• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1975

The success of the family planning program in Korea is reflected in the decrease in the growth rate from 3.0% in 1962 to 2.0% in 1971, and in the decrease in the fertility rate from 43/1,000 in 1960 to 29/1,000 in 1970. However, it would be erroneous to attribute these reductions entirely to the family planning program. Other socio-economic factors, such as the increasing age at marriage and the increasing use of induced abortions, definitely had an impact on the lowered growth and fertility rate. Despite the relative success of the program to data in meeting its goals, there is no room for complacency. Meeting the goal of a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.3% by 1981 is a much more difficult task than any one faced in the past. Not only must fertility be lowered further, but the size of the target population itself will expand tremendously in the late seventies; due to the post-war baby boom of the 1950's reaching reproductive ages. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the age at marriage will continue to rise as in the past or that the incidence of induced abortion will continue to increase. Consequently, future reductions in fertility will be more dependent on the performance of the national family planning program, with less assistance from these non-program factors. This paper will describe various approaches to help to the solution of these current problems. 1. PRACTICE RATE IN FAMILY PLANNING In 1973, the attitude (approval) and knowledge rates were quite high; 94% and 98% respectively. But a large gap exists between that and the actual practice rate, which is only 3695. Two factors must be considered in attempting to close the KAP-gap. The first is to change social norms, which still favor a larger family, increasing the practice rate cannot be done very quickly. The second point to consider is that the family planning program has not yet reached all the eligible women. A 1973 study determineded that a large portion, 3096 in fact, of all eligible women do not want more children, but are not practicing family planning. Thus, future efforts to help close the KAP-gap must focus attention and services on this important large group of potential acceptors. 2. CONTINUATION RATES Dissatisfaction with the loop and pill has resulted in high discontinuation rates. For example, a 1973 survey revealed that within the first six months initial loop acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts, and that within the first four months of inital pill acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts. These discontinuation rates have risen over the past few years. The high rate of discontinuance obviously decreases the contraceptive effectiveness. and has resulted in many unwanted births which is directly related to the increase of induced abortions. In the future, the family planning program must emphasize the improved quality of initial and follow-up services. rather than more quantity, in order to insure higher continuation rates and thus more effective contraceptive protection. 3. INDUCED ABORTION As noted earlier. the use of induced abortions has been increase yearly. For example, in 1960, the average number of abortions was 0.6 abortions per women in the 15-44 age range. By 1970. that had increased to 2 abortions per women. In 1966. 13% of all women between 15-44 had experienced at least one abortion. By 1971, that figure jumped to 28%. In 1973 alone, the total number of abortions was 400,000. Besides the ever incre.sing number of induced abortions, another change has that those who use abortions have shifted since 1965 to include- not. only the middle class, but also rural and low-income women. In the future. in response to the demand for abortion services among rural and low-income w~men, the government must provide and support abortion services for these women as a part of the national family planning program. 4. TARGET SYSTIi:M Since 1962, the nationwide target system has been used to set a target for each method, and the target number of acceptors is then apportioned out to various sub-areas according to the number of eligible couples in each area. Because these targets are set without consideration for demographic factors, particular tastes, prejudices, and previous patterns of acceptance in the area, a high discontinuation rate for all methods and a high wastage rate for the oral pill and condom results. In the future. to alleviate these problems of the methodbased target system. an alternative. such as the weighted-credit system, should be adopted on a nation wide basis. In this system. each contraceptive method is. assigned a specific number of points based upon the couple-years of protection (CYP) provided by the method. and no specific targets for each method are given. 