• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.20
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• pp.23-62
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• 2003

The Law amending the Conflict of Laws Act of the Republic of Korea ("Korea"), which had taken two years to prepare, was promulgated on April 7, 2001 and finally took effect as of July 1, 2001. Accordingly, the old earlier Conflict of Laws Act which was called "Seoboesabeop" in Korean ("Prior Act"Old Act) was replaced by the new Conflict of Laws Act called "Gukjesabeop" in Korean ("New Act"). In fact the Old Act Prior Act was promulgated in 1962, but it was regarded as outdated from the moment of its promulgation. However, since the Old Act because it was modeled after the chapter of the Private International Law of the Einfuehrungsgesetz zum Buergerlichen Gesetzbuch (EGBGB) of the Federal Republic of Germany ("German PIL") and the Japanese Private International Law ("Japanese PIL") which had been promulgated toward the end of the 19th century., the Old Act was viewed as outdated from the moment of its promulgation. As a result of the drastic change of the environment for international trade of which that has taken took place in parallel with the global information technology revolution on a global basis, the scope of issues to be addressed which should be resolved by the conflict of laws principles has been remarkably expanded, and various new issues of an entirely which are quite new in its type and nature have arisen been raised. In the field of conflict of laws in its narrow sense, a revolution or crisis of the traditional conflict of laws has been brought about by the advent in the United States rise of a the new methodology for of the conflict of laws, of the United States of America and in the process of overcoming the such crisis the conflict of laws of the European continent has undergone substantial changes such as the diversification of the connecting principles, the expansion of the principle of party autonomy and the consideration of the value of the substantive law to protect socio-economically weaker parties of. The Prior Act, which was based on However, with the mechanical connecting principles and contained various outdated the inappropriate provisions, the Old Act could not cope with the issues raised by the internationalization and globalization of the Korean society. Furthermore In addition, the Old Act Prior Act was regarded as insufficient in that it lacked rules on international jurisdiction to adjudicate, or international adjudicatory jurisdiction, whereas the expectation of the public was that the Conflict of Laws a Act should function as the "Basic Law of the International Legal Relationships"encompassing rules on international jurisdiction given the increase of international disputes. Furthermore the private international law has also attracted more attention from the Korean At the beginning of the new Millennium, thanks to the promulgation of the New Act, I believe that Korea has succeeded in achieving the modest goal of reflecting in the its codification substantial parts of the major developments of the private international law which the leading advanced continental European countries had achieved during the last century. The New Act has followed the approach of the traditional conflict of laws of the European continent. It is a product of the efforts to eliminate the then existing problems of the Prior Old Act and to adapt the Korean private international law regime to the standard of international conventions and national laws of advanced countries. Unlike the Prior Old Act which was heavily dependent upon the prior Japanese PIL and the prior German PIL, the New Act has been prepared by taking into full account the Rome Convention, the Swiss PIL, the new German PIL which took effect in 1986 and various conventions adopted by the Hague Conference. Therefore, the New Act has substantially reduced dependence upon the Japanese PIL and the German PIL, and has gained relatively greater universal validity. The fact that the New Act expressly declares that the determination of international jurisdiction is a matter of conflict of laws is a clear sign that it has departed from the German tradition which confines the conflict of laws principles to choice of laws rules, and moved toward a broader and more practical approach widely accepted in the area of conflict of laws. It is hoped, and I am personally confident, that the New Act will be able to achieve its intended objectives in the 21st century as the basic law for the ever-increasing legal relationships with a foreign element.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.313-323
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• 2009

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has been demonstrated to be a practical method for the diagnosis of various brain diseases such as acute infarction, brain tumor, and white matter disease. In this study, we used two techniques to examine the average signal intensity (SI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the brains of patients who ranged in age from 10 to 60 years. Our results indicated that the average SI was the highest in amygdala (as derived from DWI), whereas that in the cerebrospinal fluid was the lowest. The average ADC was the highest in the cerebrospinal fluid, whereas the lowest measurement was derived from the pons. The average SI and ADC were higher in $T_2^*$-DW-EPI than in FLAIR-DW-EPI. The higher the b-value, the smaller the average difference in both imaging techniques; the lower the b-value, the greater the average difference. Also, comparative analysis of the brains of patients who had experienced cerebral infarction showed no distinct lesion in the general MR image over time. However, there was a high SI in apparent weighted images. Analysis of other brain diseases (e.g., bleeding, acute, subacute, chronic infarction) indicated SI variance in accordance with characteristics of the two techniques. The higher the SI, the lower the ADC. Taken together, the value of SI and ADC in accordance with frequently occurring areas and various brain disease varies based on the b-value and imaging technique. Because they provide additional useful information in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with various brain diseases through signal recognition, the proper imaging technique and b-value are important for the detection and interpretation of subacute stroke and other brain diseases.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.327-333
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• 2000

