• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2013

The entire land of Southern Iran faces problems arising out of various types of land degradation of which vegetation degradation forms one of the major types. The present work introduces a model developed for assessing the current status of hazard of vegetation degradation using Geographic Information System (GIS). This kind of assessment differs from those assessments based on vulnerability or potential hazard assessments. The Sadra watershed which covers the upper reaches of Marharlu basin, Fars Province, has been chosen for a hazard assessment of this type of degradation. The different kinds of data for indicators of current status of vegetation degradation were gathered from collecting of field data and also records of the governmental offices of Iran. Taking into consideration three indicators of current status of vegetation degradation the model identifies areas with different hazard classes. By fixing the thresholds of severity classes of the three indicators including per cent of vegetation cover, biomass production and ratio of actual biomass to potential biomass production, a hazard map for each indicator was first prepared in GIS. The final hazard map of current status of vegetation degradation was prepared by intersecting three hazards in the GIS. Results show areas under severe hazard class have been found to be widespread (89 %) while areas under moderate and very severe hazard classes have been found less extensive in the Sadra watershed. The preparation of hazard maps based on the GIS analysis of these indicators will be helpful for prioritizing the areas to initiate remedial measures.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2006

The flora of vascular plants and the present vegetation status of Minjujisan and its adjacent regions were investigated from 2000 to 2004, total 27 times. The plant taxa of these areas consist of 764 taxa totally; 172 families, 397 genera, 631 species, 3 subspecies, 105 varieties and 25 forms. There were many useful plants such as 35 taxa of Korean endemics, 12 taxa of rare and endangered plants, and 101 taxa of specially designated plants which were determined by the Ministry of Environment. Furthermore, 46 taxa of naturalized alien plants were also investigated in the boundary of developing areas. The vegetation status of investigated area was comparatively well conserved, but the degree of damage was increasing rapidly by development, deforestation, and tramp which were induced by the disturbances of human beings. Therefore, more active conservation strategies such as expanded designation of conservation area. should be established, and carried out continuously based on the results of long-term monitoring studies.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2001

Vegetation maps present an inventory of existing plant communities, their location, extent and geographical distribution in the area concerned. For green space management and environment assessment accurate vegetation maps can be used effectively for analyzing the relationships between vegetation and the physical environment. However, the Current Vegetation Map, Forest Stand Map, and Green Naturality Map in Korea do not represent the status of vegetation community exactly. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to produce a detailed vegetation map at urban neighborhood parks in Korea by collecting the exact current vegetation data from field survey, and remote sensing(RS) and storing these data in geographical information systems(GIS). Ultimately it is intended to be used in planning and managing the urban green space. The study area is 66.1ha and it is classified into total 19 communities together with parks, orchards, bare land, grassland, tombs and gardens, etc. There is 53.7ha(81.2%) difference between the detailed vegetation map and the current vegetation map. There is also 46.9ha(70.8%) difference between the detailed vegetation map and forest stand map. After this study, it was concluded that it needs producing the detailed vegetation map used in managing urban green spaces because the existing vegetation map does not represent the status of vegetation in the study site.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.151-154
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• 2008

Information on the area and spatial distribution of crop fields is needed for biomass production, arrangement of water resources, trace gas emission estimates, and food security. The present study aims to monitor crops status during the growing season by estimating its aboveground biomass and leaf area index (LAI) from field reflectance taken with a hand-held radiometer. Field reflectance values were collected over specific spectral bandwidths using a handheld radiometer(LI-1800). A methodology is described to use spectral reflectance as indicators of the vegetative status in crop cultures. Two vegetation indices were derived from these spectral measurements. In this paper, first we analyze each spectral reflectance characteristics of vegetation in the order of growth stage. Vegetation indices (NDVI, GNDVI) were calculated from crop reflectance. And assess the nature of relationships between LAI and VI, as measured by the in situ NDVI and GNDVI. Among the two VI, NDVI showed predictive ability across a wider range of LAI than did GNDVI. Specific objectives were to determine the relative accuracy of these two vegetation indices for predicting LAI. The results of this study indicated that the NDVI and GNDVI could potentially be applied to monitor crop agriculture on a timely and frequent basis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.86-101
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• 2004

