의 건강에 대한 결정요인들에 대한 통제능력을 가져야 한다. 미국의 조기사망은 40%가 행동양식에 의하여, 30%가 유전적인 문제로, 15%가 사회적 환경에 의하여, 10%는 의료적 치료의 부족으로, 그리고 5%는 환경위해 물질에 대한 노출로 발생한다. 건강불평등을 발설시키는 사회적 요인으로는 경제적 요인을 들 수 있다. 이러한 요인으로 야기되는 건강불평등의 문제를 해결하여 건강형평성을 달성하기 위해서는 절대적 목표들과 평등관련 목표들이 모두 필요하다. 건강형평성은 인구집단의 건강과 함께 향상되는 것으로 나은 건강상태에 있는 사람들의 건강을 악화시키면서 건강형평성을 달성하는 것은 아니다. 각자의 관심이 형평성을 어떻게 규정하는가에 영향을 미친다. 혜택을 받은 사람들은 성과/투입의 정의를 선호하며, 소외계층은 똑같은 성과 또는 요구에 기반한 정의를 선호한다. Healthy People 2010은 미국의 국가적 예방체계를 의미하며, 가장 중요하며 예방 가능한 건강위협들을 파악하고 이러한 위협들을 감소하기 위한 목적들이 설정되어 있다. 궁극적인 목적은 건강한 삶의 질적인 면과 양적인 측면을 향상시키는 것이며, 건강불평등을 제거하는 것이다. 그러나 미국이 유럽의 국가들에 비해서 사회 프로그램에 대한 투자가 적은 이유는 재분배는 소수인종만을 위한 것이라는 믿음과, 우리는 개방되고 공정한 사회에 살고 있기 때문에 가난하다는 것은 가난한 사람들 자신들의 잘못으로 인한 것이라는 믿음 그리고 재분배를 방지하는 정치체계 때문이다. 국가기관인 CDC의 예방연구센터(Prevention Research Centers)는 지역사회 파트너들과 함께 건강증진, 질병예방, 그리고 질병과 상해로 인한 합병증을 관리하게 위한 효과적인 예방 전략을 개발하고 있다. 예방연구센터의 프로그램들은 지역사회 기반 참여연구와 소외된 계층에 중점을 두며, 다학제 간 접근방법을 활용하고, 교육기관, 공공보건기관 그리고 지역사회의 파트너들 간의 네트웍을 형성을 통한 협력관계를 강조하고 있다. 지역사회 위원회가 구성되어 있으며, 또한 근거중심 프로그램을 개발하고 있다. 이들은 건강 결정요인에 관한 연구, 형성적 연구, 개입 프로그램 및 프로그램의 확산에 관한 연구를 진행한다. UC Berkeley의 가족/지역사회 보건센터(Center for Family & Community Health)는 1993년에 설립되었다. 사업의 대상이 되는 주요 지역사회는 한국교민사회이며, 한국교민사회 자문위원회(Korean Community Advisory Board, KCAB)가 구성되어 있다. 1993년부터 2003년까지는 'Health is Strength' 사업이 시범연구사업으로 진행되었는데, 그 내용은 유방암과 자궁경부암 검진 프로그램이었다. 2003년부터 2009년까지 진행될 'Quitting is Winning'이라는 두 번째 시범연구사업은 남성들의 금연에 중점을 둔 사업이다. 'Health is Strength'는 아시아 보건서비스 및 한국교민사회 자문위원회가 함께 협력하여 진행된 사업으로, 주요 목표는 18세 이상 여성의 자궁암 조기 검진(Pap test)과 자가 유방검진 실천을 증가시키는 것이며, 50세 이상여성의 유방 임상검사와 유방 X선촬영 비율을 증가시키는 것이었다. 한 지역의 카운티에 거주하는 한국 여성들은 4년간의 개입프로그램의 대상이 되었으며, 이들을 대상으로 횡단적인 전화조사를 3번(사전, 중간, 사후)실시하였다. 개입 프로그램은 교회에서 워크샵 개최, Tell-A-Friend Form 작성하기, 포스터 및 책자 발행, 신문광고 등과 함께 자궁암 조기 검진(Pap test)과 유방 X선 촬영권을 무료로 제공하는 것으로 구성되었다. 'Quitting is Winning'은 지역사회 기반 참여 연구모형으로 한국교민사회 자문위원회는 흡연을 1순위의 사업으로 선정하였고, 근거에 기반한 금연 프로그램에 대한 연구들을 검토하여, 기존의 보편적 방법이 아닌 인터넷을 활용하는 프로그램을 진행하는 것으로 결정되었다. 이는 무작위 임상실험으로 연구대상으로 미국에 거주하는 한국인 남성흡연자 2300명을 모집하였다. 이들의 1/2은 실험군인 인터넷 프로그램 집단에, 또 다른 1/2은 대조군인 인쇄책자 집단에 무작위 할당되었다. 12개월 동안 11번의 진단이 인터넷을 통하여 진행되었으며, 참여와 참여유지에 대한 금전적인 보상이 제공되었다.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Health Promotion Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.59-88
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• 2004

