• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.39-42
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• 1972

A field experiment was conducted in a moderately well drained paddy field doveloped in a narrow strip of a valley in order to observe changes of potassium requirement in paddy production when lime is applied. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The response of paddy to potassium (K) and lime (L) is represented mathematically as follow; $Y=462.78+11.582K-0.058L-0.768K^2-0.000015L^2+0.2204KL$. It is considered that the increase of potassium reqirement when slaked lime is applied, is partially due to the increased growth of plant accomplished by the improvement of soil conditions such as the reduction of respiration inhibitors and cationic balance in soil solution. 2. An economic analysis of the use of potassium and slaked lime applying the costs, 80 won per kg of paddy, 19 won per kg of potassium and 4 won per kg of slaked lime to the response function above, showed that the slaked lime without potssium brought a large loss, whereas the use of the lime together with potassium increased the profit remarkably. The profit increased when 10kg of potassium per 10 a is applied in addition to 200kg slaked limn, per 10kg is amounted 4,685 won. 3. A linear relationship between the economic optimum dose of potassium (y) and the amount of slaked lime (x) in paddy production, is obtained as follow; $$y=7.48+\frac{2.77}{200}x$$ It is, however, considered that the amount of potassium to he used might differ according to the soil conditions such as the potassium content and cation exchange capicity of the soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.163-175
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• 1974

Effects on yields, yield components and nutrient content of potassium depression for two or three weeks at various growth stages were investigated in rice (var. Jinheung) under sand culture system.(K 40 ppm 1973) 1. Analysis of variance showed significant difference among treatments of both two-week (at p=0.01) and three-week depression (at p=0.05) in yield. 2. Most sensitive stage to potassium depression on yield appeared two weeks until heading (42% yield decrease) and sensitivity decreased the growth stage is apart from heading either before or after. During 30 days after transplanting two-week potassium depression increased yield, but three-week depression decreased yield. Until about 30 days after heading depression caused poor yield. 3. Root potassium involves in harvest index, filled grain ratio and grain weight with significant correlation and considerably in spikelet per panicle while potassium in leaf sheath+culm involves considerably in spikelet per panicle and panicle per hill. Relative total dry matter weight was significantly correlated with panicle per hill, spikelet per panicle and K or K/Ca+Mg only in leaf sheath+culm. The indications are that root potassium contributes for building sink and efficiency of structure while potassium in leaf sheat+culm primarily for building source, productive structure. 4. Relative yield was significantly correlated with potassium content in root and leaf sheath+culm and with K/Ca+Mg and its ratio before and after depression in root indicating that potassium depression occurs greatly in root and that K/Ca+Mg might have more important role than K content alone under depression. 5. Optimum level of $K_2O$ appears around 3% in leaf blade. 4% in leaf sheath+culm and 1% in root under the assumption that below these level the same content has the same role in relation to yield during growth. The K/Ca+Mg appeares to be 2.5 in root and should not decrease throughout the growth stages. 6. The increase of sodium content in plant by K depression was highest, especially in leaf sheath during the most insensitive period to K depression suggesting that insensitivity may be attributed to partial replacement of Na for K. Partial replacement seems very little in sensitive stage (later stage) and sensitive organ (root).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 1996

A nutrient solution culture experiment was conducted in the greenhouse at Suwon Campus. Kyung-Hee University from May 23 to July 11. 1995, to determine the effects of potassium application on seedling growth of Kwanganok and Hwengsungok cultivars of corn. Potassium was treated with four different levels, which are 0.248.496 and 744ppm for treatments without potassium (-k), standard potassium concentration (K), double(2k) and triple (3k) of standard potassium concentration, respectively. Plants were harvested at weekly interval for seven weeks. at which time plant height, leaf area and dry matter yield of corn seedling were measured, only chlorophyll content was taken for five weeks from three week after planting. Seedlings growth of Kwanganok and Hwengsungok cultivars was greatly retarded from planting to harvesting time in 3k treatment. The plant height, leaf area and dry matter yield of both cultivars during the whole period were decreased in order of K>2F>-K>3K, but dry matter yield of Kwanganok cultivar was decreased in order of 2K>K>-K>3K. Chlorophyll content of Kwanganok and Hwengsungok cultivars was irregularly fluctuated during growing period. but generally highest in K treatment and lowest in 3k treatment. The crop growth rates of seedlings of both cultivars were slow until the 3rd week after planting. but very fast thereafter. In general, CGR of both cultivars was higher in K and 2k treatments than -k and 3k treatments.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.99-111
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• 1973

