• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.295-307
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• 1999

Using a Rheometries Fluids Spectrometer (RFS II), the dynamic viscoelastic properties of aqueous poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solutions in small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields have been measured over a wide range of angular frequencies. The angular frequency dependence of the storage and loss moduli at various molecular weights and concentrations was reported in detail, and the result was interpreted using the concept of a Deborah number De. In addition, the experimentally determined critical angular frequency at which the storage and loss moduli become equivalent was compared with the calculated characteristic time (or its inverse value), and their physical significance in analyzing the dynamic viscoelastic behavior was discussed. Finally, the relationship between steady shear flow and dynamic viscoelstic properties was examined by evaluating the applicability of some proposed models that describe the correlations between steady flow viscosity and dynamic viscosity, dynamic fluidity, and complex viscosity. Main results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: (1) At lower angular frequencies where De<1, the loss modulus is larger than the storage modulus. However, such a relation between the two moduli is reversed at higher angular frequencies where De>l, indicating that the elastic behavior becomes dominant to the viscous behavior at frequency range higher than a critical angular frequency. (2) A critical angular frequency is decreased as an increase in concentration and/or molecular weight. Both the viscous and elastic properties show a stronger dependence on the molecular weight than on the concentration. (3) A characteristic time is increased with increasing concentration and/or molecular weight. The power-law relationship holds between the inverse value of a characteristic time and a critical angular frequency. (4) Among the previously proposed models, the Cox-Merz rule implying the equivalence between the steady flow viscosity and the magnitude of the complex viscosity has the best validity. The Osaki relation can be regarded to some extent as a suitable model. However, the DeWitt, Pao and HusebyBlyler models are not applicable to describe the correlations between steady shear flow and dynamic viscoelastic properties.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.41
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• pp.367-399
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• 2011

This Article examines the regulation of outsider trading under the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act (the "Capital Markets Act"). Outsider trading occurs when a market participant who is not a traditional corporate insider trades securities based on either "inside" or "outside" nonpublic information. Unlike "inside" information, "outside" information is referred to as information not derived directly or indirectly from the issuer. "Outside" information includes both "corporate" and "market" information. "Corporate information" is information about events or circumstances which affect the company's assets or earning power. "Outside corporate information" is information about the company's assets or earning power not derived directly or indirectly from the issuer. "Market information" is information about events or circumstances which affect the market for a company's securities but which do not affect the company's assets or earning power. The Capital Markets Act prohibits both "temporary insiders" from using "corporate" information in trading securities and "outsiders" from using "market" information, such as (i) information regarding the initiation or discontinuance of a tender offer; or (ii) information regarding acquisition or disposition of stocks in bulk. However, the Act does not encompass circumstances (i) where an outsider trades securities based on confidential corporate information obtained through certain types of wrongful conduct; (ii) where an outsider trades securities based on corporate information obtained through eavesdropping; and (iii) where an outsider trades securities based on either outside corporate information or market information created by the outsider himself. In order to plug a few of the gaps left open in the law of outsider trading under the Capital Markets Act, this Article suggests that regulators adopt a relatively broad reading of the scope of ${\S}$ 178(1) of the Act, which is similar to SEC Rule 10b-5, to include outsiders with no relationship to the corporation that had issued the securities. Since ${\S}$ 178(1) of the Act does not require "deception" for liability, it would seem to evade the limitations imposed by the U.S. misappropriation theory. Key Words : Outsider Trading, Insider Trading, Material Nonpublic Information, the Capital Markets Act, Misappropriation Theory, Fiduciary Theory.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.401-407
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• 2015