5. INCREASE OF STERILIZA.TION TARGET Two special projects. the hospital-based family planning program and the armed forces program, has greatly contributed to the increasing acceptance in female and male sterilization respectively. From January-September 1974, 28,773 sterilizations were performed. During the same time in 1975, 46,894 were performed; a 63% increase. If this trend continues, by the end of 1975. approximately 70,000 sterilizations will have been performed. Sterilization is a much better method than both the loop and pill, in terms of more effective contraceptive protection and the almost zero dropout rate. In the future, the. family planning program should continue to stress the special programs which make more sterilizations possible. In particular, it should seek to add the laparoscope techniques to facilitate female sterilization acceptance rates. 6. INCREASE NUMBER OF PRIVATE ACCEPTORS Among the current family planning users, approximately 1/3 are in the private sector and thus do not- require government subsidy. The number of private acceptors increases with increasing urbanization and economic growth. To speed this process, the government initiated the special hospital based family planning program which is utilized mostly by the private sector. However, in the future, to further hasten the increase of private acceptors, the government should encourage doctors in private practice to provide family planning services, and provide the contraceptive supplies. This way, those do utilize the private medical system will also be able to receive family planning services and pay for it. Another means of increasing the number of private acceptors, IS to greatly expand the commercial outlets for pills and condoms beyond the existing service points of drugstores, hospitals, and health centers. 7. IE&C PROGRAM The current preferred family size is nearly twice as high as needed to achieve a stable poplation. Also, a strong boy preference hinders a small family size as nearly all couples fuel they must have at least one or more sons. The IE&C program must, in the future, strive to emphasize the values of the small family and equality of the sexes. A second problem for the IE&C program to work. with in the: future is the large group of people who approves family planning, want no more children, but do not practice. The IE&C program must work to motivate these people to accept family planning And finally, for those who already practice, an IE&C program in the future must stress continuation of use. The IE&C campaign, to insure highest effectiveness, should be based on a detailed factor analysis of contraceptive discontinuance. In conclusion, Korea faces a serious unfavorable sociodemographic situation- in the future unless the population growth rate can be curtailed. And in the future, the decrease in fertility will depend solely on the family planning program, as the effect of other socio-economic factors has already been maximumally felt. A second serious factor to consider is the increasing number of eligible women due to the 1950's baby boom. Thus, to meet these challenges, the program target must be increased and the program must improve the effectiveness of its current activities and develop new programs.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.1-25
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• 2008

본 연구는 가전제품 소매채널에 관한 소비자의 선호 및 이용행태를 조사하고 가전제품 구매 채널 현황과 소비자들의 점포선택과 만족도를 분석하여 소비자가 특정 채널에 대하여 가지고 있는 소위 channel equity에 대하여 탐색적으로 접근 하고자 한다. 분석결과 가전제품 멀티채널 쇼핑환경은 소비자로 하여금 채널별로 차별화된 구매 패턴과 쇼핑동기를 만들어 주고 있었다. 백화점이나 대리점은 품질의 우수성과 A/S 측면에서 우세하며 대형할인점, 양판점, TV홈쇼핑, 인터넷쇼핑몰, 전자제품 판매 상가는 가격적인 측면이 경쟁 우위로 조사되었다. 채널별 소비자 만족도에 있어서는 애프터서비스가 잘되고 있는 백화점이나 대리점 등이 만족도가 상대적으로 높은 소매 채널임을 알 수 있다. 채널 에퀴티의 구성요인은 가격 경쟁력과 비교구매, 이용편리성, A/S, 판매원의 전문성, 배송의 신속성, 제품 검색용이, 판매원의 친절성, 매장의 쾌적성, 교통 편리성 등을 들 수 있다. 백화점의 경우 거의 모든 요소에서 가장 높은 만족도를 가지고 있어 채널 에퀴티가 높게 평가되었다. 인터넷 쇼핑몰은 제품을 쉽게 검색할 수 있다는 점에서 우위에 있으며 TV홈쇼핑의 경우는 비교구매와 가격경쟁력에서 우위가 있음을 알 수 있었고 채널별로 채널 에퀴티를 구성하는 요인들의 상대적 비중은 매우 달랐다. 본 연구에서는 채널 만족도를 평가한 후 에퀴티 포트폴리오와 채널별 에퀴티 구성 결과를 제시하고 있으나 향후 채널 에퀴티의 개념과 관리 툴에 대한 본격적인 연구가 요망된다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.143-155