Percentage recovery or fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by rice plant(Oriza sativa L.) were investigated at 8, 10, 12, 14 kg/10a of N, 6 kg of $P_2O_5$ and 8 kg of $K_2O$ application level in 1967 (51 places) and 1968 (32 places). Two types of nutrient contribution for the yield, that is, P type in which phosphorus firstly increases silicate uptake and secondly silicate increases nitrogen uptake, and K type in which potassium firstly increases P uptake and secondly P increases nitrogen uptake were postulated according to the following results from the correlation analyses (linear) between percentage recovery of fertilizer nutrient and grain or dry matter yields and nutrient uptake. 1. Percentage frequency of minus or zero recovery occurrence was 4% in nitrogen, 48% in phosphorus and 38% in potassium. The frequency distribution of percentage recovery appeared as a normal distribution curve with maximum at 30 to 40 recovery class in nitrogen, but appeared as a show distribution with maximum at below zero class in phosphorus and potassium. 2. Percentage recovery (including only above zero) was 33 in N (above 10kg/10a), 27 in P, 40 in K in 1967 and 40 in N, 20 in P, 46 in Kin 1968. Mean percentage recovery of two years including zero for zero or below zero was 33 in N, 13 in P and 27 in K. 3. Standard deviation of percentage recovery was greater than percentage recovery in P and K and annual variation of CV (coefficient of variation) was greatest in P. 4. The frequency of significant correlation between percentage recovery and grain or dry matter yield was highest in N and lowest in P. Percentage recovery of nitrogen at 10 kg level has significant correlation only with percentage recovery of P in 1967 and only with that of potassium in 1968. 5. The correlation between percentage recovery and dry matter yield of all treatments showed only significant in P in 1967, and only significant in K in 1968, Negative correlation coefficients between percentage recovery and grain or dry matter yield of no or minus fertilizer plots were shown only in K in 1967 and only in P in 1968 indicating that phosphorus fertilizer gave a distinct positive role in 1967 but somewhat' negative role in 1968 while potassium fertilizer worked positively in 1968 but somewhat negatively in 1967. 6. The correlation between percentage recovery of nutrient and grain yield showed similar tendency as with dry matter yield but lower coefficients. Thus the role of nutrients was more precisely expressed through dry matter yield. 7. Percentage recovery of N very frequently had significant correlation with nitrogen uptake of nitrogen applied plot, and significant negative correlation with nitrogen uptake of minus nitrogen plot, and less frequently had significant correlation with P, K and Si uptake of nitrogen applied plot. 8. Percentage recovery of P had significant correlation with Si uptake of all treatments and with N uptake of all treatments except minus phosphorus plot in 1967 indicating that phosphorus application firstly increases Si uptake and secondly silicate increases nitrogen uptake. Percentage recovery of P also frequently had significant correlation with P or K uptake of nitrogen applied plot. 9. Percentage recovery of K had significant correlation with P uptake of all treatments, N uptake of all treatments except minus phosphorus plot, and significant negative correlation with K uptake of minus K plot and with Si uptake of no fertilizer plot or the highest N applied plot in 1968, and negative correlation coefficient with P uptake of no fertilizer or minus nutrient plot in 1967. Percentage recovery of K had higher correlation coefficients with dry matter yield or grain yield than with K uptake. The above facts suggest that K application firstly increases P uptake and secondly phosphorus increases nitrogen uptake for dry matter yied. 10. Percentage recovery of N had significant higher correlation coefficient with grain yield or dry matter yield of minus K plot than with those of minus phosphorus plot, and had higher with those of fertilizer plot than with those of minus K plot. Similar tendency was observed between N uptake and percentage recovery of N among the above treatments. Percentage recovery of K had negative correlation coefficient with grain or-dry matter yield of no fertilizer plot or minus nutrient plot. These facts reveal that phosphorus increases nitrogen uptake and when phosphorus or nitrogen is insufficient potassium competatively inhibits nitrogen uptake. 11. Percentage recovery of N, Pand K had significant negative correlation with relative dry matter yield of minus phosphorus plot (yield of minus plot x 100/yield of complete plot; in 1967 and with relative grain yield of minus K plot in 1968. These results suggest that phosphorus affects tillering or vegetative phase more while potassium affects grain formation or Reproductive phase more, and that clearly show the annual difference of P and K fertilizer effect according to the weather. 12. The correlation between percentage recovery of fertilizer and the relative yield of minus nutrient plat or that of no fertilizer plot to that of minus nutrient plot indicated that nitrogen is the most effective factor for the production even in the minus P or K plot. 13. From the above facts it could be concluded that about 40 to 50 percen of paddy fields do rot require P or K fertilizer and even in the case of need the application amount should be greatly different according to field and weather of the year, especially in phosphorus.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 1977