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of priming duration and temperature on germinability of vegetable seeds. Priming chemicals were -0.50 MPa PEG 8000 for carrot, 50 mM $K_3PO_4$ for lettuce, 200 mM $KH_2PO_4$ for onion, and 100 mM $Ca(NO_3)_2$ for Welsh onion seeds. Priming temperature varied from $10^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$, and priming duration varied from 12 hours to 5 days depending on crops. Percent germination of carrot seeds was significantly affected by the seed treatment and priming temperature. Priming at $20^{\circ}C$ for 3 days was most effective in reducing number of days to attain 50% of the final germination percentage (T50) and mean number of days to germination (MDG). Radicle protrusion in the priming solution was as high as 14% when primed at $20^{\circ}C$ for 4 days. Percent germination of lettuce seeds was affected significantly by the seed treatment and priming duration. Priming lettuce seeds at $20^{\circ}C$ for 2 days increased percent germination and shortened T50 and MDG without radicle protrusion. Percent germination of onion seeds was affected significantly by the seed treatment, priming duration, and temperature. Priming at either $10^{\circ}C$ or $15^{\circ}C$ for 3, 4, or 5 days did not affect percent germination of onion seeds, but was effective in reducing T50 and MDG. Decline in percent germination of onion seeds was precipitous as the length of priming duration increased from 3 to 5 days. Percent germination of welsh onion seeds was not affected by the priming duration and temperature. Priming at $15^{\circ}C$ for 4 days was most effective in reducing T50 and MDG, increased in duration of priming at $15^{\circ}C$ or $20^{\circ}C$ increased radicle protrusion.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.321-326
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• 2000

To compare germinability of primed seeds with that of water imbibed and nonprimed seeds at different temperatures, percent germination, number of days to attain 50% of the final germination percentage (T50) and mean number of days to germination (MDG) were evaluated at various temperatures ranged from $10^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$. Primed carrot seeds in -0.50 MPa PEG 8000 showed higher percent germination at $10^{\circ}C$ or $35^{\circ}C$. Reductions in T50 and MDG values were observed at all germination temperatures when primed with the PEG. The PEG combined with 100 mM $K_3PO_4$ was not as effective as the PEG alone in improving the germinability of carrot seeds. Nonprimed lettuce seeds germinated only 2% at $30^{\circ}C$ or $35^{\circ}C$. However, priming with 50 mM $K_3PO_4$ increased germination to 40% at $30^{\circ}C$ and to 21% at $35^{\circ}C$. In contrast to the single treatment of 50mM $K_3PO_4$, priming lettuce seeds in a mixture of 50mM $K_3PO_4$ and 200 mM $KH_2PO_4$ resulted in a lower percentage of germination, but a significant greater reduction of T50 and MDG. Percent germination was increased when 200 mM $KH_2PO_4$-primed onion seeds and 100 mM $Ca(NO_3)_2$-primed Welsh onion seeds were germinated at $10^{\circ}C$ or $35^{\circ}C$. Combined treatments with $Ca(NO_3)_2$ for onion and with $KH_2PO_4$ for Welsh onion seeds did not improve percent germination, but they significantly reduced T50 and MDG.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.887-900
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• 2014

This study was conducted to provide a job analysis for, and assess the job performance of horticultural therapists, as well as examine future educational needs. To this end, a chart developed using the DACUM method was chosen as the appropriate tool for the job analysis of horticultural therapists (Study 1). Based on the chart, a survey using an evaluation form was produced to investigate the current level of job performance and future required level of horticultural therapists (Study 2). A total of 8 duties and 45 tasks were classified to examine job performance, based on analysis of the DACUM Council (Study 1). These duties include A. Decide execution organization for horticultural therapy (HT) program, B. Diagnose and assess clients before starting the HT program, C. Plan HT program, D. Develop HT program, E. Prepare to implement HT program for each session, F. Implement HT program for each session, G. Implement overall assessment for HT program, and H. Develop oneself as a horticultural therapist. Their duties were broken down further into five to eight tasks per duty, totaling 45 tasks. Based on the horticultural therapist job performance sheet developed through this process, an assessment of the current job level of horticultural therapists was performed and future required level were examined (Study 2). The evaluation forms were sent to 779 horticultural therapists with level 1 or 2 certification via email or mail delivery. The analysis of 242 questionnaires (31.1%) revealed that horticultural therapists with level 1 certificates have a significantly higher job performance level for 34 of the 45 tasks. Regarding future required level, 20 out of 45 tasks were assessed as higher for level 1 horticultural therapists than level 2. In addition, a Borich formula was utilized to identify the priority of educational needs for the 45 horticultural therapist tasks. The results revealed the following top three tasks: H1. Receive feedback from the supervisor for the horticultural therapy program; A1. Distribute promotional materials about the horticultural therapy program; and H2. Submit a grant proposal for horticultural therapy program to organizations such as welfare foundations. The results of this study are anticipated to facilitate understanding and improve work conditions for current horticultural therapists or horticultural therapists-in-training. In addition, institutions that train horticultural therapists will be able to use this as basic research to develop a practical training curriculum.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.4 s.84
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• pp.540-545
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• 2007