' Healthy Japan 21 ' is a new health policy that has been proposed for the 21st century: it embodies a totally new concept for its viewpoints and methods. To start with, for its goal, the focus is placed on the ' quality of life ' or a life that is tree of diseases, rather than mere prolongation of life. For its doctrine, the emphasis has shifted dramatically from improving the health of the entire population (the traditional approach for health improvement) to ' achieving an ideal health status for each individual. The ultimate aged society that arrives first in Japan is a society in its ultimate form for human being. Why did Japan become westernized, giving up her traditional culture? Why did she go through industrialization, sacrificing her nature? And why does she try so hard to industrialize the developing countries? These efforts are all preparation for the arrival of a ultimate aged society. During the 20th century, we believed in unlimited possibilities and expanded our social frontier. 1n the 21st century, on the other hand, a super-aged society (the ultimate society), a glimpse of which we have witnessed from time to time, will descend on us sooner or later. It is expected to arrive first in Japan. ' Healthy Japan 21 ' is intended to prepare for the arrival of the hitherto unheard of super-aged society by building the physiological basis of people. This policy is social experimentation on an immense social scale, in which questions are posed on the understanding of health, the relationship between individuals and society, the relationship between administration and citizens, the manner by which central and local governments operate, and the new relationship between prevention and therapy. ' Healthy Japan 21 ' may be summarized as an experiment on a huge scale directed to the ultimate form of human society, in which Japan and each of her citizens playa role and set an example for the rest of the world. Even just by considering various approaches newly suggested for this venture, one may be convinced that it is a policy with features suitable for a country that has already achieved the world's highest longevity.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2003

This research has been conducted to examine the cognition and attitude of nursing students on Oriental Nursing, the subject of this research being 789 nursing students from 9 different universities who took the Oriental Nursing class. A questionnaire, the construct validity and reliability of which have been verified through enquiries into records and references as well as preliminary researches, was used as a research tool. The questionnaire, a set of 86 questions, was developed by the researchers of this study, and the reliability of the questionnaire is Cronbach's=.85. The collected data have been analysed using SPSS windows programme 11.0 for t-test and ANOVA, and the results are as follows: 1. There was a significant difference in cognition and attitude points according to the academic year (F=14.15, p=.000). After the post-hoc test, it was revealed that the points of the students in their 4th year were significantly higher than the points of the students in their 2nd or 3rd year. 2. There was a significant difference in cognition and attitude points according to the credits the students have taken (F=28.66, p=.000). After the post-hoc test, it was revealed that the points of the students who have taken from $3{\sim}5$ to $6{\sim}8$ credits were significantly higher than the points of those who have taken from 1 to 2 credits. 3. There was a significant difference in cognition and attitude points according to the period of time the students have experienced Oriental Nursing (F=32.06, p=.000). After the post-hoc test, it was revealed that the points of the students who have practised Oriental Nursing from 1 to 2 weeks were significantly higher than the points of those who have not practised it at all. 4. There was no significant difference in cognition and attitude points according to the treatment or hospitalisation of the students themselves or their family members. 5. The cognition and attitude points of the students who are deeply interested in Oriental Nursing were significantly higher than the points of those who are not (t=8.83, p=.000). 6. The cognition and attitude points of the students who have higher expectations for the development of Oriental Nursing were significantly higher than the points of those who have not(t=5.90, p=.000). 7. The cognition and attitude points of the students who believe that the Oriental Nursing will contribute to the expansion of the roles of nurses were significantly higher than the points of those who do not (t=6.60, p=.000). 8. The cognition and attitude points of the students who expect that the Oriental Nursing will be effective in prevention of chronic diseases were significantly higher than the points of those who do not (t=5.80, p=.000). According to the results above, it was confirmed that proper education on Oriental Nursing can have affirmative effects on the cognition and attitude of the nursing students towards Oriental Nursing.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.396-417
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• 1991

