• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.236-247
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• 1983

한국원자력 1호기(KNU-1)의 설계 및 운전자료를 이용하여 가압경수로 운전변수들의 변화에 대한 DNBR의 민감도를 분석하였다. 본 민감도 분석에는 원자로 출력, 압력, 냉각수 주입유량, 냉각수 주입온도, 반경방향 및 축방향 출력분포 그리고 축방향 출력편차 등의 운전변수가 고려되었다. 민감도 분석을 위하여는 노심의 열수력 해석용 전산코드인 COBRA-IV-K를 사용하였는데 본 코드는 COBRA-IV-i의 수정판으로써 한국에너지연구소에서 일부 프로그램을 수정하였고 또한 신뢰도도 확인하였다. 민감도 분석을 수행하기 전에 KNU-1 원자로심의 설계 및 운전조건을 근거로 하여 기초 계산을 수행하고 이 결과를 본 민감도 분석의 기본자료로 삼았다. 민감도 분석결과 원자로의 DNBR 열설계에 있어서 가장 민감한 운전변수는 냉각수 주입온도이고 가장 둔감한 변수는 축방향 출력분포라는 것이 밝혀졌다.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 벌크 중합법을 이용한 폴리스티렌 중합공정의 폭주반응에 대한 열적 위험성을 가속속도열량계(ARC)와 소규모 반응열량계(MM)를 이용하여 평가하였다. 당해 중합공정은 반응온도 $120^{\circ}C{\sim}130^{\circ}C$로 운전되어져야 하며, $130^{\circ}C$ 이상의 반응온도에서는 반응 생성물의 급격한 점도 증가로 인하여 반응기의 온도제어 실패에 따른 폭주반응의 위험성이 존재하였다. 또한 당해 중합공정의 반응온도($120^{\circ}C{\sim}130^{\circ}C$)에서 공정운전 초기에 반응기의 냉각실패가 발생할 경우 폭주반응으로 인해 반응기의 온도와 압력이 각각 30 ~ 50분 이내에 약 $340^{\circ}C$, 5.3 bar 까지 급격히 상승하여 반응기의 파열판이 파열되거나 반응기가 폭발할 수 있는 열적 위험성이 높게 나타났다.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2017

Recently the direct injection diesel engine is the most efficient one available for road vehicles, so this fundamental advantage suggests the compression injection diesel engine are a wise choice for future development efforts. The compression ignition diesel engine, with its bigger compression ratios if compared to the SI engine, offers a higher thermodynamic efficiency, also additionally the diesel engine with its less pumping losses due to the throttled intake charge as in a SI engine has higher fuel economy. But the largest obstacle to the success of this engine is meeting emission standards for Nitric oxides and particulate matter while maintain fuel consumption advantage over currently available engines. Thus its use should be largely promoted, however, diesel engine emits more Nitric oxides and particulate matter than other competing one. There has been a trade-off between PM and NOx, so efforts to reduce NOx have increased PM and vice versa, but trap change this situation and better possibility emerge for treating NOx emission with engine related means, such as injection timing, equivalence ratio, charge composition, and engine speed. The common rail direct injection system is able to adjust the fuel injection timing in a compression ignition engine, so this electronically controlled injection system can reduce the formation of NOx gas without increase in soot. In this study it is designed and used the engine test bed which is installed with turbocharge and intercooler. In addition to equipped using CRDI by controlling injection timing with mapping modulator, it has been tested and analyzed the engine performance, combustion characteristics, and exhaust emission as operating parameters.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.33-39
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• 2019

대형 디젤 엔진에서 NOx, Smoke 등의 배기가스 저감과 연비를 개선하는 것은 주요한 개발 목표이다. 이 목표를 달성하기 위한 다양한 방식 중 연료를 분할하여 분사하는 다단 분사 전략은 주요하게 적용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 조건의 다단분사 전략을 적용하여 배기가스, 연비 그리고 연소 소음 관점에서 최적의 성능을 확보할 수 있는 조건을 확인하여 개선정도를 확인하고자 하였다. 1단 파일럿 적용 시, 단일 분사 대비 NOx 저감이 가능한 영역이 있으나, Smoke가 악화되는 문제가 확인되었다. 2단 파일럿 적용 시, 최대 NOx와 Smoke를 각각 73%, 84%까지 저감할 수 있었다. 연소 소음은 최대 압력 상승률 분석을 통해, 또한 연료소비율은 도시 연료 소비율을 계산하여 단일 분사와 비교하여 개선수준을 평가하였다. 이를 통해 15%:15% 2단 파일럿 전략 적용 시, 단일 분사 대비 NOx 32.9%, Smoke 60.4%, 연비 1.95%, 연소소음 19.3%의 개선을 이룰 수 있음을 확인하였다. 향후, 본 연구 결과를 기반으로 운전 영역을 확장하여 각 조건에서의 최적 연료 분사 방식 도출을 통해 전체적인 성능개선을 구현하고자 한다.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.11-15
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• 2018

