• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2023

Objectives : The aim of this study was to assess the quantitative characteristics of pressure pain threshold (PPT) and pressure depth (PD) at the abdominal conception vessel (CV) acupoints according to subjective digestive status and digestive discomfort levels, accomplished by comparing a large group of healthy men and women, using the modified digital algometer. Methods : A total of 1,504 healthy adults aged 19 years or older participated in this study. A questionnaire was administered to evaluate participants' digestive status and discomfort. PPT (kgf/cm²/s) and PD (mm) measurements were obtained at CV14, CV12, and CV4 acupoints using a modified digital algometer. General characteristics were analyzed using the chi-square test, and differences in PPT and PD were assessed using two-sample t-tests and ANCOVA. Results : Significant difference in PPT was found based on digestive status at CV14 and CV12 for both sexes, and in PD at CV14 for women. Women exhibited significant difference in PPT based on digestive discomfort at CV14, CV12, and CV4, while men showed significant difference at CV14 and CV12. Significant difference in PD was observed at CV14 and CV4 among women. Even after adjusting for age and body mass index, significant difference persisted in PPT based on digestive discomfort at CV14 and CV12 for both sexes. PD exhibited significant differences at CV14, CV12, and CV4 among women. Conclusions : Using the modified digital algometer, this study showed the significant difference of pressure pain threshold at the CV14 and CV12 acupoints for subjective digestive discomfort levels in healthy men and women.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.198-205
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 목 디스크 환자에게 기계적 자극을 적용하여 피부 감각의 변화를 유도하고 동일한 척수분절의 통증 역치와 근 긴장도 전-후 변화를 확인하고자 하였다. 이에 목 디스크 질환을 가지고 있는 남성 10명, 여성 20명으로 구성된 대상자를 총 30명 선정하고 실험을 진행하였다. 기계적 자극 그룹은 Graston 장비를 이용하여 5분간 피부 감각 변화를 유도하였고, 대조군은 아무런 조치를 받지 않았다. 피부 감각 변화는 Von Frey filament를 통해 검사를 진행하였고, 압통 역치의 변화는 압통 역치 측정기를 통해 측정하였고, 근 긴장도의 변화는 Myotone pro를 사용하여 측정하였다. 기계적 자극 적용 시 피부 감각의 역치는 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 동일한 척수 분절의 신경 지배를 받는 오른쪽 가시아래근의 압통 역치와 근 긴장도는 통계적으로 유의하게 증가하였고(p<0.05), 오른쪽 등세모근의 압통 역치는 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.05). 하지만 다른 근육들의 압통 역치와 근 긴장도는 통계적으로 유의한 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 대조군에서는 피부 감각, 압통 역치, 근 긴장도의 변화가 통계적으로 유의하게 나타나지 않았다. 결과적으로 기계적 자극에 의해 유도된 피부 감각 변화는 동일 척수 분절의 압통 역치와 근 긴장도의 변화시켰다. 따라서 동일 척수 분절에 대한 기계적 자극의 적용을 통해 목 디스크 환자의 압통 역치, 근 긴장도의 증가와 통증 조절을 위한 새로운 재활 방법으로 임상적 의의가 있다고 판단된다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.181-190
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical effects of heating-conduction acupuncture therapy on anterior talofibular ligament injury induced by acute and chronic ankle sprain. Methods: From April 19, 2010 to May 30, 2011 the 79 outpatients who had admitted to department of oriental rehabilitation medicine, Dae-Jeon oriental medical hospital, Dae-Jeon university with ankle sprain were performed heating-conduction acupuncture therapy on anterior taIofibular ligament injury. To evaluate the efficiency of heating-conduction acupuncture therapy, pain threshold with pressure algometer and visual analogue scale(VAS) were applied before treatment and after 1st, 2nd treatment. Results: 1. The pain threshold and VAS score showed significant improvement on acute subacute, chronic anterior talofibular ligament injury group. 2. The difference in pain threshold and VAS score between acute, subacute, chronic phase group was not significant. Conclusions: Heating-conduction acupuncture therapy has clinical effects of pan reduction on patient with anterior talofibular ligament injury.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2023