In order that nursing care an essential quality of nursing practice be acceptable and satisfying, it is necessary that client's culture be respected and that nursing practice be appropriate to that culture. Since cultural elements are an important influence on health practices and life patterns related to medical treatment, recovery from and prevention of disease, nurses need to have an understanding and knowledge of social and cultural phenomena to aid in the planning of nursing interventions. To understand the health practices surrounding health and illness, the health beliefs and practices of both folk and professional healing systems should be ascertained. Cultural data are required to provide care of high quality to clients and to reduce possible conflict between the client and the nurse. It is nursing's goal to provide clients from various cultures with quality nursing care which is satisfying and valuable. The problem addressed by this study was to identify Korean health practices which would contribute to the planning of professional caring practice with the culture : ultimately this study was intended to make a contribution to the development of the science of nursing. The concrete objectives of this study were ; 1) to identify Korean health practices, 2) to interpret the identitial health practices through traditional cultural thought, and 3) to compare the Korean health practices with those of other cultures. The investigator used the ethnosceintific approach outlined by spradly in a qualitative study. To discover ancestral wisdom and knowledge related to traditional health practeces, the subjects of this study were selected from residents of a small rural mountain village in south west Korea, a place considered to be maintaining and transmitting the traditional culture in a relatively well -preserved state because of being isolated from the modern world. The number of subjects was 18, aged 71 to 89. Research data were collected from January 8 to March 31, 1990. Five categories of health practices were identified : “Manage one's own mind”, “Moderation in all thing”, “Live in accord with nature”, “Live in mutuality with others”, and “Live to the best of one's ability”. Values derived from these ways of thinking from Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism help fashion a traditional way of life, examplified by the saying “Benifience to all”. Korean thought and philosophy is influenced primerily by Confucianism, Confucian principles of ethics, embedded deeply in the peoples' minds, form the idea that “heaven and human being are intimately united” based on concept that “heaven is, so to speak, reason”. Twoe Gae's theory of existential subjectivity develops the concept of self which is the basis of the spirit of reverence in modern Confucian philosophy. The human md is granted from heaven out of the idea of matter, and what control the mind is the spirit of reverence. Hence the idea of “The primacy of the mind" and provided that one should control one's own mind. The precepts of duty to parents, respect for elders and worship of ancestors, and moderation in all behavior put a restraint on life which directed that one live earnestly according to Nature's laws with their neighbors. Not only Confucianism, but also Buddism and Taoism have had an important effect upon these patterns of ideas. When compared with western culture, Korean health practices tend to be more inclusive, abstract and intuitive while westerner health practices found to be mere concrete, practical and personal. Values and beliefs based and pragmatism and existentialism infuence western civilization, Ethical values may be founded on utilitarianism, which considers what is good for the persons in their circumstances as the basis of conduct and takes a serious view of their practical lives including human aspirations rather than an absolute truth. These philosophical and ethical ideas are foundations for health practices related to active, practical and progressive attitudes. This study should be enable nursing not only to understand clients as reflections of the traditional culture when planning nursing practice, but to dovelop health education corresponding to cultural requiments for the purpose of protection against disease and improvement of health, and thus promote sound health practice. Eventually it is hoped that through these processes quality nursing care as the central idea of the science of nursing will be achieved.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.533-547
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• 1997

