• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.289-292
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• 2009

Mongolia has 80% livestock of total agriculture industry, 170,000 farms are engaged, 2,500,000 of cows that were beef and dairy cows are raised. Despite of Mongolian has great application with milk, there are not clear differences between cow and dairy cattle, and the production of milk is also low. But the milk suppliers are varied (horse, sheep, goat, etc), so that the total milk production is 500 thousand ton per year. It's really considerable to improve the breed of owing to many problems with big differences among milk qualities. For carrying out for first year project, artificial insemination project was operated with 3rd grade Holstein semen that were imported from S. Korea, and initiation and field training were also carried out through appropriate AI technique we developed for Mongolia environment. Local information research and MOU conclusion were done with professor D. Altangerel in May $10^{th}{\sim}13^{th}$, 2009, and development for AI technique and AI equipments were supplied for Mongolia breeding and natural environment in July $10^{th}{\sim}17^{th}$ in 2009. All cows were treated by synchronization for AI. To do this, $PGF_{2\alpha}$ injection were treated for luteal phase cow, if it wouldn't work, try again after 11 days. After confirmation of estrus, AI and AI training were carried out with sperm injection in the uterus or cervix by rectum-vagina method which is common worldwide, the most effective artificial insemination technique. If cows were return to next estrus cycle, second AI was carried out about approximately 21 days after artificial insemination. After 2 months, all cows not showing return estrus should be taken pregnancy test. Every pregnant cow will be cared thoroughly. Total 48 cows administrated by $PGF_{2\alpha}$ for synchronization and after 48 hours 45 cows (93.8%) showing estrus were detected and then artificial inseminate them within who 8 cows (27.8%) showed return estrus. Therefore, Using $PGF_2{\alpha}$ for synchronization is effective to use for Mongolia breeding conditions. There are possibility of base for food production after all, including increase of livestock production in Mongolia by improvement of breeding cow with AI and embryo transfer project.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.19-30
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• 1982

1. The cows slaughtered at age of 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 9 years old were 1.5, 1.5, 15.0, 62.5 and 4.4% respectively. 2. The cows slaughtered at 351-450kg and more than 500kg were 60 and 28% respectively. 3. Best, very good, good and bad cows in nutritional condition were 1.6, 25.8, 62.9, and 9.7% respectively. Among the six cows which were bad nutrition, the two were with severe endometritis, the three were normal in genital function and one was on 70 days of pregnancy. 4. Holstein cows(55.2%) showed higher reproductive failure than the Korean cows(33.3%). 5. The slaughted ratio of the Korean cattle and Holstein cows was 36 and 64% respectively. 6. Pregnant cows were about 16% among the slaughtered one. 7. Reproductive failures were composed of 46% in uterus, 32% in ovaries, 8% in udder, 6% in oviduct, 4% in cervix of uterine, 2% in vagina and 2% inmummified fetus. 