The purpose of this research is to study the effects of feeding dietary citrus byproducts TMR (total mixed ration) on physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of Korean native beef loin (KNBL). The samples for experiment consist of the KNBL not fed with citrus byproducts (TMR-0) and the KNBL fed with citrus byproducts during fattening period (TMR-1). The control (TMR-0) KNBL was fed by general practical feeding (roughages and concentrates were fed separately), while the TMR-1 KNBL was fed by the same as TMR-0 until 17 months yearling but was fed by citrus byproducts feeding for 10 months after that. The $L^*(lightness),\;a^*(redness)\;and\;b^*(yellowness)$ value were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The pH of TMR-1 was lower than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05), the VBN content, TBARS value and EDA were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The water holding capacity, frozen loss and cooking loss were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1, but thawing loss of TMR-0 was higher than that of TMR-1 (p<0.05). The hardness of TMR-0 was higher than that of TMR-1, and the springiness of TMR-1 was higher than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05), but the cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and shear force were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The pH and VBN content during storage were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1, but the TBARS value of TMR-1 stored during 4 weeks was lower than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05). In case of sensory score, the color and aroma of raw meat, and the taste, juiciness and palatability of cooked meat were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. But the flavor and tenderness of TMR-1 were superior than those of TMR-0 (p<0.05)

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 2010

Currently, in vitro suspension tests using tubes are used as a authorized test method for sanitizers and disinfectants. However, the methods could not accurately assess the efficacy of sanitizers and disinfectant on the food-contacted surfaces in the field. This study evaluated the effectiveness of 5 kinds of representative sanitizers and disinfectants against E. coli and S. aureus to compare three quantitative surface testing methods that have been internationally standardized. As a result, the ASTM E2111-05 (ASTM(1)) test method obtained 5.18 $\pm$ 0.03 and 5.27 $\pm$ 0.04 log cfu/carrier reduction in dealing with E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, the ASTM E2197-02 (ASTM(2)) test method obtained 4.63 $\pm$ 0.04 and 3.97 $\pm$ 0.03 log cfu/carrier reduction and the CEN EN 13697 test method should 6.14 $\pm$ 0.05 and 5.31 $\pm$ 0.10 log cfu/carrier reduction in clean condition (CEN(1)) but 4.37 $\pm$ 0.02 and 4.06 $\pm$ 0.01 log cfu/carrier reduction in dirty condition (CEN(2)). Among them, CEN(1) showed the highest bactericidal effects, whereas ASTM(2) and CEN(2) revealed low performance (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the bactericidal effects of the ASTM(2) method and the CEN EN 13697 method adopting stainless steel were lower than the ASTM(1) method, which uses glass. The effectiveness assessment results among nationally accredited test methods were different each other. This implies that they could not fit for in the accurate evaluation of sanitization and disinfection on food-contact surfaces in practical food-processing fields. These results could be used as a basic data for establishment of an official surface test methods applicable in the field.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.818-829
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• 2016

This study evaluated the responses of 18 potato cultivars to three levels of salinity stress (electrical conductivity, EC: 1.0, 4.0, and $8.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$). Stem, leaf, root, chlorophyll, tuber yield, and proline content were investigated and statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlations. Stem number and stem diameter were not affected by salinity, but stem length and aerial weight showed highly significant responses to salinity. Aerial weight decreased with increasing salinity levels in most cultivars, while it increased in some the cultivars 'Daejima', 'Goun', 'Haryeong', and 'LT-8'. Leaf number, leaf area index, and leaf weight were most significantly affected by salinity and the cultivar ${\times}$ salinity interaction. Root length, root weight, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a were affected by salinity, but not by the cultivar ${\times}$ salinity interaction. The opposite trend was shown in chlorophyll b. Although there was great variability among cultivars, tuber yield decreased in all cultivars, and was most significantly influenced by salinity and the cultivar ${\times}$ salinity interaction. 'Superior', 'Kroda', 'Romana', and 'Duback' gave better tuber yields under salinity at EC 4.0 and $8.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ than the cultivars with better aerial weights. Proline content was increased by salinity in all cultivars, and was more remarkable in the cultivars with better aerial weights than in cultivars such as 'Superior' and 'Kroda' with better tuber yields. Leaf number, leaf area index, leaf weight, and root length parameters were considered to be useful criteria in the evaluation of salt tolerance because of their high positive correlation with tuber yield; however, given its negative correlation with tuber yield under high salinity, proline content was not. Salinity tolerances varied greatly among potato cultivars. The low correlation between growth and yields of aerial parts under high salinity suggests that, in commercial agriculture, it might be more practical to compare relative yields to controls. Additionally, 'Superior', 'Kroda', 'Romana', and 'Duback' might be very useful cultivars to use in breeding programs to develop salinity-tolerant potatoes, as well as for sustainable potato production in saline areas.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.537-544
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• 2017