Torque tubes in High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) motor transfer torque from superconducting field winding rotor to the room temperature shaft. It should have minimum heat conduction property for minimizing the load on cryo-refrigerator. Generally, these torque tubes are made with stainless steel material because of high strength, very low outgassing and low thermal contraction properties at cryogenic temperatures and vacuum conditions. With recent developments in composite materials, these torque tubes could be made of composites such as Kevlar and S-Glass, which have the required properties like high strength and low thermal conductivity at cryogenic temperatures, but with a reduced weight. Development and testing of torque tubes made of these composites for HTS motor are taken up at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Hyderabad in collaboration with Central Institute of Plastics and Engineering Technology (CIPET), Chennai and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur. As these materials are subjected to vacuum, it is important to measure their outgassing rates under vacuum conditions before manufacturing prototype torque tubes. The present study focusses on the outgassing characteristics of Kevlar and S-Glass, using an Outgassing Measurement System (OMS), developed at IIT Kharagpur. The OMS facility works under vacuum environment, in which the test samples are exposed to vacuum conditions over a sufficient period of time. The outgassing measurements for the composite samples were obtained using pressure-rise technique. These studies are useful to quantify the outgassing rate of composite materials under vacuum conditions and to suggest them for manufacturing composite torque tubes used in HTS motors.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.4-8
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• 2022

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is defined as the triad of obesity (body mass index, [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m²), daytime hypercapnia (PaCO2 ≥ 45 mm Hg), and sleep breathing disorder, after excluding other causes for hypoventilation. As the obese population increases worldwide, the prevalence of OHS is also on the rise. Patients with OHS have poor quality of life, high risk of frequent hospitalization and increased cardiopulmonary mortality. However, most patients with OHS remain undiagnosed and untreated. The diagnosis typically occurs during the 5th and 6th decades of life and frequently first diagnosed in emergency rooms as a result of acute-on-chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure. Due to the high mortality rate in patients with OHS who do not receive treatment or have developed respiratory failure, early recognition and effective treatment is essential for improving outcomes. Positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy including continuous PAP (CPAP) or noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is the primary management option for OHS. Changes in lifestyle, rehabilitation program, weight loss and bariatric surgery should be also considered.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.38-50
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• 2006

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Korean ginseng (KG), Korean red ginseng (KRG) and fermented Korean red ginseng (FKRG) extracts on cerebral hemodynamics and to compare distinction of each extract. Methods: Ten healthy male volunteers $(26.0{\pm}1.8yrs)$ participated in the study according to double-blind and cross-over protocols. Each volunteer was blindly administered 500mg of KG, KRG, FKRG extract or placebo (Dextrin). Blinded researchers measured changes of hyperventilation-induced cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), mean blood flow velocity (MBFV) of middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) and corrected blood flow velocity at $P_{ETCO2}=40mmHg$ (CV40) using transcranial Doppler ultrasound (DWL Co., Germany). Researchers also observed changes of mean blood pressure (MBP), pulse rate (PR) and expiratory $CO_2$ using S/5 Collector (Datex-Ohmeda Co., Finland). The evaluation was performed at basal condition, and repeated at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours after administration. Results: MBFV and CV40 in the KRG group tended to rise at I hour after administration, while those of the FKRG group tended to rise at 2 hours after administration. CVR increased significantly after 1 hour in the KRG group (p=0.009) and after 2 hours in the FKRG group (p=0.035), respectively. The KG group showed increasing tendency at 4 hours after administration. No group showed significant difference from the placebo in changes of MBP and PR. Conclusions: It is suggested that KG, KRG and FKRG extracts have effects of enhancing CVR and thus of increasing cerebral blood flow in human subjects.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.391-401
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• 2011

