• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.123-129
• /
• 1990

A comparative study of acid-base balance has been made between acidemia-induced hyperkalemia and hyperkalemia-induced acidemia. A group of rabbits was infused 0.1 N hydrochloric acid solution and metabolic acidosis was induced. Another group was administered 20 mM potassium chloride solution and hyperkalemia was induced. The third group was infused 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and 20 mM potassium chloride solution, simultaneously. Acid-base data and plasma potassium ion concentration were monitored every thirty minutes in these three groups of rabbits. Following results were obtained: 1 ) Along with the infusion of hydrochloric acid, acute metabolic acidosis was induced in the rabbits. Plasma bicarbonate ion concentration decreased primarily in this group. As a respiratory compensation, there was a tendency of reduction of arterial $Pco_{2}$. The alteration of data became larger along with the amount of administration and the time elapsed. However, hyperkalemia was not so severe compared with the second group. 2) In potassium chloride infused group, plasma potassium ion concentration increased along with the time elapsed and the amount of infusion. And the alteration of acid-base data was parrallel to the level of potassium ion concentration, above all depression of pH was prominent. 3) Above data suggest that when acute metabolic acidosis was induced, exchange of intracellular potassium ion with extracellular hydrogen ion seems significant for the regulation of extracellular acid-base balance. And when hyperkalemia was induced with the infusion of potassium chloride solution, the exchange of intracellular hydrogen ion with extracellular potassium ion also seems significant for the regulation of extracellular potassium balance. 4) In the group of rabbits infused hydrochloric acid and potassium simultaneously, disturbances of acid-base balance and potassium balance were much more severe than two other groups. In these mixed disturbances, the process of compensatory mechanism might be inhibited and one disturbance might aggregate each other. 5) Through above data it has been postulated that in acid-base disturbance potassium balance can be sacrificed as a compensatory mechanism, and vice versa in disturbance of potassium balance. And our data also suggest that hydrogen ion and potassium ion are compensatory pair, one another.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.24-29
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate sodium and potassium balances, as well as correlations among the relating factors in adult males and females. We collected blood, urine and feces samples as well as a dietary intake survey from 50 subjects. Then, we analyzed the sodium and potassium contents in blood, urine and feces, and evaluated their state of balance. The average ages of the study targets were 24.7 years old for males and 22.8 years old for females. The daily energy intake by the males was 1733.4 kcal and by the females was 1570.3 kcal. Sodium intakes were 138.3 mEq and 127.5 mEq for males and females, respectively. Potassium intakes were 43.1 mEq and 49.3 mEq, respectively. The daily excretions of sodium through urine were 136.6 mEq by males and 97.0 mEq by females and the excretions through feces were 2.2 mEq and 2.0 mEq, respectively. The daily excretions of potassium through urine were 20.2 mEq and 16.5 mEq by males and females respectively, and the excretions through feces were 7.7 mEq and 7.5 mEq male to female. The retention rates of sodium were 11.7% and 14.1% male to female, respectively, and the apparent absorption rates were 98.5% and 97.8%. Additionally, the retention rates of potassium were 32.9% and 39.8% and the apparent absorptions were 81.9% and 81.3%, both male and female. It was noted that, overall, the sodium intake of adult males and females is still higher than the recommended daily sodium intake, while the potassium intakes and excretions were found to be lower. Based on the results of this study, nutritional guidance and education is recommended to encourage decreased sodium intake and increased potassium intake, according to recommended standards.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.32-39
• /
• 1997