A study was conducted in order to compare the topdressing method of the conventional fertilizers as control and the deep application method of the ball complex fertilizer newly developed. The ball complex fertilizer consisted of 5% of nitrogen, 5% of phosphorus, and 7% of potassium. Basal application of nitrogen for the rice plant was the same for both control plots and ball complex plots. One ball complex fertilizer per four hills was applied at depth of 12~13cm 35days before heading stage while control plot received three times topdressing at different growth stages as usual practice. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The ball complex fertilizer applied in the soil was continuously utilized by the rice plants until harvest time while nitrogen and potassium uptake of control plots was reduced rapidly after heading stage. Daily uptake of nitrogen and potassium per hill at maturing stage were 0.45mg and 0.68mg in control plots, but 4.80mg and 7.0mg respectively in ball complex plots. 2. Dry matter productivity of the rice plant in control plots, well coinciding with nutrients uptake pattern, was maximum just after heading stage decreased at maturing stage. But dry matter productivity in ball complex plots was much higher at maturing stage than at heading stage. 3. Ball complex application increased effective tillering rate, causing higher panicle number per hill. 4. Ball complex application brought about 528kg/10a of hulled grain yield while the conventional practice 423kg/10a. 5. Deep application of ball complex was superior to usual practice in terms of yield components such as panicle number per hill, filled grain number per panicle, maturing rate, and 1,000 grain weight. 6. From the morphological characteristics point of view, the deep application of ball complex made the flag leaf and the 2nd leaf heavier, larger and broader as compared to control treatment. 7. It is considered that by applying the ball complex fertilizer at depth of 12~13cm sufficient amount of nitrogen and potassium could be utilized by rice plants during the maturing stage and assimilated in the leaf blade, consequently making the flag leaf and the 2nd leaf bigger and healthier. The fact can easily explain that the ball complex plots had higher capacity of photosynthesis, less discoloration of lower leaves, bigger leaf area index, and better grain yield as compared to the conventional practice. In conclusion the deep application method of the ball complex fertilizer was superior to the routine topdressing method of the usual fertilizers.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 1993

This study was investigated on the morphological characteristics of rice grain as affected by three fertilizer application treatments. Of no-nitrogen, optimum nitrogen, and heavy nitrogen without potassium in three regions of Suweon (Mid-West Plain Zone), Ichon(Mid-Inland Plain Zone), and Kyehwado(South-charyung Mts. Plain Zone) with four varieties, i.e., three Tonsil types(Geumgangbyeo, Milyang 23, and Chilseongbyeo) and one japonica type(Chucheongbyeo, Akibare in Japanese name). The results obtained were as follows: The increase of nitrogen application caused an increase of grain length in rough rice and grain width in milled rice, resulting in a decrease of the width/thickness ratio in milled rice. The width and thickness of rice grain produced in Kyehwado were smaller than those in the other regions. Therefore, the ratio of length/width and length/thickness in rice grain produced in Kyehwado was larger. The one thousand grain weight of rice was heavier at the optimum nitrogen level than at the no-nitrogen and heavy nitrogen without potassium treatment levels. The weight percentage of hull in rough rice grain decreased in accordance with the increase of nitrogen application, while the weight percentage of bran in brown rice was constant. This suggested that for the normal development of rice grain a constant ratio of bran is needed. The morphological change of rice grain by fertilizer treatments and the change of region cultivated could not be distinguished from the native characteristics of the variety. Other grain characteristics were discussed in view of treatment and regional effects.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.298-302
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• 2006

