• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.157-166
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• 1990

Data are presented concerning the effect of different seasons and sexes during the growing period on broiler performance. Total 38, 451 broiler chickens were raised in spring summer and winter and they were marketed at 6 or 7 weeks of age. Birds were alloted to 118 groups (240∼360 birds per pen) and weighted at termination in order to determine variation in several economic traits between the sex groups. The results obtained were summarized as follows ： 1. The rate of livability of the females were higher than that of the males in all seasons (P＜0.01). 2. Body weights of males were heavier than that of females by 17.4％ at 6 wks, and 19.1％ at 7 wks of age and by 18.0∼19.6％ ,17.6∼18.4％ , and 19.6∼19.3％ in spring, summer, and winter, respectively (P＜0.01). 3. Males consumed more feed than females by 13.3∼135％ . And same trends was noted by season ： 11.7∼13,5％ in spring 175∼15.0％ in summer, and 11.5∼13.0％ in winter. 4. Peed requirement of the females was less than that of the males ： by 5.0∼7.1％, 5.9∼1.0％ , and 5.4∼5.5％ in spring, summer, and winter, respectively (P＜ 0,01). 5. The correlation coefficients between body weight and feed intake in spring were 0.81∼0.87 in males, and 0.84∼0.88 in females and those between body weight and feed requirements were ∼052∼0.51 in males, and -0.17∼-0.45.45 in females. 6. In summer the correlation coefficients between livability and body weight were -0.1∼-0.37 in males, and -0.36∼-0.51 in females, those between body weight and feed intake were 0.66∼0.77 in males, and 0.5∼0.82 in females, and those between body weight and feed requirement were -0.42∼-022 in males, and 0.24∼-0.001 in females. 7. In winter the correlation coefficients between livability and body weight were -0.02∼0.02 in males, -0.18∼-0.19 in females, those between body weight and feed requirements were -0.08∼02 in males, and 0.04∼0.09 in females.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.149-156
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• 1989

Two broiler experiments were carried out to determine whether supplementation of zeolite in the diet would affect broiler performance and economical efficiency. Day old male broiler chickens of Abor Acres strain were used. In the first experiment,60 birds were distributed into f groups of 10 birds each. Three groups of chickens were randomly placed on one of the following single-stage (0-6wks) experimental diets； control diet (non-supplemented) or 2% zeolite supplemented diet (supplemented to the control). In the second experiment,216 birds were distributed into 24 groups of 9 birds each. Eight groups of chickens were randomly placed on one of the 3 two-stage diet (starter；0-4wks, finisher；5-7wks)；control diet ($T_1$ , non-supplemented), 2% zeolite diet ($T_2$：isocaloric and isonitrogenous as $T_1$ ) and 2% zeolite supplemented diet ($T_3$, supplemented to the control). Birds were housed in the batteries, and feeds and water were fed ad libitum. The results of Experiment 1 showed that birds fed control diet were heavier than those fed 2% zeolite supplemented diet up to 4th wks of age. However, birds fed the latter grew more at 5th and 6th wk. Overall weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were not significantly different. The results of Experiment 2 showed that there were no significant differences in weight gains, feed intakes and feed efficiencies among treatments during starter, finisher to overall period. The moisture levels in excreta of the birds were significantly (P＜0.01) less when zeolite was included in the diets and those in excreta significantly (P ＜ 0.01) increased as the ambient temperature increased. Economical efficiency expressed in fed cost (won) required per kg weight gin were 346.55 (T$_3$),348.34 ($T_1$ ) and 359.85 ($T_2$).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 1993

A study was conducted to investigate the concentrations of Ca, P and ash in metatarsal bone of broiler chicks exposed to UV light in different Interval. Day-old Hubbard broiler chicks (199＝10 control＋3 irradiation interval $\times$ 9 elapsed time $\times$ 7 replicate) were fed vitamin D3 deficient diet for 3 wk in a windowless subdued-light room and exposed to 297 nm UVB light by 0.068 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ three times In 0, 12 or 24 h interval. The metatarsal bones were taken at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 96, 144 or 240 h after last irradiation, separated from adhering tissue, ether extracted, dried and ashed. The Ca concentration was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and P by ammonium metavanadate colorimetry. When the birds were continuously