In periodontics, much progress was made in the understanding of periodontal disease from 1960s to 1980s and in prevention and management of periodontal disease since the end of 1980s. This presentation will discuss about the prevalence of periodontal disease, treatment need, and provision of periodontal treatment in Korea, and how we could manage the periodontal disease efficiently in the future. According to an epidemiological study in Korea, periodontal disease(including gingivitis) was present in 82% of general population and periodontitis in 30-40% in adult population over 30y and juvenile periodontitis in 0.1% of adolescents. If we consider that at least 17% of these patients may have recurrent or refractory forms, there is obviously an abundance of disease that needs treatment, As a result of increase in life expectancy, senile population over 65 y will be increased from 6% in 1996 to 6.9% in 2000, and tooth retention rate and periodontal treatment need are expected to increase. Periodontists need all the help they can get from the general dentists to control periodontal disease. As for provision, postgraduate course in periodontics started in 1957 in Korea and produced over 700 specialized dentists in periodontics. One report indicated that the periodontists as well as general practitioners did periodontal therapy on only a few periodontal patients, because of specific control by current medical insurance system in Korea. Comprehensive periodontal examination is rarely done in local dental clinic. Therefore, enhancement of periodontal care in medical insurance system and education of simplified periodontal examination such as Periodontal Screening & Recording will make dentists diagnose and manage the management of adult patients is based on the recognition that there are multiple diseases, including gingivitis, chronic adlt periodontitis, and other more aggressive forms of periodontitis, and requires the earliest possible recognition of these three disease categories. In this presentation, we discuss practical approach using PSR to diagnose, manage and refer the patients, to facilitate the separation of the simple from the complex and the predictable from the unpredictable form of periodontal diseases and to integrate diagnostic and therapeutic techniques into private practice today.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1545-1554
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• 2010

Korean government will set up the nationwide food safety system with strict control of hazardous nutrients like sugar, fatty acids and sodium as well as advanced nutrition education system. In addition, almost one hundred percent of school food service rate forced the government to consider more effective ways to upgrade the nutritional status of school meals. The object of our study was to provide the data on content and consumption of sugar in school meal for the nationwide project. For this purpose, we surveyed the sugar content of 842 school meal menus and their intake level for 154 days in 8 schools in Daejeon and Chungcheong Province. Sugar contents, the sum of the quantity of 5 sugars commonly detected in food, were analysed with HPLC-RID (Refractive Index Detector). Sugar intakes were calculated by multiplying the intake of each menu to the sugar content of that menu. The sugar content was highest in the desserts, which include fruit juices, dairy products and fruits. Sugar content of side dish was high in sauces and braised foods. Sugar intake from one dish is high in beverage and dairy product, and one dish meals contribute greatly to sugar intake because of their large amount of meal intake. The average lunch meal intakes of second grade and fifth grade elementary school students were 244 g/meal and 304 g/meal, respectively. The meal intake of middle school student was 401 g/meal. The average sugar intake from one day school lunch was 4.22 g (4.03 g on elementary and 5.31 g on middle school student), which is less than 10% of daily sugar reference value for Koreans. The result of this study provides exact data of sugar intake pattern based on the content of sugar which is matched directly to the meals consumed by the students.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.203-212
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• 2016

In order to investigate actual pesticide usage, this survey was carried out with farmers growing four crop groups, leaf vegetables, fruit vegetables, fruits, and rice from 2012 to 2015. Five hundred sixty farmers were selected in main crop production areas and were asked about their pesticide uses during the growing season. Investigations on pesticide damages to crop in recent 5 years showed that fruit vegetables had the highest proportion of damage at 14%, followed by rice at 11%, orchards at 11%, and leaf vegetables at 8%. Compared to the results of a pilot study which took place from 2009 to 2011, fruit vegetable damage increased by 4% while damage to rice and orchards decreased by 7-9%. This means continuous education on mixed spraying, usage methods, and precaution is required. In the survey on the safety guidelines for pesticide use, 6 items were well observed (89.0-95.0%), but one item for use of protective gear had the lowest observance (81.7%). A measure for protective gear for poisoning prevention is required. The survey of pesticide usage per area ($kg\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$) showed that 1.65, 4.93, 10.98, and $3.16kg\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$ of pesticides were applied to leaf vegetables (6 species), fruit vegetables (6 species), fruits (6 species), and rice, respectively, which decreased from the usage reported in the pilot study. This change was likely caused by more effective pesticides and fewer pest outbreaks; therefore, shipments of pesticides have been decreasing. In the case of paddy rice herbicides, 43 products, including butachlor, were used for $1.3kg\;ha^{-1}$. Herbicides represent 44% of pesticides used in paddy rice.