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 RFID 기반의 전자 팔찌를 이용한 전자 출석부 및 어린이 보호팔찌 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템에서는 임베디드시스템 기반의 RFID 기술을 응용한 전자 출석부가 필요하며, 위치 추적과 동시에 범인의 전자 팔찌와 반응할 수 있는 GPS 시스템이 있어야 한다. 또한 이동 통신 모듈을 이용한 RFID 전자 팔찌와 임베디드시스템 기반의 RFID 출입 통제 시스템이 필요하며 상황정보를 전송 받을 수 있는 스마트폰 등의 모바일 시스템이 있어야 한다. 이렇게 동시에 연동될 수 있는 장비와 시스템들을 융합하여 사용한다면 아이들이 안전하게 유치원이나 학교를 다닐 수 있을 것이다. 본 논문의 구성은 RFID 리더기와 임베디드시스템 기반의 전자 출석부(고정용 리더기) 및 출입 통제 시스템, RFID 태그와 리더기, GPS 및 이동 통신 모듈(CELL 방식)를 활용한 추적 시스템을 가진 전자 팔찌로 이루어져 있다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.103-122
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• 2011

Recently, numerous documents have been made available electronically. Internet search engines and digital libraries commonly return query results containing hundreds or even thousands of documents. In this situation, it is virtually impossible for users to examine complete documents to determine whether they might be useful for them. For this reason, some on-line documents are accompanied by a list of keywords specified by the authors in an effort to guide the users by facilitating the filtering process. In this way, a set of keywords is often considered a condensed version of the whole document and therefore plays an important role for document retrieval, Web page retrieval, document clustering, summarization, text mining, and so on. Since many academic journals ask the authors to provide a list of five or six keywords on the first page of an article, keywords are most familiar in the context of journal articles. However, many other types of documents could not benefit from the use of keywords, including Web pages, email messages, news reports, magazine articles, and business papers. Although the potential benefit is large, the implementation itself is the obstacle; manually assigning keywords to all documents is a daunting task, or even impractical in that it is extremely tedious and time-consuming requiring a certain level of domain knowledge. Therefore, it is highly desirable to automate the keyword generation process. There are mainly two approaches to achieving this aim: keyword assignment approach and keyword extraction approach. Both approaches use machine learning methods and require, for training purposes, a set of documents with keywords already attached. In the former approach, there is a given set of vocabulary, and the aim is to match them to the texts. In other words, the keywords assignment approach seeks to select the words from a controlled vocabulary that best describes a document. Although this approach is domain dependent and is not easy to transfer and expand, it can generate implicit keywords that do not appear in a document. On the other hand, in the latter approach, the aim is to extract keywords with respect to their relevance in the text without prior vocabulary. In this approach, automatic keyword generation is treated as a classification task, and keywords are commonly extracted based on supervised learning techniques. Thus, keyword extraction algorithms classify candidate keywords in a document into positive or negative examples. Several systems such as Extractor and Kea were developed using keyword extraction approach. Most indicative words in a document are selected as keywords for that document and as a result, keywords extraction is limited to terms that appear in the document. Therefore, keywords extraction cannot generate implicit keywords that are not included in a document. According to the experiment results of Turney, about 64% to 90% of keywords assigned by the authors can be found in the full text of an article. Inversely, it also means that 10% to 36% of the keywords assigned by the authors do not appear in the article, which cannot be generated through keyword extraction algorithms. Our preliminary experiment result also shows that 37% of keywords assigned by the authors are not included in the full text. This is the reason why we have decided to adopt the keyword assignment approach. In this paper, we propose a new approach for automatic keyword assignment namely IVSM(Inverse Vector Space Model). The model is based on a vector space model. which is a conventional information