8. Forty six percentages of uterine diseases were as follows; horn, 13%, body of uterus, 32% and ovary diseases were 32%, that is, 12% of ovary atrophy, 8% of ovarycyst and 6% of lutealcyst. 9. The cows of reproductive failures were commonly infected with 1.6 kinds of diseases. 10. According to classification, six type of ovaries were as follows; normal, 58%, ovary-cyst, 11%, luteum cyst, 4%, coexistence of follicles and corpus luteum, 16%, weak function of ovaries, 10% and ovarian atrophy, 1%. 11. Major axis, minor axis and thickness of right ovary were larger than those of left one both in Korean cattle and Holstein cows. Holstein cow had generally larger size of ovary than these of the Korean cattle.. 12. The left and right oviducts showed no difference in length, but Holstein had longer oviduct than Korean cow. 13. There was no difference in the length of uterine horn between right and left in the Korean cows, but the right was longer than the left in Holstein cows. 14. Holstein had longer horn and body of uterine than the Korean cows. 15. The weight of right ovary was heavier than that of left in both breeds, but there was no differences in weight of left ovary between two breeds and right ovary of Holstein breed was heavier than that of the Korean cow. 16. The weight of right oviduct and uterine born was heavier than that of the left, and Holstein had heavier oviducts and uterine horns than the Korean cows. 17. Holstein had heavier uterine body and cervix of uterine than the Korean cows. 18. The length of reproductive systems of Korean cow is as follows; Major and minor diameter and thickness ofovary are 3.6${\pm}$0.7, 2.3${\pm}$0.4 and 1.6${\pm}$1.4 cm in left and 3.7${\pm}$0.6, 2.5${\pm}$0.5 and 1.8${\pm}$0.5 cm in right. Oviduct is 28.4${\pm}$3.1 cm in left and 27.8${\pm}$3.3 cm in right. Uterine horn is 27.4${\pm}$4.5 cm in left and 27.7${\pm}$4.9 cm in right. Uterine body and cervix are 3.4${\pm}$1.1 and 6.5${\pm}$1.7 cm. 19. The length of female reproductive systems ofHolstein cow is as follows; Major and minor diameter and thickness of ovary are 3.9${\pm}$1.3, 2.3${\pm}$0.5, and 1.5${\pm}$0.6 cm in left and 4.0${\pm}$0.8, 2.8${\pm}$0.6 and 1.8${\pm}$0.6 cm in right. Oviduct is 29.4${\pm}$4.2 cm in left and 29.3${\pm}$4.1 cm in right. Uterine horn is 30.2${\pm}$7.4 cm in left and 32.6${\pm}$8.4 cm in right. Uterine body and cervix are 4.5${\pm}$2.5 and 7.8${\pm}$2.9 cm. 20. The weight of reproductive systems of Korean cow is as follows; Ovary is 8.4${\pm}$4.1 g in left and 9.3${\pm}$3.6g in right. Oviduct is 1.5${\pm}$0.5 g in left and 1.6${\pm}$0.5 g in right. Uterine horn is 109${\pm}$27 g left and 118${\pm}$32 g in right. Uterine body and cervix are 30.4${\pm}$14.1 and 76.7${\pm}$38.4g. 21. The weight of reproductive systems of Holstein cow is as follows; Ovary is 8.2${\pm}$3.1 g in left and 12.5${\pm}$5.6 g in right. Oviduct is 1.7${\pm}$0.6 g in left and 1.9${\pm}$0.9 g in right. Uterine horn is 199${\pm}$14.2 g in left and 221${\pm}$111.2g in right. Uterine body and cervix are 58.2${\pm}$46.5 and 126.7${\pm}$103.3 g.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2006