1. Objectives: Though the eating habits have improved and the living method has become convenient according to the economic growth thanks to the modern industrialization, because of the lack of exercise, obesity, wrong eating habits and stress etc, various symptoms of disease of adults are on the rise. This is the phenomenon that happens as the eating life has become life in the West along with the inundation of the western culture in our society. In this perspective, there has been many various clinical research that's been proceeded so far about the physical constitution and obesity, but there has been little research on the objective analysis of the clinical research about the alimentotherapy using taeeumjoweetang. 2. Methods: In this research we have checked the weights, fat rates, fat weight, abdominal fat rate, blood pressure, and BMI over the objects of the women that were diagnosed as lunisolar system as their physical constitution, and assessed the paramecium lipid, in-blood antioxidation enzyme and the damage of oxidization in the urine by physical constitution-specific of the body shapes that were determined by BMI. The statistical analysis of the current research was processed by using of SPSS 17.0 program. We have figure out statistical amounts such as the arithmetic average, average deviation rate and percentage number. Fro the verification of he significancy of each elements, we have used the paired t-test, ANOVA, Chi-square test at the level of p<0.05. 3. Results and Conclusions: Their characteristics are age $21.20{\pm}1.35$, height $160.30{\pm}6.11cm$, weight $64.66{\pm}8.72kg$, fat rates are $35.97{\pm}4.87%$, fat amount $23.40{\pm}5.48$, abdominal fat rate $0.823{\pm}0.03$, BMI $25.12{\pm}2.79kg/m^2$, and systolic blood pressure $111.60{\pm}10.28mmHg$ and diastolic blood pressure $68.60{\pm}7.43mmHg$ and we have let them take the medicine twice a day for 8 weeks. The clinical result for the Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, of the object people was that for the function of the liver, the result of the SGOT and SGPT test was $17.16{\pm}3.05$, $15.00{\pm}2.99IU/L$, which was a decrease, and had statistical meaning, but for the SGOT, though the figure reduced to $11.92{\pm}4.61$, $10.80{\pm}3.07$, it had no statistical meaning. For the whole cholesterol level, the figure reduced to $169.00{\pm}19.95$, $160.08{\pm}22.52$ mg/dL and had statistical significance(p<0.05). Neuter fat number, Triglyceride has slightly increased to $67.52{\pm}36.32$, $68.08{\pm}47.33$ mg/dL but did not have any statistical meaning. The antioxdant enzyme marker standard marker, SOD has increased to $2.52{\pm}0.73$, $2.86{\pm}0.60U/ml$, and had statistical significance(p<0.01). Catalase also increased by $0.63{\pm}0.18$, $1.07{\pm}0.25mmol/ml$ and had statistical meaning(p<0.01). GPx also increased to $204.76{\pm}32.64$ nmol/ml and had statistical meaning(p<0.01). But, for the Total antioxidant, though it has raised to $1.51{\pm}0.26$, $1.57{\pm}0.17nmol/{\mu}l$, it did not have any statistical meaning. MDA of oxidative stress marker has decreased to $1.70{\pm}0.68{\mu}g/ml$, $1.21{\pm}0.50{\mu}g/m$ and had statistical significance(p<0.01). 8-OHdG also decreased $3.35{\pm}0.95ng/ml$, $2.21{\pm}0.50ng/ml$ and had statistical meaning(p<0.01). In this research, we have analyzed the various markers relating to BFM and changes in oxidative enzyme in blood by takingtaeeumjoweetang. Taeeumjoweetang has the positive effect on inbody antioxidant system and reducing the content of cholesterol, which is proven to help losing weight and improving hyperlipidemia statistically. With this research, we hope to improve the lifestyle of those who are either obese or need to manage their dietary habits, and also to become the touchstone of integrating Oriental Medicine with the science of food & nutrition.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.181-185
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• 2001