retrieval model that represents documents and queries by vectors in a multidimensional space. IVSM generates an appropriate keyword set for a specific document by measuring the distance between the document and the keyword sets. The keyword assignment process of IVSM is as follows: (1) calculating the vector length of each keyword set based on each keyword weight; (2) preprocessing and parsing a target document that does not have keywords; (3) calculating the vector length of the target document based on the term frequency; (4) measuring the cosine similarity between each keyword set and the target document; and (5) generating keywords that have high similarity scores. Two keyword generation systems were implemented applying IVSM: IVSM system for Web-based community service and stand-alone IVSM system. Firstly, the IVSM system is implemented in a community service for sharing knowledge and opinions on current trends such as fashion, movies, social problems, and health information. The stand-alone IVSM system is dedicated to generating keywords for academic papers, and, indeed, it has been tested through a number of academic papers including those published by the Korean Association of Shipping and Logistics, the Korea Research Academy of Distribution Information, the Korea Logistics Society, the Korea Logistics Research Association, and the Korea Port Economic Association. We measured the performance of IVSM by the number of matches between the IVSM-generated keywords and the author-assigned keywords. According to our experiment, the precisions of IVSM applied to Web-based community service and academic journals were 0.75 and 0.71, respectively. The performance of both systems is much better than that of baseline systems that generate keywords based on simple probability. Also, IVSM shows comparable performance to Extractor that is a representative system of keyword extraction approach developed by Turney. As electronic documents increase, we expect that IVSM proposed in this paper can be applied to many electronic documents in Web-based community and digital library.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.12-26
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• 1980

1977년(年)에 충남대학교(忠南大學校) 농과대학(農科大學)에서 수집(蒐集)한 재래종(在來種) 옥수수 육종(育種)에 이용(利用)될 수 있는 새로운 육종재료(育種材料)를 유지(維持)하고 또 찾기 위해 충남대학(忠南大學) 포장(圃場)과 농촌진흥청(農村振興聽) 작물시험장(作物試驗場) 포장(圃場)에 파종(播種)하여 얻어진 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 편의상(便宜上) 실제(實際)로 옥수수 육종(育種)에 응용(應用)할 수 있는 응용면(應用面)과 장차 기초연구(基礎硏究)를 위해 필요(必要)하다고 생각되는 학술면(學術面) 그리고 재래종(在來種) 전반(全般)에 걸친 유전적(遺傳的) 정보(情報)로 나누어 요약(要約)하고자 한다. A. 응용면(應用面) 1. 근래(近來)에 정부(政府)에서 도입(導入) 장려하고 있는 재래종(在來種)(마치종(馬齒種))에 피해(被害)를 주는 흑조위축병(黑條萎縮病)에 내병성(耐病性)인 계통(系統)이 확인(確認)되었다. 2. 곡실(穀實)의 다수(多收)와 싸이레지용(用)으로 이용(利用)할 수 있다고 보이는 다수성(多穗性) (Prolific type) 옥수수 계통(系統)과 분지성(分枝性) 옥수수 계통(系統)이 확보(確保)되었다. 3. 여러 유형(類型)의 찰옥수수 계통(系統)이 확인(確認)되었다. (현재(現在) 작물시험장(作物試驗場)에서 연구중(硏究中)임). 4. 또 여러 유형(類型)의 폭열종(爆裂種) 옥수수가 확인(確認)되었다. 5. 웅수출현기(雄穗出現期)에 있어서도 많은 변이(變異)를 보여주어 웅수출현(雄穗出現)을 조절(調節)할 수 있는 육종재료(育種材料)가 확보(確保)되었다. 6. 고단백질(高蛋白質) 옥수수를 육종(育種)할 수 있는 육종재료(育種材料)가 확보(確保)되었다. B. 기초학술면(基礎學術面) 1. 새로운 sugary인자(因子)의 표현형(表現型)이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 2. 새로운 opaque인자(因子)의 표현형(表現型)이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 3. 새로운 웅수불임계통(雄穗不稔系統)이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 4. 다수성(多穗性) 계통(系統)이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 5. 다지성(多枝性) 계통(系統)이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 6. 내흑조위축병(耐黑條萎縮病) 계통(系統)이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 7. 폭열종(爆裂種) 계통(系統)이 관찰(觀察)되었다. 8. 웅수출현(雄穗出現)에 있어서 환경(環境)에 예민(銳敏)한 계통(系統)과 둔(鈍)한 계통(系統)이 관찰(觀察)되었다. C. 재래종(在來種)의 유전적(遺傳的) 정보(情報) 간장(稈長), 100립종(粒種)에 대(對)하여 자식열세(自殖劣勢) 잡종강세현상(雜種强勢現像)을 분석(分析)하였던 바. 1. 대부분(大部分)의 수집재래종(蒐集在來種) (강원도(江原道) 등 산간지역(山間地域) 주민(住民) 제외(除外))들이 동형접합체화(同型接合體化) 되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 2. 간장(稈長)에 대(對)한 자식열세현상(自殖劣勢現像)은 평균(平均) 6%로서 거의 모든 계통(系統)이 자식열세현상(自殖劣勢現像)을 보였으며 아울러 잡종강세현상(雜種强勢現像)도 컸다(평균(平均) 40%). 그리고 이들 자식열세현상(自殖劣勢現像)과 잡종강세현상(雜種强勢現像)을 퍼센트로 표시(表示)할때에 계통(系統)들 간(間)에 큰 차이(差異)가 있었다. 3. 100립종(粒種)에 대(對)한 자식열세현상(自殖劣勢現像)은 평균(平均) 16%로서 간장(稈長)에 있어서와 같이 모든 계통(系統)들이 자식열세현상(自殖劣勢現像)을 보였다. 잡종강세현상(雜種强勢現像)에 있어서는 평균(平均) 43%로서 자식열세현상(自殖劣勢現像)에 비(比)하여 그 크기가 컸다. 100립종(粒種)에 대(對)한 자식계통(自殖系統)과 잡종강세현상(雜種强勢現像)에 대(對)한 계통간(系統間) 차이(差異)도 컸다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.68-79
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• 2009