목 적: 동결-융해 배아이식은 보조생식술에서 환자들에게 보다 많은 임신의 기회를 제공해줄 수 있는 방법으로 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 예후가 좋지 않은 환자들에서 동결-융해 배아이식의 효용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 나이가 많은 고령 환자군 (38~44세)과 신선주기 배아이식에서 임신 실패군을 연구대상으로 하였다. 과배란 유도를 통해 채취한 난자를 일반적인 체외수정 또는 세포질내 정자주입술을 시행하여 수정을 유도하고, 잉여의 전핵 또는 난할 시기의 배아를 완만동결법으로 동결하였다. 동결보관 배아는 급속융해법으로 융해하여 호르몬요법을 시행한 환자의 자궁에 이식하였다. 신선 배아이식과 동결-융해 배아이식 과정에서의 배아 상태, 임신율, 착상률 등을 통계적인 방법으로 분석하였다. 결 과: 나이가 많은 고령군에서 신선 배아이식을 시행한 환자들과 동결-융해 배아이식을 시행한 환자들의 평균 연령은 $40.0{\pm}1.8$세 (n=206)와 $39.9{\pm}1.9$세 (n=69)로 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 임상적인 임신율과 착상률은 동결-융해 배아이식에서 29.0%와 11.2%로 신선 배아이식의 16.5%와 7.0%에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높게 나타났다. (p<0.05). 첫 번째 신선 배아이식에서 임신 실패군의 연속되는 신선 배아이식 환자군 ($31.2{\pm}2.3$, n=40)과 동결-융해 배아이식 환자군 ($31.9{\pm}3.1$, n=119)에서의 평균 연령은 차이가 없었으며, 임상적 임신율 (42.5% vs 40.3%)과 착상률 (22.6% vs 18.8%)도 유사하였다. 결 론: 본 연구에서는 동결-융해 배아이식이 고령 환자들에서 효과적으로 임신율과 착상률을 높일 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. 이러한 결과는 과배란 유도에 따른 자궁의 착상 환경 변화가 고령 환자들에서 임신율과 착상률을 저하시키는 것과 관련이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.745-757
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• 1994

고나도트로핀제재에 의한 다배란처치는 난소 스테로이드 호르몬(estrogens, progestins 및 androgens)의 정교한 균형을 깨트림으로써 자궁에 바람직하지 못한 영향을 미친다. 따라서 이러한 다배란처치가 자궁조직에 미치는 영향을 검사하기 위하여, 28일령의 189마리 미성숙래트에 4IU, 20IU 또는 40IU의 임마혈청성 고나도트로핀 (PMSG)을 투여하고, 그후 10일까지 매 24시간 간격으로 실험동물을 희생시켰다 자궁조직의 장기적 효과는 4IU 또는 40IU의 PMSG를 투여한 12마리의 래트를 30일째에 희생시켜 검사하였다. 그리고 일부 성숙래트의 자궁은 PMSG를 투여한 미성숙래트의 자궁과 비교하는데 공시되었다. PMSG투여후 2일부터 5일까지 대조군(4IU) 자궁의 형태학적, 조직학적 변화는 성숙래트의 발정주기 동안의 변화와 거의 동일하였다. 그러나 대배란처치용량(20IU 또는 40IU)의 PMSG는 투여 후 2일째에는 자궁 간질조직의 hypertrophy와 3일째에는 자궁내강 상피세포의 focal papillary hyperplasia를 형성시켰다. 20IU와 40IU의 PMSG를 투여한 후 $17{\beta}$-estradiol 혈중농도는 투여 1일 후에 대조군(4IU)보다 현저하게(P<0.005 및 P<0.05) 증가하였고, androgen농도는 투여 1일 후에 baseline으로부터 현저하게(P<0.05 및 P<0.005) 증가하여 2일과 3일 사이에 최고에 도달하였다. 20IU PMSG 투여군에 있어서, hyperplasia현상은 투여 3일 후부터 점차 퇴행되어 10일까지는 완전히 소멸되었다. 그러나 40IU PMSG투여군에서의 hyperplasia는 투여 6일 후까지 뚜렷이 진행되었다. 이러한 결과는 혈중 estrogen 농도의 상승과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 사료된다. 왜냐하면 40IU PMSG투여군에 있어서의 $17{\beta}$-estradiol 혈중농도가 투여 4일 후에 최고에 도달하였으며, 이는 4IU PMSG를 투여한 대조군과 20IU PMSG 투여군보다 현저하게(P<0.001) 높았기 때문이다. 그리고 40IU PMSG투여군에 있어서의 hyperplasia 현상은 투여 6일과 10일 사이에 약간씩 퇴행됨을 보였고, 30일까지는 완전히 소멸되었다. 본 연구결과는, 다배란처치로 인하여 난조조직으로부터 과잉 분비되는 estrogen 및 androgen에 대한 자궁조직의 사전노출이, 위에서 언급한 비정상적 hyperplasia형성의 가능한 원인적 요소가 됨을 시사한다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.255-264
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was attempted to investigate the number changes of the growing and mature follicles in ovary following repeats of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin(PMSG) treatments for superovulation in nulliparous rats. Thirty two rats(Sprague-Dawely, about 200~250 gm) were randomized into 4 groups. Control group rats were sacrified at estrus phase confirmed by vaginal smear. PMSG-treated group 1 rats, PMSG-treated group 2 rats and PMSG-treated group 3 rats were sacrified at 48 hrs after injection once with PMSG 25 IU, after 2 repeated injection by a week interval, and 3 repeated injection, respectively. The uteri and ovaries of rats were removed and weighed and then were observed grossly and serial sections of all ovaries and some sections of uteri by paraffin embedding were stained with H-E. Number of ovarian follicles about 3 grades of small, middle and large follicles from seondary and follicles were investigated by LM photographies of ovary preparations. The criteria of the small, middle, and