This study describes the development of a method for monitoring Aphis gossypii in greenhouse cucumber fields that was used during 2013 and 2014. The dispersion pattern of A. gossypii was determined by commonly used methods: Taylor's power law (TPL) and Iwao's patchiness regression (IPR). The sample unit was determined by linear regression analysis between mean density of sample unit versus whole plant. The optimum sample unit for different plant growth stages was two leaves (median and the lowest + 1 leaf) when the total number of leaves was less than nine, and three leaves (4th, 7th from canopy, and the lowest +1 leaf) when the total number of leaves was greater than nine. A. gossypii showed an aggregated distribution pattern, as the slopes of both TPL and IPR lines were greater than 1. TPL provided a better description of the mean-variance relationship than did IPR. The slopes and intercepts of TPL and IPR from leaf samples did not differ between the surveyed years. Fixed precision levels (D) for a sequential sampling plan were developed using Green's and Kuno's equations based on the number of aphid in a leaf sample. Green's method was more efficient than Kuno's to stop sampling. The number of samples needed to estimate the density of A. gossypii increased at higher D levels and lower mean densities. The cumulative number of aphids needed to stop sampling increased at higher D levels and with fewer plants sampled. Thus to estimate 10 aphids per leaf, 13 plants needed to be sampled, and the cumulative number of aphids to stop sampling was 131.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.67-81
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• 2006

Using a strain-controlled rheometer, the dynamic viscoelastic properties of aqueous xanthan gum solutions with different concentrations were measured over a wide range of strain amplitudes and then the linear viscoelastic behavior in small amplitude oscillatory shear flow fields was investigated over a broad range of angular frequencies. In this article, both the strain amplitude and concentration dependencies of dynamic viscoelastic behavior were reported at full length from the experimental data obtained from strain-sweep tests. In addition, the linear viscoelastic behavior was explained in detail and the effects of angular frequency and concentration on this behavior were discussed using the well-known power-law type equations. Finally, a fractional derivative model originally developed by Ma and Barbosa-Canovas (1996) was employed to make a quantitative description of a linear viscoelastic behavior and then the applicability of this model was examined with a brief comment on its limitations. Main findings obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: (1) At strain amplitude range larger than 10%, the storage modulus shows a nonlinear strain-thinning behavior, indicating a decrease in storage modulus as an increase in strain amplitude. (2) At strain amplitude range larger than 80%, the loss modulus exhibits an exceptional nonlinear strain-overshoot behavior, indicating that the loss modulus is first increased up to a certain strain amplitude(${\gamma}_0{\approx}150%$) beyond which followed by a decrease in loss modulus with an increase in strain amplitude. (3) At sufficiently large strain amplitude range (${\gamma}_0>200%$), a viscous behavior becomes superior to an elastic behavior. (4) An ability to flow without fracture at large strain amplitudes is one of the most important differences between typical strong gel systems and concentrated xanthan gum solutions. (5) The linear viscoelastic behavior of concentrated xanthan gum solutions is dominated by an elastic nature rather than a viscous nature and a gel-like structure is present in these systems. (6) As the polymer concentration is increased, xanthan gum solutions become more elastic and can be characterized by a slower relaxation mechanism. (7) Concentrated xanthan gum solutions do not form a chemically cross-linked stable (strong) gel but exhibit a weak gel-like behavior. (8) A fractional derivative model may be an attractive means for predicting a linear viscoelastic behavior of concentrated xanthan gum solutions but classified as a semi-empirical relationship because there exists no real physical meaning for the model parameters.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2015

In this research, sea routes of domestic coaster liners between 2005 and 2013 were studied via social network analysis. Study of the sea routes revealed that they follow power-law in a scale-free form, a characteristic found often in social network. We have looked into centrality, which is a major standard in the field of social network analysis. We have also analyzed the annual changing trend in the centrality of the connectivity, examined the effect of quantity through the comparison with the original quantitative analysis method, and lastly, verified the relationship between the centrality of connectivity and mediation. Then, we were able to identify ports according to priority using these factors. This research assumed and interpreted the coaster liners route as a single network and suggested useful results. Based on these results, directing of development of domestic coaster liners route development and other factors will be achieved more smoothly. And if we utilize social network analysis method in other various fields - for example, the centrality of airport and the diplomatic realations analysis of the neighboring country - we will be able to effectively analyze events in diverse perspectives.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.137-162
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• 2007