The interplay between hedonic and utilitarian attributes has assumed special significance in recent years; it has been proposed that consumption offerings should be viewed as experiences that stimulate both cognitions and feelings rather than as mere products or services. This research builds on previous work on hedonic versus utilitarian benefits, regulatory focus theory, customer satisfaction to address two question: (1) Is the shopping goal at the point of purchase different from the shopping value? and (2) Is the customer loyalty after the use different from the shopping value and shopping goal? We surveyed 345 peoples those who have bought the electronic-goods within 6 months. This research dealt with the shopping value which is consisted of 2 types, hedonic and utilitarian. Those who pursue the hedonic shopping value may prefer the pleasure of purchasing experience to the product itself. They tend to prefer atmosphere, arousal of the shopping experience. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "hedonic" to refer to their aesthetic, experiential and enjoyment-related value. On the contrary, Those who pursue the utilitarian shopping value may prefer the reasonable buying. It may be more functional. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "utilitarian" to refer to the functional, instrumental, and practical value of consumption offerings. Holbrook(1999) notes that consumer value is an experience that results from the consumption of such benefits. In the context of cell phones for example, the phone's battery life and sound volume are utilitarian benefits, whereas aesthetic appeal from its shape and color are hedonic benefits. Likewise, in the case of a car, fuel economics and safety are utilitarian benefits whereas the sunroof and the luxurious interior are hedonic benefits. The shopping goals are consisted of the promotion focus goal and the prevention focus goal, based on the self-regulatory focus theory. The promotion focus is characterized into focusing ideal self because they are oriented to wishes and vision. The promotion focused individuals are tend to be more risk taking. They are more sensitive to hope and achievement. On the contrary, the prevention focused individuals are characterized into focusing the responsibilities because they are oriented to safety. The prevention focused individuals are tend to be more risk avoiding. We wanted to test the relation among the shopping value, shopping goal and customer loyalty. Customers show the positive or negative feelings comparing with the expectation level which customers have at the point of the purchase. If the result were bigger than the expectation, customers may feel positive feeling such as delight or satisfaction and they would want to share their feelings with other people. And they want to buy those products again in the future time. There is converging evidence that the types of goals consumers expect to be fulfilled by the utilitarian dimension of a product are different from those they seek from the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004). Specifically, whereas consumers expect the fulfillment of product prevention goals on the utilitarian dimension, they expect the fulfillment of promotion goals on the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan, and Majahan 2007; Higgins 1997, 2001) According to the regulatory focus theory, prevention goals are those that ought to be met. Fulfillment of prevention goals in the context of product consumption eliminates or significantly reduces the probability of a painful experience, thus making consumers experience emotions that result from fulfillment of prevention goals such as confidence and securities. On the contrary, fulfillment of promotion goals are those that a person aspires to meet, such as "looking cool" or "being sophisticated." Fulfillment of promotion goals in the context of product consumption significantly increases the probability of a pleasurable experience, thus enabling consumers to experience emotions that result from the fulfillment of promotion goals. The proposed conceptual framework captures that the relationships among hedonic versus utilitarian shopping values and promotion versus prevention shopping goals respectively. An analysis of the consequence of the fulfillment and frustration of utilitarian and hedonic value is theoretically worthwhile. It is