exposed to UVB light for 30 min without interval, the Ca content in metatarsus increased gradually according to the time after irradiation and reached the highest value 16.75% at 240 h after exposure. The P content also increased gradually until 144 h, where it was 9.75%. The ash content in metatarsus increased continuously until 240 h, the final time in this research, where 42.75% was shown. As 10 min three times irradiation in 12 h interval was applied to the chicks, the metatarsal Ca presented a small peak(13.31%) at 12 h after irradiation and a large peak(16.91%) at 144 h. P content showed a small peak(7.18%) at 12 h and a large level(8.34%) at 240 h. Ash content increased continuously until 240 h, where it was 46.53%. The small peaks in Ca and P concentration were thought to be derived from preirradiation at 12 and 24 h before final irradiation for 10 min. When 24 h interval system was treated, the peak value of Ca content(24.18%) occurred earlier(96 h) than those in 0 and 12 h interval systems. P content also showed the maximum value at 96 h(7.29%). Ash content presented an increasing trend until 240 h, where 45.75% was appeared. In respecting the method of UVB irradiation, the peak value of Ca content in metatarsus appeared earlier in 24 h interval system than in other systems. Meanwhile the ash contents in metatarsus of birds exposed to UVB light in 12 and 24 h interval procedures were higher than those in 0 h interval one. Therefore, it was concluded that a daily 10 min irradiation of UVB light would be desirable for increasing the Ca and ash content in metatarsus of brolier chicks.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.169-175
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• 1998

A feeding trial was carried out to evaluate optimum feeding system to Korean Native Chicken (KNC) with various feeding programs for 64 weeks. Eight hundreds and ten KNC＇one day birds were assigned to three feeding systems, NRC(T1), Japanese Feeding Standard(T2), Korean Feeding Standard(T3). Each treatment had three replicates of 90 birds a replicate. Data were obtained growing performance to 20 week of age and laying performance from twenty one to sixty four week. Viability to 20 week of age was similar to treatments. Growth characteristics by feeding systems were not significantly difference on body weight, feed intake and 50％ egg production days. However, body weight was less about 100g in T2. There were no different on egg production, egg weight, and egg mass during laying period. Feed intake of T1 was 104g daily and showed lower than other treatments, but was not different significantly. Feed conversion was significantly improved in T2(P <0.05) compared to other treatments(P<0.05). Egg production of all treatments was the highest between 27 to 30 week of age. ME intake of T1 was significantly maximized, whereas CP intake was the lowest of all treatments(P < 0.05). Nutrient requirements for egg mass tended to depend on nutrients intake. Interior egg and eggshell characteristics were not different among treatments except yolk color. Fertility and hatchability were similar to treatments, and the results at 39 week of age were higher than at 62 week in all treatments. In conclusion, treatments fed three or four phase feeding would be superior to other treatments during the growing period and suggest 2,800 ㎉/kg ME, 15％ CP for Korean native laying hen.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to compare the dietary supplemental influence of conjugated linoleic acid(CLA), soybean oil(SBO) and commercial tallow(CT) on MEn, performance and breast meat composition of broiler chicks. Diets contained 21.5, 19% CP and 3,100, 3,100kcal/kg ME for starter and finisher, respectively. Each three levels(1.0, 2.0, 3.0%) of CLA, SBO, CT were supplemented to basal diets. Five hundred fDrty and three hundred sixty one day old, male broiler chicks were replaced to 3$\times$3, 2$\times$3 factorial design with four replicates in Expt 1 and 2. Weight gain, fled intake, fled conversion, W antibody titer and fatty acid composition were measured. Metabolizable energy(ME) were measured through the metabolic feeding trial in each oil. ME was 8,542, 9,179, 8,733 kcal/kg in CLA, SBO and CT, respectively. In Expt 1, weight gain was not statistically different between dietary oil treatments. Feed intake was significantly increased by CLA supplement(P<0.05). Feed conversion was significantly improved in SBO supplemental groups of all treatments(P<0.05). Weight gain and feed intake were significantly increased and fled conversion was significantly improved in CLA 2% and 3% supplemental groups compared with CLA 1% group(P<0.05). Fatty acid composition of breast meat was changed by CLA supplement. CLA content of breast meat was 12.23, 