In democracy basic rights such as political equality and participation through elections have been respected, opportunities of corporation and opposition have been guaranteed, and ability of self-learning and self-correction have been developed. These positive factors give preconditions for the welfare development in the democratic state. Because in this state adults get the suffrage and the open competition for official positions induces political parties use social policies as means to win the election. That is to say, political parties have an incentive to use various social policies to win the election. Democracy, therefore, has affinity with social policy. The affinity between democracy and social policy can be found also in Korea which was democratized in 1987. But, in Korea, the positive relationship between democracy and social policy is very weak due to the problem of constitutional structures. Korean Parliament usually enacts abstract social act and delegates the right to fill concrete contents of the social acts to the executive. Delegation itself has no problem, but excessive delegation is a problem since the executive can overuse its discretion as sacrificing the social rights of the citizen. In addition social consensus could not be achieved in this constitutional structures, which are a obstacle to establishing a political process in the Parliament to promote the welfare development through party competition. Excessive delegation should be reduced, and the Parliament should fill concrete contents of the social acts as exercising its legislative power more. Then a mechanism of welfare development can be launched in Korea.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.538-555
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• 2000

The purpose of this study, in which 573 students from 2 high schools in Kang Nung city participated was to identify the attitude and experience of sexual harassment. This information will provide useful data, and promote a more systematic sexual harassment education program. The subjects of this study were 278 male students and 295 female students. The data was collected from September 25 to October 6. 2000. The data was analyzed using the statistical Computer package. SPSS to manipulate the data along with frequency, percentage, and mean t-test. The results from this study were summarized as follows. 1. The results from this comparison between two groups were significant in their attitude on sexual harassment(t=-2.26. p=0.024). Female students had higher scores than male students. 2. As a cause of sexual harassment. 'A man's misjudgement regarding a women as sexual objects(n=130: 22.7%)'. 'Patriarchal system of unequal distribution of power and status between the sexes(n=105: 18.3%)'. 'The effect of sexual stimulatives. (pornography. pornovideo. TV program ect.)(n=89: 15.5%)'. 3. As a countermeasure for prevention, 'Punishment, law and regulation of the sexual harasser(n = 151; 26.4%)', 'A preventive education of sexual harassment in adolescence (n = 125: 21.8%)'. 'Reformation of gender inequality and sex discrimination in the socio-structure(n=76; 13.3%)'. 4. Out of 573 students who participated in this study, 209(36.5%) students reported experiencing an incident of sexual harassment. For 278 males who participated in this study, 88(31.7%) had experienced an incident of sexual harassment. For the 295 females who participated in this study, 121(41.0%) had experienced an incident of sexual harassment. The type of sexual harassment is reported physical sexual harassment(n = 248: 40.5%), verbal sexual harassment(n = 226; 36.7%), and visual sexual harassment(n=139: 22.6%). 5. Their age in which they had experienced harassment was usually 'after 16 years of age(n=122: 58.4%)'. The age of harassers were mostly teenagers(n=112; 53.6%). The relationship to the with sexual harasser was a stranger (n=85; 40.7%), or a friend(n=78: 37.3%). After the incident of sexual harassment occurred, some students informed friends (n=114: 54.5%), 63(30.1%) told no one. Male students' feelings after the experienced harassment ranged from: 'be interesting', 'be pleasant'. Female students' feelings after the experienced harassment ranged from; 'be surprised', 'get a shock', 'fear', 'shame'.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.193-203
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• 1999

In order to investigate systematically the steady shear flow properties of aqueous po1y(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solutions having various molecular weights and concentrations, the steady flow viscosity has been measured with a Rheometrics Fluids Spectrometer (RFS II) over a wide range of shear rates. The effects of shear rate, concentration, and molecular weight on the steady shear flow properties were reported in detail from the experimentally measured data, and then the results were interpreted using the concept of a material characteristic time. In addition, some flow models describing the non-Newtonian behavior (shear-thinning characteristics) of polymeric liquids were employed to make a quantitative evaluation of the steady flow behavior, and the applicability of these models was examined by calculating the various material parameters. Main results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: (1) At low shear rates, aqueous PEO solutions show a Newtonian viscous behavior which is independent of shear rate. At shear rate region higher than a critical shear rate, however, they exhibit a shear-thinning behavior, demonstrating a decrease in steady flow viscosity with increasing shear rate. (2) As an increase in concentration and/or molecular weight, the zero-shear viscosity is increased while the Newtonian viscous region becomes narrower. Moreover, the critical shear rate at which the transition from the Newtonian to shear-thinning behavior occurs is decreased, and the shear-thinning nature becomes more remarkable. (3) Aqueous PEO solutions show a Newtonian viscous behavior at shear rate range lower than the inverse value of a characteristic time $1/{\lambda}_E$, while they exhibit a shear-thinning behavior at shear rate range higher than $1/{\lambda}_E$. For aqueous PEO solutions having a broad molecular weight distribution, the inverse value of a characteristic time is not quantitatively equivalent to the critical shear rate, but the power-law relationship holds between the two quantities. (4) The Cross, Carreau, and Carreau-Yasuda models are all applicable to describe the steady flow behavior of aqueous PEO solutions. Among these models, the Carreau-Yasuda model has the best validity.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.43-75
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• 2011