Purpose: This study sought to identify whether fascial therapy using myofascial release (MFR) and Fascial Distortion Model (FDM) techniques affected not only the area where treatment was being given but also remote areas connected to the treatment area by fascial continuity through comparison of the pain pressure threshold (PPT). Methods: The subjects were 16 healthy normal adults in their 20s and 30s who were divided into the MFR and FDM groups before the experiment. The PPT was measured at 4 different points on the body of the subjects. C7, T7, L5, and gastrocnemius along the superficial back line (SBL) before and after the intervention. Results: Only the FDM group subjects showed a significant increase in the PPT at T7 after the intervention. (p<0.05). In addition, the FDM group demonstrated significantly increased PPT at L5 compared to the MFR group. However, neither the FDM nor the MFR group showed a meaningful change in the PPT at the remote area in the lower leg. Conclusion: These findings showed that FDM can affect PPT more and has a positive effect on the pain threshold compared to MFR. However, neither FDM nor MFR showed any effect on the PPT in a remote area.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.142-147
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• 2014

Objective: This study aims to investigate high energy and low energy extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and which one is more effective for shoulder pain. Design: Single blind randomized controlled trial. Methods: Fifty two subjects with upper trapezius (UT) trigger point (TrP) participated in this study. They were allocated to high energy (n=26) and low energy group (n=26). This study applies ESWT and investigates the changes of pressure pain threshold (PPT) and visual analogue scale (VAS). The high and low energy groups received focused piezo electric type ESWT 4 Hz, 1,000 pulses and 0.351 and $0.092mJ/mm^2$ respectively. Outcome measures of PPT and pain was measured by algometer and pain VAS. These measurements were performed before and after treatment. Results: The PPT value was significantly increased in both groups after treatment (p<0.05) and VAS scores were significantly decreased after treatment in both groups (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between groups. Conclusions: ESWT is an effective treatment for the application of the UT TrP. Although there were significant effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on PPT and VAS scores, there were no signficant differences between high and low energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.327-339
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• 1997

This study aimed at evaluating tile relationship between pressure pain threshold(PPT) and electromyographic(EMG) activity in 30 healthy volunteers and 30 patients with temporomandibular disorders. PPTs were determined with electric pressure algometry over masseter, temporalis anterior, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius muscle during resting and clenching. To obtain more reliable result, two examiners measured PPTs two times on each muscles, randomly. Resting and clenching EMG activity and tenderness of all muscles were measured to evaluate the relationship with PPTs. The collected data were processed by SAS/STAT program. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Pressure pain thresholds in tendered muscles were lower than those in non-tendered muscles. This tendency was more prominant in masticatory muscles than in cervical muscles and in clenching than in resting. 2. There ware a tendency of higher PPTs in unaffected side than in affected side, but there were no significant difference statistically. 3. There wert no difference of PPTs between in preferred side and in ipsilateral side, significantly. 4. There was a significantly positive correlation between resting and clenching PPTs, but there were no correlation between PPTs and EMG activities. 5. Comparison of EMG activity between in higher group and in lower group by resting PPTs didn't show any significant difference. But resting EMG activity in the higher group of clenching PPTs were lower, on the contrary, clenching activity were higher than those in lower groups of clenching PPTs. From this results, the author concluded that the clenching PPTs was more important than resting PPTs in diagnosis of muscle dysfunction. And the author recommanded that all of three following test were performed for the proper diagnosis and treatment of orofacial Pain : muscle tenderness, EMG activity, and PPT.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.49-61
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• 2005