also substantively relevant because it helps predict post-consumption behavior such as the promotion versus prevention shopping goals orientation. Because our primary goal is to understand how the post consumption feelings influence the variable customer loyalty: word of mouth (Jacoby and Chestnut 1978). This research result is that the utilitarian shopping value gives the positive influence to both of the promotion and prevention goal. However the influence to the prevention goal is stronger. On the contrary, hedonic shopping value gives influence to the promotion focus goal only. Additionally, both of the promotion and prevention goal show the positive relation with customer loyalty. However, the positive relation with promotion goal and customer loyalty is much stronger. The promotion focus goal gives the influence to the customer loyalty. On the contrary, the prevention focus goal relates at the low level of relation with customer loyalty than that of the promotion goal. It could be explained that it is apt to get framed the compliment of people into 'gain-non gain' situation. As the result, for those who have the promotion focus are motivated to deliver their own feeling to other people eagerly. Conversely the prevention focused individual are more sensitive to the 'loss-non loss' situation. The research result is consistent with pre-existent researches. There is a conceptual parallel between necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits and luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha 2007; Higginns 1997; Kivetz and Simonson 2002b). In addition, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the precedence principle contends luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits higher than necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits. Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha (2007) show that consumers are focused more on the utilitarian benefits than on the hedonic benefits of a product until their minimum expectation of fulfilling prevention goals are met. Furthermore, a utilitarian benefit is a promise of a certain level of functionality by the manufacturer or the retailer. When the promise is not fulfilled, customers blame the retailer and/or the manufacturer. When negative feelings are attributable to an entity, customers feel angry. However in the case of hedonic benefit, the customer, not the manufacturer, determines at the time of purchase whether the product is stylish and attractive. Under such circumstances, customers are more likely to blame themselves than the manufacturer if their friends do not find the product stylish and attractive. Therefore, not meeting minimum utilitarian expectations of functionality generates a much more intense negative feelings, such as anger than a less intense feeling such as disappointment or dissatisfactions. The additional multi group analysis of this research shows the same result. Those who are unsatisfactory customers who have the prevention focused goal shows higher relation with WOM, comparing with satisfactory customers. The research findings in this article could have significant implication for the personal selling fields to increase the effectiveness and the efficiency of the sales such that they can develop the sales presentation strategy for the customers. For those who are the hedonic customers may be apt to show more interest to the promotion goal. Therefore it may work to strengthen the design, style or new technology of the products to the hedonic customers. On the contrary for the utilitarian customers, it may work to strengthen the price competitiveness. On the basis of the result from our studies, we demonstrated a correspondence among hedonic versus utilitarian and promotion versus prevention goal, WOM. Similarly, we also found evidence of the moderator effects of satisfaction after use, between the prevention goal and WOM. Even though the prevention goal has the low level of relation to WOM, those who are not satisfied show higher relation to WOM. The relation between the prevention goal and WOM is significantly different according to the satisfaction versus unsatisfaction. In addition, improving the promotion emotions of cheerfulness and excitement and the prevention emotion of confidence and security will further improve customer loyalty. A related potential further research could be to examine whether hedonic versus utilitarian, promotion versus prevention goals improve customer loyalty for services as well. Under the budget and time constraints, designers and managers are often compelling to choose among various attributes. If there is no budget or time constraints, perhaps the best solution is to maximize both hedonic and utilitarian dimension of benefits. However, they have to make trad-off process between various attributes. For the designers and managers have to keep in mind that without hedonic benefit satisfaction of the product it may hard to lead the customers to the customer loyalty.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권11호