18.74, 25.67 mg/g in 1, 2, and 3% CLA treatments and showed significant difference between them(P<0.05). In Expt 2, CLA supplements increased weight gain signi(icantly for (inishing period(P<0.05) compared to that of other treatments. There was no significant difference in M Antibody titer in Expt 1 and Expt 2. As the results of these experiments, birds fed CLA tended to gain higher weight and significantly increased CLA contents of breast meat(P<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental feather digests on the growth of broiler chicks and taurine content in the broiler meat. In experiment 1, a total of 40 broiler chickens(Ros $s_{R}$) were assigned to four dietary treatments: control(T1), regular feather meal(FM) diet(R-FM,T2), NaOH treated FM diet(NaOH-FM,T3), HNO) treated FM diet($HNO_{3}$ -FM, T4). In experiment 2, a total of 70 broiler chickens were assigned to seven dietary treatments: T1 to t4(same as those of Exp. 1), modified $HNO_{3}$ treated FM diet(M- $HNO_{3}$-FM, T5), hair meal diet(HM, T6) and 0.22% cystine supplemented diet(CYS, T7). Feather meals and hair meal were supplemented at the level of 5% in the diet. In experiment 1 and 2, weight gain of chicks frd with R-FM or NaOH-FM tended to be higher than control or $HNO_{3}$ -FM. In experiment 2, weight gain of chicks frd with CYS was the highest followed by R-FM, M-HN $O_3$-FM, NaOH-FM, control, HM and $HNO_{3}$ -FM. In experiment 1, taurine content in breast muscle of chicks fed NaOH-FM was sogmofocamtly higher(P<0.05) than control. In experiment 2, taurine content in breast muscle of chicks fed NaOH-FM and CYS tended to be higher than other groups. Taurine content in leg muscle was significantly different among treatments as NaOH-FM and R-FM being highest followed by M- $HNO_{3}$-FM, CYS, control, $HNO_{3}$ -FM and HM. Taurine content in the liver(Exp. 1 and 2) and heart(Exp. 2) were not significantly affected by the supplemental feather digests. These results indicated that 5% NaOH-FM in the diet was effective in increasing taurine content in breast and leg muscle of broiler chicks.s.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding organic acid mixture and yeast culture on the Performance and e99 quality of laying hens fur sixteen weeks. Four hundred and fifty 19-wk-old ISA Brown layers were alloted to five treatments with five replications of each. The supplemental levels of organic acid mixture(OAM) and yeast culture(YC) in the experimental diets were 0(control), OAM 0.1, 0.2%, and YC 0.1, 0.2%, respectively. Corn -Soy basal diet containing 16.0% CP and ME 2,770 kca1/kg ME. Eggs were collected and weighed every day. Eg3 Production, fred intake and fled conversion were recorded in every four weeks. Fatty acid composition of e99 Yolk, e99she11 breaking strength, thickness and Haugh unit were measured a(her every eight weeks. Egg Production and daily egg mass of birds fed 0.2% OAM and 0.1% YC tended to be higher than those of the other treatment groups. Egg weight was the highest in hens fed with 0.2% OAM treatment, but was not significantly different. Feed conversion of hens in all OAM and YC treatments was lower than those of control, but was not statistically different. Eggshell breaking strength of hens on OAM treatments tended to be higher than those of YC treatment and control. Haugh units of the birds fed OAM was significantly higher than controls (P<0.05). 599 yolk color score of OAM treatment was higher than those of YC treatments and control, but the difference was not significant. At 27-wk-old, arachidonnic acid content in eggs from the birds fed 0.1% OAM diet was significantly higher(P<0.05) than controls. The results of this experiment indicated that dietary organic acid mixture and yeast culture tended to improve the egg Production and internal egg quality.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.245-254
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the supplemental alkali feldspar-ilite(feldspar) on growth performance and meat quality in broiler ducks for 43 days. One hundred eighty broiler ducks were divided into 5 groups of 12ducks. Dietary levels of feldspar 0, 0+antibiotics, 0.5, 1.0 and $1.5\%$ were added to experimental diets of each of the groups. Daily weight gain was slightly increased in 1.0 and $1.5\%$ feldspar treatments. Feed intake was slightly increased at all feldspar treatments. Glucose concentration of serum profile was decreased whereas BUN concentration was significantly increased (p<0.05) at $0.5\%$ feldspar. Cholesterol concentration was decreased at all feldspar treatments, this difference was especially observed in supplemental levels of $0.5\%$ feldspar(p<0.05). Carcass weight was increased at all feldspar treatments. Moisture and crude fat contents of proximate