• 한국음향학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.81-89
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• 1996

원전의 1차 계통 건전성 확보를 위한 일환으로서 초음파 검사 방법은 매우 중요하다. 그러나, 초음파는 검사 대상제의 내부 구조 및 형상에 따라 검사의 제한을 받으므로 결정립이 큰 재질에서 후방 산란 잡음 즉 시 불변성(time invariant) 잡음이 발생한다. 이로 인하여 수신 신호는 낮은 신호 대 잡음비의 결과로 나타나게 된다. 주파수 대역 분할 방식(split spectrum processing:SSP) 기술은 이와 같은 잡음을 억제하는데 효율적이다. 그러나, 종래의 SSP 기술은 minization, PT 알고리즘중 한 알고리즘만 적용하였으나 본 논문에서는 이두 가지 알고리즘을 동시에 처리하는 MPO(minimization and polarity threshold)알고리즘을 적용하고, 주파수 대 대역폭비가 일정한 FIR 여파기로서 새로운 constant-Q SSP를 수행하여 신호처리 시간을 단축하였다. 현장 검사 요건과 동일하게 종파와 횡파에도 일부 적용하였다. 한편, 이러한 새로운 SSP 기술을 적용할 수 있도록 초음파 탐상기를 설계 제작하였고, 시험편들의 준비는 원전 모재 대비시험편, 모재와 동일한 재질의 스테인레스 스틸 및 구리 시험편들이며, 이들 시험편으로 부터 초음파 신호를 수집하여 본 신호 처리를 적용한 결고 신호 대 잡음비가 향상됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.513-522
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• 2013

The ODSCC detected in the TSP position of Ulchin 3&4 SGs are typical ODSCC of Alloy 600MA tubes. The causative chemical environment is formed by concentration of impurities inside the occluded region formed by the tube surface, egg crate strips, and sludge deposit there. Most cracks are detected at or near the line contacts between the tube surface and the egg crate strips. The region of dense crack population, as defined as between $4^{th}$ and $9^{th}$ TSPs, and near the center of hot leg hemisphere plane, coincided well with the region of preferential sludge deposition as defined by thermal hydraulics calculation using SGAP computer code. The cracks developed homogeneously in a wide range of SGs, so that the number of cracks detected each outage increased very rapidly since the first detection in the $8^{th}$ refueling outage. The root cause assessment focused on investigation of the difference in microstructure and manufacturing residual stress in order to reveal the cause of different susceptibilities to ODSCC among identical six units. The manufacturing residual stress as measured by XRD on OD surface and by split tube method indicated that the high residual stress of Alloy 600MA tube played a critical role in developing ODSCC. The level of residual stress showed substantial variations among the six units depending on details of straightening and OD grinding processes. Youngwang 3&4 tubes are less susceptible to ODSCC than U3 and U4 tubes because semi-continuous coarse chromium carbides are formed along the grain boundary of Y3&4 tubes, while there are finer less continuous chromium carbides in U3 and U4. The different carbide morphology is caused by the difference in cooling rate after mill anneal. There is a possibility that high chromium content in the Y3&4 tubes, still within the allowable range of Alloy 600, has made some contribution to the improved resistance to ODSCC. It is anticipated that ODSCC in Y5&6 SGs will be retarded more considerably than U3 SGs since the manufacturing residual stress in Y5&6 tubes is substantially lower than in U3 tubes, while the microstructure is similar with each other.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.159-167
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• 2014