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• pp.1061-1066
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• 2007

목 적 : 소아의 발달 장애는 조기에 발견하면 조기 치료가 가능하게 되어 치료 효과가 높아지고 후유 장애를 최소화할 수 있다. 발달 장애의 조기 발견을 위하여 기존에 사용해 오던 정식 발달 선별검사는 대부분 시간이 오래 걸리고, 복잡하며, 의료인력이 추가로 필요하기 때문에 바쁜 소아과 외래에서 모든 소아에게 적용하기는 어렵다. 기존의 발달검사 대신에 부모가 작성한 내용을 토대로 평가하는 발달 설문 양식들 중 Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ)는 60개월 이전의 소아의 발달 선별을 목적으로 개발된 검사이다. 본 연구의 목적은 소아과 외래에서 시행하는 발달 지연의 선별 도구로서 ASQ의 타당성을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 방 법 : 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 부속 성모병원 소아과 외래를 방문한 소아의 부모에게 진료 전 대기 시간 동안 한국형 ASQ (K-ASQ)를 완성하도록 하였다. 설문지를 완성한 총 150명 중 만삭 출생아이며 이전에 발달지연의 진단을 받은 적이 없고, 기타 선천성 기형, 경련성 질환을 포함한 신경학적 이상, 유전성 질환의 경력이 없는 소아 67명을 대상으로 하였다. K-ASQ는 각 영역별로 평균에서 2 표준편차(SD) 아래 점수보다 낮으면 "실패"로 판정하며, 한 발달 분야 이상에서 "실패"가 있는 경우를 "선별검사 양성"으로 하였다. 최종 발달평가는 Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II (BSID-II)를 사용하여 판단하였으며, 지능 혹은 운동발달 지수가 평균보다 -1 SD 미만인 경우는 발달지연으로 판정하였다. K-ASQ의 결과를 BSID-II와 비교하여 분석하였다. 결 과 : 1) 대상아의 평균 연령은 $16.4{\pm}7.4$개월($6{\pm}30$개월 범위, 중앙치 14개월)이었다. 10명(14.9%)은 출생 시 부당경량아였으며, 평균 출생체중 $3.1{\pm}0.6kg$, 재태기간 $38.8{\pm}1.4$주이었다. 9명(13.4%)이 쌍생아였고, 33명(49.0%)이 남아였다. 대상 소아들의 모친의 평균 교육 기간은 $13.6{\pm}2.4$년, 53명(79.1%)이 고등학교 졸업 이상의 학력을 가졌고, 21명(31.3%)이 정규직 근무자였다. ASQ 설문지를 완성하는데 평균 $10.2{\pm}3.0$분이 소요되었다. (2) 17명(25.4%)이 ASQ 선별검사 양성이었는데, 그 중 4명은 발달이 지연되었고, 나머지 13명의 발달은 정상이었다. BSID-II로 판정한 발달 지연아 8명 중 4명은 ASQ 선별검사에서 양성이었고, 다른 4명은 선별검사 음성이었다. ASQ 선별검사 음성인 50명 중 4명이 발달지연으로 판단되었다. (3) BSID-II와 비교한 K-ASQ의 민감도(sensitivity)는 50.0%, 특이도(specificity) 78.0%, 양성 예측치 (positive predictive value) 23.5%, 음성 예측치(negative predictive value)는 92.0%로 나타났다. 결 론 : K-ASQ는 높은 음성 예측치를 보여 소아과 외래에서 소아 발달 지연의 선별 도구로서 사용하는 것이 타당한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.135-146
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to develope, based on the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) system. a set of standardized nursing interventions which had been validated. and their associated activities. for use with nursing diagnoses related to home health care for women who have had a caesarian delivery and for their newborn babies. This descriptive study for instrument development had three phases: first. selection of nursing diagnoses. second, validation of the preliminary home health care interventions. and third, application of the home care interventions. In the first phases, diagnoses from 30 nursing records of clients of the home health care agency at P. medical center who were seen between April 21 and July 30. 1998. and from 5 textbooks were examined. Ten nursing diagnoses were selected through a comparison with the NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) classification In the second phase. using the selected diagnoses. the nursing interventions were defined from the diagnoses-intervention linkage lists along with associated activities for each intervention list in NIC. To develope the preliminary interventions five-rounds of expertise tests were done. During the first four rounds. 5 experts in clinical nursing participated. and for the final content validity test of the preliminary interventions. 13 experts participated using the Fehring's Delphi technique. The expert group evaluated and defined the set of preliminary nursing interventions. In the third phases, clinical tests were held at in a home health care setting with two home health care nurses using the preliminary intervention list as a questionnaire. Thirty clients referred to the home health care agency at P. medical center between October 1998 and March 1999 were the subjects for this phase. Each of the activities were tested using dichotomous question method. The results of the study are as follows: 1. For the ten nursing diagnoses. 