Background: Bradycardia frequently occurs in intravenous anesthesia with propofol. Additionally, the thoracic sympathetic nerves influence the heart so that the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure are expected to decrease due to this procedure. Therefore, we measured changes in HR, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and both thumb temperatures before and after thoracic sympathicotomy under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol. Methods: The subjects included 21 outpatients of ASA class I who received thoracoscopic thoracic sympathicotomy under total intravenous anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (2 mg/kg) and vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg) and maintained with propofol-fentanyl-oxygen (100%). The surgical procedure was performed at the T3 level in the order of left sympathicotomy (LST) and right sympathicotomy (RST). Measurements of HR, MAP and both thumb temperatures were taken before induction of anesthesia, before and after LST and RST, and 1 hour after the completion of anesthesia. Additionally, the time to the beginning of a rise in temperature in both thumbs after sympathicotomy was recorded. Results: HR did not show any significant difference before or after sympathicotomy, however it decreased at 1 hour after the completion of anesthesia. MAP decreased after LST and decreased further after RST. Left thumb temperature began to increase at $45.8{\pm}10.7$ seconds after LST. Right thumb temperature initially decreased after LST and increased from $45.2{\pm}11.8$ seconds after RST. Subsequently, both increased temperatures were maintained at 1 hour after the completion of anesthesia. Conclusions: Although HR and MAP decreased, there were no severe hemodynamic changes. An increase in the thumb temperature was confirmed within 1 minute after sympathicotomy on the same side.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.281-288
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• 1979

For years, physicians and anatomists have been interested in the heart that has one functioning ventricle. Various terms have been suggested for this entity including single ventricle, common ventricle, double-inlet left ventricle, cor biatriatum triloculare, and primitive ventricle. In this report, the term "single ventricle" is utilized as suggested by Van Praagh, and is defined as that congenital cardiac anomaly in which a common or separate atrioventricular valves open into a ventricular chamber from which both great arterial trunks emerge. An outlet chamber, or infundibulum, may or may not be present and give rise to the origin of either of the great arteries. This definition excludes the entity of mitral and tricuspid atresia. An 11 year old cyanotic boy was admitted chief complaints of exertional dyspnea and frequent upper respiratory infection since 2 weeks after birth. He was diagnosed as inoperable cyanotic congenital heart disease, and remained without any corrective treatment up to his age of 11 year when he suffered from aggravation of symptoms and signs of congestive heart failure for 2 months before this admission. On 22nd of May 1979, he was admitted for total corrective operation under the impression of tricuspid atresia suggested by a pediatrician. Physical check revealed deep cyanosis with finger and toe clubbing, and grade V systolic ejection murmur with single second heart sound was audible at the left 3rd intercostal space. Development was moderate in height [135 cm] and weight[28Kg]. Routine lab findings were normal except increased hemoglobin [21.1gm%], hematocrit [64 %], and left axis deviation with left ventricular hypertrophy on EKG. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed 1-transposition of aorta, pulmonic valvular stenosis, double inlet of a single ventricle with d-loop, and normal atriovisceral relationship [Type III C solitus according to the classification of Van Praagh]. At operation, longitudinal incision at the outflow tract of right ventricle in between the right coronary artery and its branch [LAD from RCA] revealed high far anterior aortic valve which had fibrous continuity with mitral annulus, and pulmonic valve was stenotic up to 4 mm in diameter positioned posterolaterally to the aorta. Ventricular septum was totally defective, and one markedly hypertrophied moderator band originated from crista supraventricularis was connected down to the imaginary septum of the ventricular cavity as a pseudoseptum of the ventricle. Size of the defect was 3X3 cm2 in total. Patch closure of the defect with a Teflon felt of 3.5 x 4 cm2 was done with interrupted multiple sutures after cut off of the moderator band, which was resutured to the artificial septum after reconstruction of the ventricular septum. Pulmonic valvotomy was done from 4 mm to 11 mm in diameter thru another pulmonary arteriotomy incision, and right ventriculotomy wound was closed reconstructing the right ventricular outflow tract with pericardial autograft of 3 x 4 cm2. Atrial septal defect of 2 cm in diameter was closed with 3-0 Erdeck suture, and atrial wall was sutured also when rectal temperature reached from 24`C to 35.5`C. Complete A-V block was managed with temporary external pacemaker with a pacing rate of 110/min. thru myocardial wire, and arterial blood pressure of 80/50 mmHg was maintained with Isuprel or Dopamine dripping under the CVP of 25-cm saline. Consciousness was recovered one hour after the operation when his blood pressure reached 100 /70 mmHg, but vital signs were not stable, and bleeding from the pericardial drainage and complete anuria were persisted until his heart could not capture the pacemaker impulse, and patient died of low output syndrome 320 min after the operation.