This study was desiged to investigate the effects of calcium supplementation on the metabolism of sodium and potassium and blood pressure in seven healthy college women, aged from 19 to 21 years old. For this purpose, metabolic studies were conducted for two weeks. During the first week, the subjects ate experimental diet of which nutrients composition was similar to their usual intake. And during the consecutive second week, they ate the same experimental diet supplemented with 500mg or calcium daily. The results were summarized as follows : 1) Urinary excretion of sodium was significantly increased(p<0.05), but fecal excretion and retention of it was not affected by supplementary intake of calcium. 2) Potassium balance was not changed after additional intake of calcium. 3) Serum sodium and potassium level decreased significantly(p<0.05), but aldosterone and renin levels in serum were not changed by additional intake of calcium. 4) Systolic blood pressure(SBP) was not affected, but diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was significantly decreased (p<0.05) by supplementation of calcium. The above results showed that daily supplementary intake of calcium can be effective to decrease diastolic blood pressure through inducing the change of sodium metabolism in young women eating usual Korean diets.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.140-146
• /
• 1999

When methanol was the sole carbon source, Methylobacterium organophilum NCIB 11278, a facultative methylotroph, accumulated Poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) as 59% (w/w) of dry cell weight under potassium limitation, 37% under sulfate limitation, and 33% under nitrogen limitation. Based on a stoichiometric analysis of PHB synthesis from methanol, it was suspected that PHB synthesis is accompanied by the overproduction of energy, either 6-10 ATP and 1 $FADH_2$ or 6 ATP and 3 NADPH to balance the NADH requirement, per PHB monomer. This was confirmed by observation of increased intracellular ATP levels during PHB accumulation. The intracellular ATP with limited potassium, sulfate, and ammonium increased to 0.185, 0.452, and 0.390 $\mu$moles ATP/g Xr (residual cell mass) during PHB accumulation, respectively. The intracellular ATP level under potassium limitation was similar to that when there was no nutrient limitation and no PHB accumulation, 0.152- 0.186 $\mu$moles ATP/g Xr. We propose that the maximum PHB accumulation observed when potassium was limited is a result of the energy balance during PHB accumulation. Microorganisms have high energy requirements under potassium limitation. Enhanced PHB accumulation, in ammonium and sulfate limited conditions with the addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol, which dissipates surplus energy, proves this assumption. With the addition of 1 mM of 2,4-dinitrophenol, the PHB content increased from 32.4% to 58.5% of dry cell weight when nitrogen limited and from 15.1 % to 31.0% of dry cell weight when sulfate limited.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제49권2호
• /
• pp.194-199
• /
• 2016

In an experiment conducted at the research field of the National Institute of Agricultural Science, we investigated the effects of mineral fertilizer and rice straw compost on exchangeable potassium and K balances, and rice grain yield under a rice single system. The treatments were no fertilization (No fert.), inorganic fertilization (N), inorganic fertilizer (N, P, K) plus rice straw compost at rates of 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, and $30.0ton\;ha^{-1}$ (NPKC7.5, NPKC15.0, NPKC22.5, and NPKC30.0, respectively). The inorganic fertilizers(N, P, K) were added with standard fertilizer application rate in which nitrogen (N), phosphate ($P_2O_5$), and potassium ($K_2O$) were applied with $75{\sim}150kg\;ha^{-1}$, $70{\sim}86kg\;ha^{-1}$, $75{\sim}86kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Exchangeable potassium for NPKC15.0 NPKC22.5, and NPK30.0 treatments was higher by $0.05{\sim}0.19cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ than that of NPKC7.5 treatment. Increasing levels of rice straw compost resulted in an increase in the K balance from - $19.9kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ (No fert.) to $41.9kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ at NPKC22.5 treatment and $62.9kg\;ha^{-1}$ at NPKC30.0 treatment. Continuous application of rice straw compost with NPK fertilizers affected significantly the rice grain yields. The result of the study imply that the application of more than $22.5ton\;ha^{-1}$ of rice straw compost with NPK fertilizers are recommended as the best fertilization practice for enhancement of crop production and K supplying power of soil in the continuous rice cropping system.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• 제37권4호
• /
• pp.539-548
• /
• 2010