Stable carbon isotope ratio of carbon dioxide (${\delta}^{13}C_{CO2}$) is used as an important indicator in the researches for global climate change and carbon capture and sequestration technology. The ${\delta}^{13}C$ value has been usually analyzed with Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS). Recently, the use of Laser Absorption Spectrometry (LAS) is increasing because of the cost efficiency and field applicability. The purpose of this study was to suggest practical procedures to prepare laboratory reference gases for ${\delta}^{13}C_{CO2}$ analysis using LAS. $CO_2$ gas was adjusted to have the concentrations within the analytical range. Then, the concentration of $CO_2$ was assessed in a lab approved by the Korea Laboratory Accreditation Scheme and the ${\delta}^{13}C_{CO2}$ value was measured by IRMS. When the instrument ran over 12 hours, the ${\delta}^{13}C$ values were drifted up to ${\pm}10$‰ if the concentration of $CO_2$ was shifted up to 1.0% of relative standard deviation. Therefore, periodical investigation of analytical suitability and correction should be conducted. Because ${\delta}^{13}C_{CO2}$ showed the dependency on $CO_2$ concentration, we suggested the equation for calibrating the concentration effect. After calibration, ${\delta}^{13}C_{CO2}$ was well matched with the result of IRMS within ${\pm}0.52$‰.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 2020

This study aims to analyze the developed characteristics of the knowledge and information of gardens through garden or flowering plant books compiled in the 15th and 19th centuries of Joseon Dynasty. Diachronically analysis of the garden or flowering plant books classified the characteristics in which knowledge and information about gardens are developed by the period, and looked at the factors. The results are as follows; First, the relationship between the authors who compiled the garden or flowering plant books had similar characteristics to the genealogy of Realist School of Confucianism(實學) in the Joseon Dynasty. Kang, Hee-An's practical features influenced later realist school of confucianism scholars. Lee, Su-Gwang has accumulated knowledge of the garden through his experience of traveling the diplomatic envoy to China. Since then, Hong Man-sun's ideology has been related to Charles, a member of the Southerners. Seo Yu-gu was also able to accept Realist School of Confucianism in an integrated way through the Jungnong school's theory and interaction with the Jungsang school. Ryu, Jung-Lim's relationship with the Jungnong school emerged as he added to the 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』. Second, the 『Yanghwasorok(養花小錄)』, 『Jibongyuseol(芝峯類說)』 「Hwuimok(卉木)」, 『Hangjeongrok(閑情錄)』, 『Sanrimgyeongje(山林經濟)』 「Yanghwa(養花)」, 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』 「Yanghwa(養花)」, 『Hwaamsurok(花庵隨錄)』 and 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 「Yewonji(藝畹志)」 contain garden plant characteristics, cultivation methods, and management methods. The 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 「Seomyongji(贍用志)」, 「Iunji(怡雲志)」, 「Sangtaekji(相宅志)」 contain details on the location selection of gardens, the layout of facilities, how to create them and materials. The description of these garden or flowering plant books was found to be the most common introduction with 55 percent, followed by methodologies(42.8%), the Lichi Theory(理氣論, 15.5%), the classification(12.4%), and the convention(1.9%). Third, based on the importance of knowledge and information on gardens, the garden or flowering plant books related to the period were classified as early period, including 『Yanghwasorok(養花小錄)』, 『Jibongyuseol(芝峯類說)』 which were compiled before the 17th century. The 18th-century compiled 『Sanrimgyeongje(山林經濟)』 and 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』 were classified as middle period, and the 19th-century compilation of 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 was classified as late period. The garden or flowering plant books were cited the contents of ancient Chinese books, the author's experiences and opinions contained in the preceding period in later garden books. And the reinforcement of garden knowledge was made to reflect the agricultural technology and expertise developed at the time of writing. Fourth, based on analysis of the development and acceptance of knowledge information in garden by period, In the early period was dealing with floriculture as a way to explore the logic of things. Later, in the 18th century, a vast influx of garden knowledge information came from China. Among scholars, they secured justification for garden creation as part of various knowledge-seeking activities, which expanded their expertise in gardens. In response to the trend of gardening in the 19th century, professional books were written based on knowledge and information on gardens that were collected in the past, and systems were established such as the collection and management of garden plants, construction methods, enjoying methods, and self-realization.