This study was conducted to present the ecological management of Goduk Riverside Restoration Area in Hangang, Seoul by analyzing the change of the vegetation structure. The survey site was classified into three groups. These were the vegetation restoration area, the dry plant area, and the swampy plant area. There were 141 taxa including naturalized plants and 13 species recorded in 2001 and 258 taxa including naturalized plants and 42 species were recorded in 2003 by monitoring. Monitoring results showed that the alien plants such as Humulus japonicus expanded continuously except in the vegetation restoration area. It was found that the growing status of planted shrub plants were poor, and the naturalized plants status was thriving, and the soil environment was bad in the vegetation restoration area. The alien plants such as Humulus japonicus and Aster pilosus dominated continuously in the dry plant area. The swampy native herb plants number was decreased, but the Humulus japonicus community was expanded caused by the soil drying in the swampy plant area. Soil analysis showed that the soil acidity, the available phosphates and the concentration of calcium were highly effected by cultivation. We propose ecological management as follows based on the results of the change of vegetation and soil characteristics. The vegetation restoration area should be managed by visitor's characteristics. Replanting vegetations should be based on soil characteristics. The removal of naturalized plants and established monitoring with plots is also needed. In the dry plant area and the swampy plant area, naturalized plants need to be removed in order to facilitate bio-diversity and monitoring.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.153-167
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• 2009

Riparian vegetation gives basic habitats for animal and other biological organisms. It is one of essential landscapes in river ecosystem. This floral study was conducted to give basic information for management of the Geum river ecosystem. We discovered total 69 plant communities out of 40 sites studied and mean 8 plant communities were analysed per study site. Salix koreensis and Salix subfragilis community were dominant of all communities at tree layer and Salix gracilistyla and Rubus parvifolius were dominant communities at shrub layer. Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis appeared most as perennial grasses and Humulus japonicus, Persicaria thunbergii and Persicaria hydropiper appeared most as annual grasses. Robinia pseudoacacia, Amorpha fruticosa and Bidens frondosa were frequently present as exotic species. Grass communities were higher than tree communities because of human disturbance by artificial banks. The number of species was 182 appeared as 53 families 144 species, 34 varieties and 4 forma and mean species number was 25.5 per site. The most abundant site was Yanggang bridge site (14 vegetation association, 49 species) and the least abundant site was Namdaechon, Muju site (3 vegetation association, 12 species). We suggest that continuous riparian vegetation monitoring should be carried out to manage water environment ecologically.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.49-67
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• 2020

This study was conducted to compare and analyze forest vegetation distributed in Geumosanseong-inside in Geumosan Provincial Park from 2017.10 to 2019.6. The vegetation structure was classified by the phytosociological method and TWINSPAN and the correlation between the community structure and the environmental factors was analyzed using DCCA ordination analydsis. The vegetation structures are Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Q. acutissima, Larix leptolepis, Prunus padus and Morus alba community by the phytosociological method and 16 communities under TWINSPAN. The importance value of Q. mongolica(64.5) was the highest, and followed by F. mandshurica, L. leptolepis, Acer pseudosieboldianum, M. alba, P. padus, Q. acutissima, Sorbus alnifolia, P. serrulata var. pubescens, F. sieboldiana, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Castanea crenata which is consistent with species having the dominance status by analysis of the vegetation structure. As the results of DBH analysis for taxon with high importance values, Q. mongolica and M. alba represented normal distribution, and thus, the dominance status of these species is likely to continue. L. leptolepis will maintain the dominance status due to high density of large individuals as compared with species above medium size. However, it will decrease because of high mortality after increase in age class. F. mandshurica and P. padus continue to show dominance status due to high density of young individuals as compared with species above medium size. Q. acutissima have high density of individuals above intermediate size and low density of young individuals, and thus, will maintain the dominance status. A. pseudosieboldianum, F. sieboldiana and R.schlippenbachii which are arborescent will present continuously high dominance status because of high density of young individuals. Soil analysis shows that whereas pH, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the research area were lower than the average values of overall forest soil and O.M, T-N, C.E.C and P₂O₅ were higher. We expected that these results were due to agricultures until 50 years ago in Geumosanseong-inside. As a result of DCCA ordination analysis using eleven environmental factors and communities classified by the phytosociological method analysis showed that Q. mongolica was distributed in the environment with higher elevation and O.M and steep slope, and lower P₂O₅, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺. In contrast to F. mandshurica, Q. acutissima was distributed in higher K⁺ and lower pH. L. leptolepsis was distributed in various environment.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.182-190
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• 2017