chemical composition in duck meat were decreased at all feldspar treatment, this difference especially was observed in supplemental levels of $1.5\%$ feldspar(p<0.05) on crude fat content. Lightness and yellowness was increased at all feldspar treatment. Cholesterol contents and TBA in meat were decreased, but this parameters were not difference by feldspar treatment. The composition of saturated fatty acids(SFA) was decreased, whereas unsaturated fatty acids(USFA) was slightly increased by feldspar treatment. The Pb content of heavy metal concentrations was increased with compared control, but not difference. The appearance of sensory evaluation was improved by supplemental feldspar, especially in supplemental feldspar, 1.0 and $1.5\%$(p<0.05). The results of this study indicate that the supplemental alkali feldspar may improve the production and meat quality of broiler ducks.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.281-289
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• 2005

This study investigated the effect of dried food-waste diets(FW) fermented by Aspergillus oryzae(AO), on broiler growth performance, $NH_3$, emission and fecal microflora. Three hundreds broilers, two week old Hubbard strain, were randomly allotted to 4 experiments and fed with standards early boiler diet replaced with FW and AFW. In experiment 1, eighty four broilers were distributed into 7 treatments with 4 pens at 3 birds per replicate(pen). The dietary treatments ; T1 was com-soy bean meal based broiler diet(Control), T2, T3, T4 were for basal diet replaced with dried food waste without AO(FW) at the level of 20, 40 and $60\%$, respectively and T5, T6 and T7 followed the same levels for the basal diet but using Aspergillus oryzae inoculate food-waste(AFW). For experiments 2, 3, 4, seventy two broilers were distributed into 6 treatments with 4 pens at 3 birds per replicate(pen), respectively. The dietary treatments were the com-soy bean meal based broiler diet replacement with different combinations of FW and AFW, 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 0:1. at level of 20, 40 and $60\%$, respectively. In Exp. 1, it tended to be decreased in weight gain, however, there were no statistical differences among treatments except FW $60\%$ level of replacement(p<0.05). Feed intake and feed efficiency was not different among treatments. Total bacterial counts were not different between the control and FW diet, but E. coli decreased as the AFW levels of replacement were increased(p<0.05). There were no differences in weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency among treatments in Exp. 2 and weight gains were lower fur FW diet compared with the control and AFW diet in Exp. 3(p<0.05). In Exp. 4, there were no differences in feed intakes among treatments, but lower in weight gain and feed efficiency in FW diet than that the control. In experiment 3, the $NH_3$ emission was the highest among treatments in FW/AFW 1:0 diet(p<0.05). From these results, it seems that FW would be supplemented up to $20\%$ in broiler diets and AO culture extract could improve FW value as feed supplements.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to study the effects of feeding split diets for a.m. and p.m. on laying hen performance and feed cost with 480 ISA Brown layers for three periods during 32∼36, 52∼56 and 72∼76 wk of age, respectively. The control group(C) was fed a conventional single diet throughout the day and split diet groups (T$_1$, T$_2$, T$_3$, T$_4$ and T$\_$5/) were offered high energy-high protein-low Ca diets, and low energy-low protein-high Ca diets in a.m. and p.m., respectively. In split diet groups, feed intake, ME and CP consumption, and feed cost were significantly reduced(P<0.05) compared to the C, while the hen-day egg production was significantly improved. However, the average egg weight was not influenced by the feeding system. Due to the reduced daily feed, ME, and CP intakes, and the improved egg production, the conversions of feed, ME, CP, and feed cost required per kg egg mass were also significantly improved (P<0.05) in splits diet groups. Among split diet groups, the T$_2$ group fed the diet devoid of Ca supplement from the conventional laying hen diet in a.m., and the diet containing the Ca supplement 2 times the conventional diet in p.m., was superior in conversion of nutrients and feed cost per kg egg mass to the other split diet groups. It was concluded that daily feed and nutrients cousumption and daily feed cost could be reduced 5∼6％ while hen-day egg production could be improved about 4％, so that about 10％ of the feed and nutrients and feed cost per kg egg mass could be spared by introducing the split diet feeding for a.m. and p.m. based on T$_2$ treatment in laying hens.