large follicles were based as small follicle with preantral follicles with 2~4 layers of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte, as secondary follicles with more than 5 layers of granulosa cells and early signs of antral cavity or with small clefts on either side of the oocytes, and as tirtiary follicles with a single medium sized antral cavity or large well-formed antral cavity, respectively. In gross findings, the wall of the uteri in control group were thin, and those in 3 PMS-treated group were markedly thickened and some uterine lumen of those filled with fluid. In histological findings, the walls of the uteri from 3 PMSG-treated groups were hypertrophied and their blood and lymph vessels were dilated than those of control group. The ovaries fo 3 PMSG-treated groups were more increased in size and the cortexes were more developed and increased in width but there are no difference of development and changes in 3 PMSG-treated groups. The weight of the uteri and ovaries per rat in PMSG -treated group 1, 2 and 3 were a, pp.ared to be significantly increased 171.4$\pm$47.6%, 162.3$\pm$43.9%, 206.9$\pm$30.4%, respectively than those of control groups. The mean number of follicle per ovary in control group were a, pp.ared to be 17.1$\pm$3.5, 46.2$\pm$14.5, and 74.3$\pm$22.7 at large, middle and small follicles, respectively and total number of these 3 grade follicles per ovary were a, pp.ared to be 137.7$\pm$31.7. The mean number of follicle per ovary in PMSG-treated group 1 were a, pp.ared to be 25.6$\pm$7.3, 78.1$\pm$29.9, and 83.2$\pm$34.0, at large, middle and small follicles, respectively and total number of these 3 grade follicles were a, pp.ared to be 187.5$\pm$58.8. The mean number of follicle per ovary in PMS-treated group 2 were a, pp.ared to be 21.9$\pm$5.2, 67.8$\pm$16.8, and 68.0$\pm$14.9 at large, middle and small follicles, respectively and total number of these 3 grade follicles were a, pp.ared to be 157.7$\pm$26.2. The mean number of follicle per ovary in PMS-treated group 3 were a, pp.ared to be 21.7$\pm$4.8, 61.5$\pm$17.0, and 59.7$\pm$16.2 at large, middle and small follicles, respectively and total number of these 3 grade follicles were a, pp.ared to be 143.5$\pm$29.6. The number of follicles in PMSG-treated group 1 a, pp.ared to be more number than other 2 PMSG-treated gruops and tended to be decreased by frequency of PMSG-treatment.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the number of the growing and mature follicles following gonadotrophin treatments for superovulation in mature rats. Eighteen mature rats (Sprague-Duwely, initially 190~230gm) were randomly alloted into 3 groups. One group was control group, another FSH-treated group was injected intramuscularly with 0.5 units of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) / rat, and third PMS and HCG-treated group was intramuscularly injected with 20~25IU of pregnant mare serum (PMS) / rat and then at the 48 hrs later, with 20~25IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) / rat. The uteri and ovaries of rats were collected and then were observed grossly and serial sections of paraffin embedding ovaries were stained with H-E. Number of ovarian follicles by following 3 grades of large, middle and small follicles from secondary and tertiary follicles were investigated by LM photography of preparations. Small