Background: Baekdudaegan was designated in 2005 as a protected area to prevent destruction and conserve. However, there are many disturbed and destroyed areas. The total disturbed area amounts to $25.9km^2$ (0.94%), including $13.4km^2$ (0.49%) in the core area and $12.5km^2$ (0.45%) in the buffer area. This study aims to classify the vegetation types established in the disturbed areas and diagnose the current conditions for ecological restoration in the forest ecosystem. Methods: We surveyed the vegetation in the disturbed areas of Daegwallyeong and Chupungryeong and the surrounding natural areas. The survey conducted from July to September 2015 targeted a total of 54 quadrats by Braun-Blanquet method (Daegwallyeong, 22; Chupungryeong, 32). We also investigated the height and coverage of each layer. We classified the vegetation types based on the field data and analyzed the ratio of life form and the exotic plants, species richness, and vegetation index (Hcl). The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated from rapideye satellite imagery in 2014 and 2015. Results: Vegetation types were classified into 11 groups according to the criteria that included successional sere or plantation at first, followed by developmental stage and origins. As a result of the analysis of the survey data, species richness, vegetation index (Hcl), ratio of tree plants, and the NDVI tended to increase, while the ratio of the exotic plants tended to decrease with the time since disturbance. These indicators had the classified values according to the vegetation types with time since the disturbance. Conclusions: These indicators can be effectively used to diagnose the conditions of the present vegetation in the disturbed area of the Baekdudaegan area. In addition, the NDVI might be effective for the diagnosis of the disturbed status instead of the human efforts based on the higher spatial resolution of satellite imagery. Appropriate diagnosis of the disturbed forests in the Baekdudaegan area considering the established vegetation types is essential for the elaboration of restoration plans. In addition, restoration target and level should be different according to the disturbed status of restoration site.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.90-101
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• 2022

The study aims to assess composition, diversity and population indices of natural regeneration of woody species in Jebel El Gerrie forest reserve, Blue Nile State, Sudan. We conducted field work between December 2018 and January 2019. We used random sampling to collect vegetation data in the forest where we made a total of 90 circular sample plots (radius 17.84 m) and distributed them proportionally to the area of each of the four density-based vegetation classes of the forest i.e. high density (C1), medium density (C2), low density (C3) and crop land (C4). In each sample plot we identified all regenerating tree species and counted their regeneration frequencies. We calculated ecological metrics of regeneration frequency, density, abundance, richness, evenness, diversity and importance value index (IVI) and drew abundance rank curve. Results revealed that out of fifteen mature tree species present, natural regeneration of 8 species, which belong to 6 families, was observed. The relatively most frequently naturally regenerating and abundant species were Anogeissus leiocarpa and Combretum hartmannianum. Richness, evenness and diversity of regenerating species were 1.33, 0.82 and 1.7, respectively. One-way ANOVA (α=0.05) of mean regeneration densities disclosed that there were significant differences (F_3,86=16.77, p=0.000) between C2 & C3 (p=0.000) and C2 & C4 (p=0.000). While regeneration of seven tree species were absent, two, two and four species were of good, poor and fair regeneration status, respectively. A comparison of mean density of natural regeneration with that of parent trees reflects a poor regeneration status of the forest. The study provides empirical results on the regeneration status of species and signifies the need for management interventions for species conservation and restoration, maintenance of biodiversity and sustainable production.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.662-675
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• 2022

This study was intended to investigate and analyze the current status of the plant community structure in order to provide basic data for the systematic conservation and management of the Buxus sinica area appearing on the ridgeline connecting the Gyeokjabong(Mt.) and Keungiljae, on Bogildo Island. In consideration of location characteristics such as density, topography, and direction of B. sinica appearing in the shrub layers, a total of 26 sites were set as the survey area for representative vegetation communities or areas with changes in topography. According to DCA and TWINSPAN, it was classified into 6 communities, namely Carpinus turczaninovii-Deciduous broad-leaved, C. turczaninovii, C. turczaninovii-B. sinica, C. turczaninovii-Evergreen broad-leaved, Q. acuta, and D. trifidus-Q. acuta. The community dominated by C. turczaninovii maintains the status quo for the present moment, however, Q. acuta will dominate the surrounding area in the long term, so Q. acuta has high succesion potential. In the case of the Q. acuta and D. trifidus-Q. acuta communities, Q. acuta, known as the climax species of warm-temperate forests, will maintain dominant status. In a case of B. sinica, the community dominated by C. turczaninovii will remain in good status due to the topographical conditions, but the community dominated by Q. acuta growth difficulties are expected due to the high coverage. In the relationship between environmental factors and vegetation distribution, analysis showed that only soil pH affect vegetation distribution. Furthermore, the soil acidity (pH) was 3.78-5.30, the electrical conductivity was 0.186-0.543 dS/m, and the organic matter content was 2.25-2.89%.