• 한국노년학
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.569-592
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• 2018

This study purported to investigate the current state of human rights of older adults residing in rural areas of Korea. The study utilized, as an analytic framework, 4 priority directions (1. "older persons and development", 2. "rural area development", 3. "advancing health and well-being into old age", and 4. "ensuring enabling and supportive environments") with 13 task actions recommended by Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA). Furthermore, the study examined gender differences in all items included in the analytic framework. Data was collected by the face-to-face survey on 800 subjects aged 65 and over. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA 13.0 program. The main results were summarized in order of 4 priority directions as follows. First, average working hours per day were 6.2, and men reportedly participated in economic activities and needed job training more than women, while women participated in lifelong education programs more than men. Awareness of fire and disaster prevention facilities was low in both genders. Second, accessibility to the support center for the elderly living alone as well as protective services for the vulnerable elderly was found to be low. IT-based services and networking were used more by men than women, and specifically, IT-based financial transactions and welfare services were least used. Third, medical check-ups and vaccinations were well received, while consistent treatments for chronic illnesses and long-term care services were relatively less given. In addition, accessibility to mental health service centers was considerably low. Fourth, although old house structures and the lack of convenience facilities were found to be circumstantial risk factors for these elders, experiences of receiving housing support services were scarce. The elderly were found to rely more on informal care, and concerns for their care were higher in women than men. Plus, accessibility to elderly abuse services was markedly low. Based on these results, discussed were implications for implementing policies and practical interventions to raise the levels of the human rights for this population.

• 한국노년학
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.1003-1024
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• 2016

The human rights of older people have gotten more attention recently in South Korea, a country that is in transition to a super-aged society. This study aimed to systematically review studies on elder abuse and related factors among community-dwelling older adults in South Korea over twenty years (1994-2016). We searched major databases (Riss, DBpia, KISS, KMbase, and PubMed) and identified published studies relevant to the topic. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria related to study quality, a total of 31 studies were selected for this review. We examined types, measurements, and risk factors of elder abuse as well as study designs in the selected studies, guided by Johannesen's theoretical framework on elder abuse. All of the reviewed studies on elder abuse in Korea were cross-sectional studies, most of which focused on older people living in urban areas, using a non-random sampling method. All of the studies focused on certain types of elder abuse only. Some adopted elder-abuse instruments that were not validated, and others used self-developed instruments without psychometric tests. As for the risk factors of elder abuse in South Korea, the physical and mental health of the victims and aggressors impacted the risk of elder abuse, but general sociodemographic factors such as age, sex, and education were less likely to be related to the risk. In addition, decreasing caregiver burden and building elder-friendly communities are important for the prevention of elder abuse. Needed are further empirical studies on elder abuse with a theoretical framework that gives consideration to the unique sociocultural contexts of Korea. It is also recommended to develop instruments to measure elder abuse reflecting the sociocultural contexts of Korea, and to examine the multi-dimensional risk factors of elder abuse.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.383-397
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in the use of home meal replacement (HMR) and delivered foods and food habits of college students due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: A survey was conducted on 460 male and female college students in Chungcheong province in December 2020. Results: The methods of participation in classes in the 2nd semester of 2020 were 40.2% for '100% non-face-to-face' and 40.4% for 'more than 70.0% of non-face-to-face classes'. 52.8% of the subjects responded that their physical activity had decreased, while 36.1% of the subjects responded that their body weight had increased over the past 6 months. Regarding the use of HMR, 62.7% of the male students and 69.6% of the female students responded with '1-2 times a week or less' before the outbreak of COVID-19. After the outbreak, 57.4% of males and 46.7% of females responded with '3-4 times a week or more' (p < 0.05, p < 0.001). As for the use of delivered food, 58.3% of the females responded with '2-3 times a month or less' before the outbreak, whereas the rate of responding with '1 or more times a week' after the outbreak was 64.6% (p < 0.001). Negative changes in food habits caused by COVID-19 were in the order of irregular meals (56.7%), increased intake of delivered food (42.2%), increased intake of snacks (33.3%), and increased intake of processed foods such as HMR (30.4%). Conclusion: As mentioned above, many college students had non-face-to-face classes due to COVID-19. During this period, they experienced decreased physical activity, weight gain, and undesirable eating habits such as irregular meal time, and increased intake of processed foods, delivery foods, and snacks. Therefore, there is a high need for nutrition education and policy support for the prevention and management of health and nutrition problems of college students, which can be caused due to the COVID-19 pandemic.