follicles were classified as secondary follicles of preantral follicles with more than 2 layers of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte and middle follicles were classified as secondary follicles with early signs of antral cavity or with more than one small cavity on either side of the oocytes and large follicles were classified as tertiary follicles with a single medium sized antral cavity or large well-formed antral cavity. In gross findings, the uteri were slightly swelling in FSH-treated group and markedly swelling or filled with fluid in the uterine lumen in PMS and HCG-treated group. In histological findings, the shape and size of the follicles were diverse in middle and large follicles of FSH-treated group and PMS and HCG-treated group, and proportion of atretic follicles was increased in FSH-treated group and PMS and HCG-treated group than those in control group. The uteri of FSH-treated group and PMS and HCG-treated group were hypertropied or filled with fluid in the lumens and walls of uteri. The wall tissue layers were flattened and their blood and lymph vessels were dilated. The mean number of follicle per ovary in control group were appeared to be $17.1{\pm}5.6$($14.0%{\pm}4.6%$), $37.8{\pm}9.1$($30.9{\pm}7.4%$) and $67.6{\pm}30.1$($55.2{\pm}24.6%$) respectively at large, middle and small follicles and total number of these 3 grade follicles were appeared to be $122.5{\pm}40.0$. The mean number of follicle per ovary in FSH-treated group were appeared to be $22.8{\pm}7.0$($17.4%{\pm}5.3%$), $43.4{\pm}6.6$($33.2{\pm}5.1%$) and $64.5{\pm}13.0$($49.3{\pm}9.9%$) respectively at large, middle and small follicles and total number of these 3 grade follicles were appeared to be $130.7{\pm}16.6$. The mean number of follicle per ovary in PMS and HCG-treated group were appeared to be $29.7{\pm}11.0$($16.3%{\pm}6.0%$), $61.9{\pm}17.2$($33.9{\pm}9.4%$) and $91.1{\pm}28.2$($49.9{\pm}15.4%$) respectively at large, middle and small follicles and total number of these 3 grade follicles were appeared to be $182.6{\pm}32.7$. The above findings reveal that large follicles were increased 29.8% in FSH-treated group and 73.7% in PMS and HCG-treated group than those in control group and in histologic findings, proportion of atretic follicles were more increased in ovaries with more number of more developing follicles.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2000

연구배경: 본 연구는 마우스의 자궁에 있어 착상시 일어나는 자궁내막의 변화를 미세구조적 측면에서 관찰하고, 이러한 기초 자료를 바탕으로 마우스 자궁내막세포를 이용한 3차원적 체외 배양시스템을 확립하는데 있다. 실험동물은 임신이 유도된 $6{\sim}8$ 주령의 ICR을 이용하였다. 연구재료 및 방법: 생검 조직은 hCG 접종 후 D1과 D5에 자궁 전체를 적출하여 획득하였다. 채취된 조직은 2.5% glutaradehyde와 1% osmium tetroxide를 이용하여 고정시킨 후, 탈수, 포매 및 절편 과정을 거쳐 염색시키고, 광학현미경, 투과전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였으며, 주사전자현미경을 이용한 관찰을 위한 표본은 고정된 조직을 탈수, 건조 및 코팅 과정을 거쳐 획득하였다. 결과: 1) 광학현미경상에서, 후기 분비기인 D5의 생검 조직은 초기 분비기인 D1의 조직에 비해 결합조직의 증가에 따른 기질층의 확장이 두드러졌으며, 이와 함께 자궁내막선과 혈관이 크게 발달되어 있었다. 2) 투과전자현미경상에서, 마우스 자궁내막의 미세구조는 단충원주형의 표면상피세포층, 기저층 및 기질층의 3층을 이루고 있었다. 또한, D5에서는 미세융모, 소포체, 골지체, 지질, 글리코겐 및 분비 과립 그리고 기저층의 표면적이 크게 확장되어 있었다. 3) 주사전자현미경상에서, 분비기가 진행될수록 마우스 표면상피세포의 주름의 정도와 미세융모의 분포가 크게 증가함을 알 수 있었으며, 특히 마우스의 착상시기인 D5에서는 자궁 수용성의 표지자인 자궁돌기의 출현이 두드러졌다. 마우스의 자궁돌기는 자궁내벽을 따라 불규칙적으로 좁은 지역에 분포하고 있었으며, 동일표본 내에서도 서로 다른 발달 단계를 보여주고 있었다. 결론: 마우스 자궁내막의 형태학적 변화에 관한 이러한 관찰 결과는 마우스의 자궁내막이 발정주기 중 특히 착상직전의 시기에 커다란 형태학적 변화를 경험함을 보여주었다.