This study was carried out to establish low-input fertilization and seeding technique using the simultaneous with seeding and fertilizer application machine and band spotty applicator which were manufactured for experiment during cultivation of mulching for peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.). The labor hour for seeding by simultaneous with seeding and fertilizing machine was appeared over 90% reduction effect compared with control plot($17.3hr\;10a^{-1}$). In band spotty fertilization plots, the emergence date was delayed about 4 days and the seedling stand rate was decreased 11~18% compared with control plot(man power). The content of total nitrogen of soil after experiment was increased while the contents of organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable potassium were decreased than before experiment. The content of nitrogen forming nitrate was increased in band spotty fertilization(BSF) plots by increasing the amount of applied fertilizer from early growth stage till the middle growth stage. Growth rate was increased in band spotty fertilization plots and the absorbed amount of phosphate and potassium for peanut were increased in 70% band spotty fertilization plot compared with control plot. Yield of peanut was increased 70% in band spotty fertilization plot due to high pod kernel ratio and ripened pod rate compared with control plot($3,150kg\;ha^{-1}$). It was found that 70% band spotty fertilization was more effective as fertilization method to reduce both environmental pollution and chemical nitrogen fertilizer in plastic film mulching cultivation of peanut.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.170-176
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• 2016

Superintendents have used a silicate fertilizer to improve a resistance of turfgrass against several diseases, drought damage and wear stress. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of liquid fertilizer containing silicate (LFSi) on changes of turfgrass quality and growth by investigating visual quality, chlorophyll content-chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll, root length, shoot length, dry weight of clipping, and nutrient content in leaves tissue. Treatments were designed as follows; control fertilizer (CF), SiF-1 (CF + $1ml\;m^{-2}$ LFSi), SiF-2 (CF + $2ml\;m^{-2}$ LFSi), and SiF-3 (CF + $4ml\;m^{-2}$ LFSi). As compared with CF, soil chemical properties, visual turfgrass quality, chlorophyll content, and dry weight of clipping of LFSi treatments were not significantly. Contrastingly, shoot density, root length, and the content of nitrogen or potassium were increased by application of LFSi. The content of Si in the tissue was positively correlated with potassium content or shoot length, and similarly shoot density positively with chlorophyll content or visual quality, respectively. These results suggested that the application of LFSi improved the turfgrass quality by increasing shoot density or K content in leaf tissue of creeping bentgrass.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.731-735
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• 2015

The effects of liquid pig manure (LPM) on the yield and nutrient supply of green manure crops, such as hairy vetch alone and hairy vetch + rye mixture, were investigated. We used three treatments: no-fertilizer (NF); LPM, $4.0t10a^{-1}$ ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O=4.0-0.024-4.0kg10a^{-1}$); and chemical fertilizer (CF; $N-P_2O_5-K_2O=4.0-0-4.0kg10a^{-1}$). The green manure crops, namely, Vicia villosa Roth. (hairy vetch) and Secale cereale L. (rye). were sown on March 11 and harvested on June 24, 2014. Yield of green manure crops significantly increased in hairy vetch + rye mixture plot compared with the hairy vetch alone plot. In hairy vetch alone plot, yield of green manure crops was increased by application of LPM and CF, but there were no significant differences. Yield of green manure crops in hairy vetch + rye fresh mixture plot significantly increased by the LPM and CF treatments, but no difference was noted between the LPM and CF treatments. Nitrogen supply by the green manure crops was higher in hairy vetch + rye mixture plot than hairy vetch alone plot. However, there was no significant difference. Phosphorus and potassium supply significantly increased in hairy vetch + rye mixture plot compared with hairy vetch alone plot. By treating LPM and CF, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium supply were higher than those in no fertilizer. In conclusion, LPM could replace CF. When planting green manure crops, the hairy vetch + rye mixture was more effective than hairy vetch alone to effectively use green manure crops.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.209-217
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• 2004

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of applying times and dilution rates of cattle slurry on dry matter yields of orchard grass. Cattle slurry was applied at the rates of average mineral nitrogen fertilizer equivalent to 150 kg/ha/year in 3 cutting frequency. Significantly higher dry matter yields than that of no fertilization (3.04 ton DM/ha) were recorded in the application of diluted cattle slurry(5.38~6.25 ton DM/ha) (p<0.05). Especially, this tendency was shown with higher annual dry matter yields at the partitioned dressing times, such as at the applications for 1st and 2nd growth, 1st and 3rd growth, and 1st, 2nd and 3rd growth respectively. The yields of annual dry matter both at fertilizing phosphorus and potassium, and phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen were higher than no fertilization as 5.41 tons and 8.78 tons per ha respectively. However, with application of diluted cattle slurry, dry matter yield par year (5.84 ton DM/ha) was higher than those of fertilizing phosphorus and potassium. The efficiencies of dry matter production with mineral and cattle slurry nitrogen application (kg DM/kg N) were 225 and 15.8~18.7 kg DM/kg N respectively. Especially, these tendencies were higher in diluted application plots than in no-diluted application plots of cattle slurry.