Summary of Background Data: Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a common painful muscle disorder caused by trigger points occurring in myofascial. MPS is a major cause of chronical pain and is the subject of further clinical examination. Purpose: To uncover effective intramuscular stimulation therapy (IMS), the patients' actively participation stretching exercise and stabilizing around shoulder girdle where trigger point provoking myofascial pain syndrome in usually occurred. Methods: 45 myofascial pain syndrome patients were randomly chosen and divided into 3 groups. The first group (G1) received only IMS therapy, The second group (G2) had both IMS and active stretching exercises administered and the final group (G3) was given IMS therapy and stabilizing exercises. Therapy intervention was given for 3 weeks, 3 times a week and then only stretching exercise for the second group and stabilizing exercise for the third group was given for another 3 weeks. The visual analogue scale was dine before the experiment, 3 weeks after the experiment and 6weeks after the experiment to measure subjective degrees of pain and pressure pain threshold to measure sensitivity improvement of trigger point and functional ability questionnaire to measure daily life performance. Results: There were no significant changes after 3 weeks but after 6 weeks, between GI and G2 and between G1 and G3 showed significant change of pain, pressure pain threshold and daily life performance. There were significant improvement of the measurement of degrees of pain, pressure pain threshold and improvement of daily life performance at different times for G1 showed change 3 weeks after the experiment, but there were no changes 6 weeks after the experiment. There were significant improvement of the measurement at different times for G2 and G3 showed change 3 weeks after the experiment and 6 weeks after the experiment. Conclusions: IMS therapy proved to be effective in inactivation of trigger points of the myofascial pain syndrome patients and stretching and stabilizing exercises beside it keep remedial value longer by improvement of pain and dysfunction that occurred by the trigger point.

• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
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• 제52권11호
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• pp.657-661
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• 2003

In this paper, we designed a portable digital pressure algometer which not only can measure the pain level objectively and quantitatively, but also is able to do RF communication. This system consists of pressure sensor for pain measurement, analog signal analysis, digital hardware based on PIC16C73B, RF communication and display. To evaluate the performance of the developed system, we measured pressure threshold using commercial analog PA(Pressure Algometer) and the proposed system, and then evaluated the correlation and confidence. Using linear regression analysis, standard deviation of 0.1731 and R-square value of 99.3% were obtained. In conclusion, the above results showed good performance and its usability in measuring the pain clinically.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.543-551
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• 2018

본 연구는 교정 운동이 전방머리자세 환자의 목뼈 정렬, 압력통증 역치, 통증에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보았다. 대상자는 목 부위의 통증을 주로 호소하는 환자 중 전방머리자세로 판정되는 30명을 대상으로 연구를 실시하였다. 중재방법으로는 연구군은 등뼈 폄 운동, 네발기기 자세에서 뒤쪽락킹, 그리고 능동 목뼈 돌림 운동과 TECAR치료를 융합하였으며, 대조군은 등뼈 및 목뼈 교정운동만을 적용하였다. 평가는 목 척추 각도, 압력 통증 역치, 목장애지수, 시각적상사척도를 측정하였다. 중재는 2주간 주 6회 실시하였다. 연구결과 두 군 모두 목 척추각도, 압력통증 역치, 목장애 지수, 시각적상사척도에 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 또한 목 척추각도를 제외한 압력통증역치, 목장애지수, 시각적상사척도에 연구군이 대조군 보다 유의하게 개선되었다. 이러한 결과는 교정 운동과 TECAR 치료를 융합하는 중재 방법이 전방머리자세 환자의 머리 정렬과 통증 및 일상생활능력에 보다 긍정적인 영향을 미친다고 사료된다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.191-203
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical effects of heating-conduction therapy on lateral ligament injury induced by ankle sprain grade II. Methods: The 67 outpatients who were diagnosed as ankle sprain grade II were performed heating-conduction acupuncture therapy on lateral ligament injury. To evaluate the efficiency of heating-conduction acupuncture therapy, pain threshold with pressure algometer and visual analogue scale(VAS) were applied pretreatment and after 1st, 2nd treatment. Results: 1. The pain threshold and VAS score after 1st and 2nd treatment with an isolated injury of the anterior talofibular ligament showed statistically significant improvement compared with pretreatment. 2. The VAS score after 1st and 2nd treatment with an combined injury to the anterior talofibular and the calcaneofibular ligament showed statistically significant improvement compared with pretreatment. 3. The VAS score after 1st and 2nd treatment with an combined injury to the anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular and posterior talofibular ligament showed statistically significant improvement compared with pretreatment. 4. After 1st and 2nd treatment on the posterior talofibular ligament and after 2nd treatment on the anterior taofibular and calcaneofibular ligament with an combined injury to the anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular and posterior talofibular ligament the pain threshold showed statistically significant improvement compared with pretreatment. 5. Between isolated injury and combined injury of lateral ligament, the difference in pain threshold and VAS score was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Heating-conduction acupuncture therapy has clinical effects of pain reduction on patient with an isolated injury and combined injury of lateral ligament induced by ankle sprain grade II.