Solar variability is widely known to affect the interplanetary space and in turn the Earth's electromagnetical environment on the basis of common periodicities in the solar and geomagnetic activity indices. The goal of this study is twofold. Firstly, we attempt to associate modes by comparing a temporal behavior of the power of geomagnetic activity parameters since it is barely sufficient searching for common peaks with a similar periodicity in order to causally correlate geomagnetic activity parameters. As a result of the wavelet transform analysis we are able to obtain information on the temporal behavior of the power in the velocity of the solar wind, the number density of protons in the solar wind, the AE index, the Dst index, the interplanetary magnetic field, B and its three components of the GSM coordinate system, $B_X$, $B_Y$, $B_Z$. Secondly, we also attempt to search for any signatures of influence on the space environment near the Earth by inner planets orbiting around the Sun. Our main findings are as follows: (1) Parameters we have investigated show periodicities of ~ 27 days, ~ 13.5 days, ~ 9 days. (2) The peaks in the power spectrum of $B_Z$ appear to be split due to an unknown agent. (3) For some modes powers are not present all the time and intervals showing high powers do not always coincide. (4) Noticeable peaks do not emerge at those frequencies corresponding to the synodic and/or sidereal periods of Mercury and Venus, which leads us to conclude that the Earth's space environment is not subject to the shadow of the inner planets as suggested earlier.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제27권1B호
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• pp.56-65
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 IS-2000 시스템에 적합한 심볼 분할 OTD (orthogonal transmit diveristy)를 제안하였다. 심볼 분할 OTD는 Meyer가 제안한 심볼 분할과 OTD를 결합하여 최대 경로 다이버시티 및 시간 다이버시티 이득을 얻기에 IS-2000 순방향 성능을 개선시킬 수 있다. 이를 IS-2000 표준의 순방향 fundamental 채널에 대하여 시뮬레이션을 통해 확인하였다. 그리고, 그 결과를 기존의 IS-2000 표준에서 채택된 OTD와 STS (space-time spreading)의 성능과 비교하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 방법을 IS-2000 시스템에 적용할 경우, 1% FER (frame error rate)을 얻기 위한 송신전력이 OTD의 경우보다 0.5-7.7dB 정도 감소되어 STS의 성능과 거의 일치하였다. 뿐만 아니라, 송신신호의 PAR(peak-to-average power ratio)가 STS보다 적으므로, 기지국 전력증폭기와 같은 RF 회로의 복잡도를 감소시킬 수 있는 장점이 있다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.260-266
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• 2013

DRAM 에서 folded bit line 대비 open bit line은 데이터 read나 write 동작시 노이즈(noise)에 취약하다. 6F2(F: Feature Size) 구조의 open bit line에서 DRAM 집적도 증가에 따라 코어(core) 회로부 동작 조건은 노이즈로부터 더욱 악화된다. 본 논문에서는 비트라인(bit line) 간 데이터 패턴의 상호 간섭 영향을 분석하여, 기존의 연구에서는 다루지 않았던 open bit line 방식에서 데이터 패턴 상호 간섭의 취약성을 실험적 방법으로 확인하였으며, 68nm Tech. 1Gb DDR2에서 Advan Test장비를 사용하여 실험하였다. 또한 open bit line 설계 방식에서 노이즈 영향이 DRAM 동작 파라미터(parameter) 특성 열화로 나타나는데, 이를 개선 할 수 있는 방법을 센스앰프 전원분리 실험으로 고찰하였다. 센스앰프 전원분리시 0.2ns(1.3%)~1.9ns(12.7%) 이상 개선될 수 있음을 68nm Tech. 1Gb DDR2 modeling으로 시뮬레이션 하였다.

• 정보처리학회논문지A
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• 제13A권2호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2006

대용량의 데이터 처리가 요구되는 내장형 시스템에서 메모리의 비중은 아주 중요하며, 특히 제한적인 메모리를 최적으로 이용하기 위하여 응용의 특성을 활용하는 온칩(on-chip) 메모리 구조의 설계가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 멀티미디어 응용을 위한 내장형 시스템에서 저전력을 위하여 작은 용량으로 설계되었으나 우수한 성능을 보이는 데이터 캐쉬(data cache)가 제안된다. 제안되는 캐쉬는 컴파일러의 도움 없이 구조적인 특징과 간단한 동작 메커니즘만을 이용하여 해당 응용의 데이터 지역성(data locality)을 효과적으로 반영할 수 있도록 작은 블록 크기를 지원하는 4KB 용량의 직접사상 캐쉬(direct-mapped cache)와 큰 블록을 지원하는 1KB 용량의 완전연관 버퍼(fully-associative buffer)로 구성되어 진다. 전체 5KB의 작은 캐쉬 용량으로 인한 성능 저하를 보완하기 위하여 멀티미디어 응용의 알고리즘 특성을 기반으로 응용 적응적인 다중 블록 선인출(adaptive multi-block prefetching) 기법과 효과적 블록 필터링(effective block filtering) 기법이 제안되었다 시뮬레이션 결과에 따르면 제안된 5KB 캐쉬는 기존의 16KB 4-way 집합연관 캐쉬와 동등한 성능을 보이면서 소비 전력 면에서는 40% 이상의 감소를 보이고 있다.