The article focuses on the impact and Acceptance of Hindu culture in Modern Southeast Asian Buddhism. The purpose of this study is to examine critically the influential epic Ramayana on Siam culture, Thai Ramayana version 'Ramakien', reveal instances of Buddhist Modification. The Ramayana by the great sage Valmiki is considered by Indians to be the first great literary work to be produced in India. The influence of this work is to be seen not only through centuries but even in other countries, such as Thailand where there are modified modern versions. In this paper, I have three objectives : (1) I may discuss the epic Ramayana of India gave birth to the Ramakien of Thailand. In modern times Valmiki's epic was made to fit the spiritual trends current in the new Chakri dynasty, which were themselves based on Brahmanic tradition and Theravada buddhism. With regarding to the structure of the Traibhumi cosmography, and the relationship between merit and power implied by this cosmography ranks all beings from demons to deities in a hierarchy of merit which accrues according to karma the actions of past lives. (2) I analyze how to have attempted to dissect the Hindi and Thai version of the Ramayana. The Hindu concept of kingship is also depicted in the life of Rama. The Hindus see in Rama the norm of a true Hindu life characterized by the Caste and Dharma. In Thai transformed version, it does not preach Hindu values of personal or social life. The Ramakien emphasized that the Buddhism were higher than all other laws, and that the King is regarded as the incarnation of Phra Ram, and thus is also the narration of the righteous buddhist ruler. (3) I discuss how cultural or social contexts can influence the structure of the royal Wat. The whole epic was painted by the order of Rama I in the galleries of the Wat Phra Keo. In other words, it is the very centre of the dynastic cult enshrining the Emerald Buddha, the most iconic expression of the Ramakien tradition were officially amalgamated. Rama I was continued the process of elaborating and stabilizing the complex religious pattern, with Buddhism at the pinnacle. My finding will support the idea that the Ramakien is particularly appealing to the Thai people because it presents the image of an ideal king, Rama, who symbolizes the force of virtue or dharma while Thotsakan represents the force of evil. Eventually the force of good prevails. Being Buddhists, the Thai poets bring into the story the Buddhist philosophy(especially, the law of cause and effect, karma). This paper examines the role of the Hindu epic Ramayana in the historical and cultural contact between Hindu India and Buddhist Southeast Asia. It should now be possible to evaluate what elements of Hindu culture were transmitted into Thai through the Rama story.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.25-31
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• 2023

The dispute over the Northern Limit Line in the West Sea has been sharply opposed since the U.N. commander set it in August 1953 with the aim of preventing accidental armed conflict between the two Koreas in the waters of the Korean Peninsula. In 2022, for the first time since the division, North Korea made a missile provocation beyond the NLL. The purpose of this study is to identify how the research on the NLL, which is under way by North Korea's actual provocation, has been conducted and to suggest a direction to proceed. This study examined the trend of research using a total of five academic information DBs, including RISS and Scholar, focusing on academic papers studied on NLL from 1998 to 2023. As a result of examining the current status of each year, field, and research method, significant differences in research volume were identified according to the government's relationship with North Korea, and the research field had the most introduction of the concept of NLL and historical background, confirming the need to expand to more diverse fields to have international legal justification and justification for the NLL, considering the changing international environment according to the logic of power. In terms of final research methods, most of them were literature studies, so the need for quantitative research using interviews, surveys, and big data was also found. It is hoped that the analysis results of this paper will play a positive role in setting the research direction for the international response of the NLL in the future amid the interests of the international political environment that is still ongoing.