63 appropriate interventions were selected from 369 diagnoses interventions links in NlC., and from 1.465 associated nursing activities. From the 63 interventions. the nurses expert group developed 18 interventions and 258 activities as the preliminary intervention list through a five-round validity test 2. For the fifth content validity test using Fehring's model for determining lCV (Intervention Content Validity), a five point Likert scale was used with values converted to weights as follows: 1=0.0. 2=0.25. 3=0.50. 4=0.75. 5=1.0. Activities of less than O.50 were to be deleted. The range of ICV scores for the nursing diagnoses was 0.95-0.66. for the nursing interventions. 0.98-0.77 and for the nursing activities, 0.95-0.85. By Fehring's method. all of these were included in the preliminary intervention list. 3. Using a questionnaire format for the preliminary intervention list. clinical application tests were done. To define nursing diagnoses. home health care nurses applied each nursing diagnoses to every client. and it was found that 13 were most frequently used of 400 times diagnoses were used. Therefore. 13 nursing diagnoses were defined as validated nursing diagnoses. Ten were the same as from the nursing records and textbooks and three were new from the clinical application. The final list included 'Anxiety', 'Aspiration. risk for'. 'Infant behavior, potential for enhanced, organized'. 'Infant feeding pattern. ineffective'. 'Infection'. 'Knowledge deficit'. 'Nutrition, less than body requirements. altered', 'Pain'. 'Parenting'. 'Skin integrity. risk for. impared' and 'Risk for activity intolerance'. 'Self-esteem disturbance', 'Sleep pattern disturbance' 4. In all. there were 19 interventions. 18 preliminary nursing interventions and one more intervention added from the clinical setting. 'Body image enhancement'. For 265 associated nursing activities. clinical application tests were also done. The intervention rate of 19 interventions was from 81.6% to 100%, so all 19 interventions were in c1uded in the validated intervention set. From the 265 nursing activities. 261(98.5%) were accepted and four activities were deleted. those with an implimentation rate of less than 50%. 5. In conclusion. 13 diagnoses. 19 interventions and 261 activities were validated for the final validated nursing intervention set.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

탄성파 반사법 탐사는 석탄 구조를 묘사하기 위해 그리고 석탄 채굴법 중 장벽식 채단법(longwall mining)의 위험 경감을 위해 가장 널리 이용되며 가장 효과적인 방법 중의 하나이다. 그러나 이 탄성파 탐사법의 분해능은 화산암의 존재에 의해 영향을 받는다. 호주의 보웬분지(Bowen Basin)와 시드니 분지(Sydney Basin) 일부에 이러한 화산암이 분포하고 있으며, 이러한 지역에서 탄성파 탐사를 이용하여 지하지질구조를 정확히 밝혀내는 데는 어려움이 따를 수 있다. 결과적으로 그러한 지역은 석탄광 후보지로 관성을 끌지 못하게 된다 따라서, 이러한 현무암 지역에서 수행되는 탄성파 탐사의 성공률을 높이기 위한 기법들이 필요하다. 이 연구에서는 탄성파동 방정식에 기초한 모델링 기법을 이용하여 현무암의 물성차, 두계, 횡방향 연장성, 송신원에 대한 상대적인 위치, 다양한 형태의 불균질성이 탄성파 전파에 어떠한 영향을 주는가를 살펴본다. 탄성파 모델링 결과로부터 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 임피던스의 차가 큰 현무암과 다중 흐름(multiple flow)이 있는 경우 다중반사파가 강하게 나타나며 일차반사파가 약하게 나타난다. 2) 현무암층이 앓을 경우 현무암의 존재가 파의 전파에 미치는 효과가 두꺼운 현무암층에 의한 효과보다 적은 것으로 나타났으며, 3) 현무암이 부분적으로 덮여 있을 경우 표변전체가 현무암으로 덮여 있는 경우에 비해 그 효과가 미약하게 나타났다. 4) 저주파의 탄성파(특히 원거리 오프셋에서)가 고주파의 탄성파에 비해 현무암층을 더 잘 통과함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 5) 석탄층이 현무암층으로부터 얼리 떨어져 깊은 곳에 존재할수록 현무암층이 파의 전파에 미치는 영향이 적음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과들은 현무암층 하부에 대하여 탄성파 탐사를 수행할 때 발생할 수 있는 문제에 대한 통찰력을 제공할 뿐 아니라 탄성파 잡음을 적절히 처리하고 저주파수 대역의 지오폰으로 원거리 오프셋에서 탄성파 탐사자료를 획득함으로써 탄성파 탐사 결과를 개선시킬 수 있다는 것을 보여준다.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2014

아이디와 패스워드를 통한 인증은 고전적인 방법이나 여전히 가장 널리 사용되고 있다. 오늘날 사용자들의 패스워드의 인증 수행 과정은 그 단순함과 편리함, 반복적인 수행으로 인해 적응무의식화 되었다. 즉, 의식화된 상태가 아닌 무의식적으로 인증을 수행하고 있다. 인증과정은 그 절차가 단순하고 반복 학습되어 인간의 깊은 사고 없이도 무의식적으로 수행할 수 있도록 학습될 수 있다. 또한 사용자들이 보유한 아이디와 패스워드 개수가 적기 때문에 기억에 의존할 수 있는 것도 적응무의식화의 원인 중 하나이다. 소수의 아이디와 패스워드 개수를 보유한 것과 달리 대개 사용자들은 수많은 웹, 모바일, 인터넷사이트 서비스에 가입되어 있다. 계정의 수는 많은 반면 소수의 아이디, 패스워드 쌍을 보유했을 때, 그리고 그것이 기억에 의존하여 관리될 때, 마지막으로 인증 과정이 무의식적으로 수행될 때 그것은 인간의 취약점이 된다. 과거에는 정보유출을 위한 해킹 공격이 하드웨어나 소프트웨어 등의 취약점을 이용한 것이었다면 최근에는 이와 더불어 인적 요소의 취약점을 이용하는 사회공학적 공격이 많아지고 있다. 특히 피싱 및 파밍 등과 같은 정보유출형 공격이 급증하고 있다. 피싱 및 파밍 공격은 인적 요소의 취약성을 이용한 것이며, 무의적으로 수행하는 인간의 인증 행위에 취약하다. 과거의 피싱 및 파밍에 대한 연구는 기술적인 분석이나 대책이 주를 이루었지만, 본 논문은 피싱 및 파밍 공격시 반응하는 인간의 행위에 관심이 있다. 사용자가 패스워드를 무의식적으로 입력 할 때, 그리고 인증 행위를 반복 수행할 때, 얼마나 많은 패스워드를 노출할 수 있는지 실험을 통해 확인했다.