• International Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2022

The NEA release mechanism is used to provide restraint and release functions with low shock for critical deployment operations on solar arrays after launch. The GK3 solar array consists of 2 wings and 6 hold down points per panel. The NEA SSD9103S1 is a part of the GK3 solar array hold-down and release mechanism. Each NEA unit is equipped with two Z-diodes which provide power to a NEA unit connected in series after actuation of the fuse wire. This paper presents the hot firing test results of a quadrature NEA SSD9103S1 configuration. One output powers a maximum of 4 NEA SSD9103S1 units simultaneously. The necessary actuation pulse duration has been determined to meet margin requirement for thermal energy of minimum 4. Actuation thermal energy difference is about 6.6% between each half of two fired serial NEAs. Thermal energy margin at worst case is minimum 5.9 in case of an actuation pulse duration of 500 ms. Two series Zener impedance depend on current applied has been characterized by an additional actuation after all fuse wires are open circuit. Total number of actuation commands to the GK3 NEA unit reduce drastically from 24 in case of single NEA configuration down to 8 in case of parallel and quadrature NEA configurations. It can be accommodated by the existing HP2U Pyro design without any impact.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.31-42
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• 2007

Energy supply is increasingly showing up as a major issue for electricity supply, transportation, settlement, and process heat industrial supply including hydrogen production. Nuclear power is part of the solution. For electricity supply, as exemplified in Finland and France, the EPR brings an immediate answer; HTR could bring another solution in some specific cases. For other supply, mostly heat, the HTR brings a solution inaccessible to conventional nuclear power plants for very high or even high temperature. As fossil fuels costs increase and efforts to avoid generation of Greenhouse gases are implemented, a market for nuclear generated process heat will be developed. Following active developments in the 80's, HTR have been put on the back burner up to 5 years ago. Light water reactors are widely dominating the nuclear production field today. However, interest in the HTR technology was renewed in the past few years. Several commercial projects are actively promoted, most of them aiming at electricity production. ANTARES is today AREVA's response to the cogeneration market. It distinguishes itself from other concepts with its indirect cycle design powering a combined cycle power plant. Several reasons support this design choice, one of the most important of which is the design flexibility to adapt readily to combined heat and power applications. From the start, AREVA made the choice of such flexibility with the belief that the HTR market is not so much in competition with LWR in the sole electricity market but in the specific added value market of cogeneration and process heat. In view of the volatility of the costs of fossil fuels, AREVA's choice brings to the large industrial heat applications the fuel cost predictability of nuclear fuel with the efficiency of a high temperature heat source tree of Greenhouse gases emissions. The ANTARES module produces 600 MWth which can be split into the required process heat, the remaining power drives an adapted prorated electric plant. Depending on the process heat temperature and power needs, up to 80% of the nuclear heat is converted into useful power. An important feature of the design is the standardization of the heat source, as independent as possible of the process heat application. This should expedite licensing. The essential conditions for success include: ${\bullet}$ Timely adapted licensing process and regulations, codes and standards for such application and design ${\bullet}$ An industry oriented R&D program to meet the technological challenges making the best use of the international collaboration. Gen IV could be the vector ${\bullet}$ Identification of an end user(or a consortium of) willing to fund a FOAK

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.107-133
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• 2004

In these days, arbitration helps alleviate some of the burden of a heavy caseload from the judiciary and is a viable method to resolve disputes in a relatively quick and efficient manner. An award of punitive damages is often the most significant and detrimental part of an award arising from a judicial or arbitral proceeding. In 1995, the United States Supreme Court resolved a circuit split. upholding an arbitral panel's authority to award punitive damages under a securities arbitration agreement. This decision was monumental in establishing arbitral power. However, it left several questions unanswered. For example, which, if any, standards should be applied to such awards？ The decision in Sawtelle, adopting a separate ground for review of punitive damages awards, is one that signals a significant change in the field of arbitration. This article addresses the reviewability of punitive damages awards arising out of a securities arbitration hearing. It would be necessary to introduce securities arbitration system to our disputes resolution system. Compared to American practices, there could be many differences in recognition on arbitration and legal structure in our country. Thus it will be a future assignment to consider seriously and carefully what kind of securities arbitration system will be proper for us. This article analyzed predispute arbitration agreements and agreements to arbitrate after a dispute has already arisen.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2009년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.471-472
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• 2009

최근 태양전지의 내구성과 관련하여 모듈의 노화에 따른 효율 저하 현상이 대두되고 있다. 노화현상원인 중의 하나인 Hot spot 혹은 염분에 의한 백화현상으로 Solar Cell 과 EVA Sheet간 막들뜸 현상이 발생하며 그로 인한 공기 및 수분에 의해 금속 산화가 이뤄진다. 본 연구에서는 특히 전해질의 농도에 따른 금속의 산화와 그 출력에 대해 다룸으로써 태양광 발전 설치 지역 조건에 따른 Module의 내구성을 검토해 보았다. 산성비의 대부분을 구성하고 있는 황산과 질산의 PH를 0.1 간격으로 Split하여 농도의 변화에 의한 금속 부식과 그에 따른 전기적 저항 및 출력변화를 통해 태양광 Module 최적의 설치 지역조건을 제시하였다.