Potassium ($K^+$) is one of the most abundant cations in higher plant. It comprises about 10% of plant dry weight and it plays roles in numerous functions such as osmo- and turgor regulation, charge balance of plasma membrane and control of stomata and organ movement. Several potassium transporters and potassium channels regulate $K^+$ homeostasis in response to $K^+$ uptake systems. In this review, we describe the biological, biochemical and physiological characteristics of shaker like potassium channels in higher plant. Especially, we searched the rice genome databases and analysized expressed genes, genome structures and protein domain characteristics of shaker like potassium channels.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제4권3호
• /
• pp.375-381
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate Na and K balances in healthy adult women. Anthropometric assessments, biochemical analysis of blood, 3-day dietary flood records and collections of 3-day food, 24-hr urine and faces were performed to evaluate intakes and excretions of Na and K in 20 college women living in Seoul. The mean BMI and blood pressure of the subjects were 21.08 and 110.25/67.50mmHg, respectively. Mean daily intake of energy was 1578.84kcal, 79% of Korean RDA. Also, daily intakes of Na and K ware 120.86mEq and 44.20mEq. The urinary and fecal excretions of Na were 99.88 and 4.45mEq/day, and those of K were 30.41 and 8.66mEq/day, respectively. The body retention, retention rate, and apparent absorption of Na were 17.11mEq, 13.23%, and 96.31%, and those of K were 5.82mEq, 8.69%, and 80.12%, respectively. The urinary and fecal Na/K ratio were 3.48 and 0.52. There were significantly positive correlations between 1) urinary Na, K excretions and intakes of Na or K, 2) urinary K and BMI, 3) serum K and serum globulin, and 4) urinary Na excretion and serum haptoglobin level, respectively. The results of this study show that Na intake was higher and K intake was lower than those of other advanced nations. Therefore, nutrition education show instruct people to reduce Na intake and to increase K intake.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.538-545
• /
• 1991

본 연구는 20~26세의 남자 대학생 8명을 대상으로 4주간 평상시와 같은 생활양식과 적정체중을 유지시키면서 각 대상자들이 섭취한 모든 음식과 배설한 대변 및 소변을 모두 수거하여 분석하므로서 sodium 및 potassium의 1인 1일당 섭취량과 배설량을 측정하였다. Sodium 및 potassium 섭취량은 원자흡광광도계로 측정한 실측치(measured)와, 식품분석표에 의거하여 얻은 환산치(conversed)와의 관계를 비교 검토하였다. 1일 1인당 환산한 sodium 섭취량은 $2.36{\pm}0.03g$으로 실측한 섭취량 $6.36{\pm}0.13g$에 비하여 약 63%나 낮았다. 1일 1인당 환산한 potassium 섭취량은 $1.71{\pm}0.03g$으로 실측한 섭취량 $1.87{\pm}0.05g$과 큰 차이가 없었다. 1일 1인당 소변으로의 sodium 배설량은 $5.49{\pm}0.19g$으로 이는 총 sodium 섭취량의 86%이었고, 대변으로의 sodium 배설량은 $0.24{\pm}0.02g$으로 이는 총 sodium 섭취량의 3.7%이었다. 1일 1인당 소변으로의 potassium 배설량은 $1.33{\pm}0.08g$으로 이는 총 potassium 섭취량의 71%이었고, 대변으로의 potassium 배설량은 $0.45{\pm}0.03g$으로 이는 총 potassium 섭취량의 24%이었다. 뇨중 Na/K 배설 비율은 $4.3{\pm}0.1$이었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 1974

가리추비(加里追肥)의 영양학적(營養學的) 해명(解明)으로 수경조건(水耕條件)에서 생육기별(生育期別) 2 또는 3 주간(週間)의 가리(加里) 결제(缺除)가 수도(水稻)의 가리(加里) 및 기타 영양(營養)에 미치는 효과(效果)를 진흥(振興)과 IR 667 일차원(一水原) 214를 사용(使用) 조사(調査)하였다. 가리함량(加里含量), 부위간(部位間) 가리비율(加里比率), 상대가리함량(相對加里含量) $-K/+K{\times}100$) 및 가리(加里)와 타양분간(他養分間)의 균형(均衡) (K/N 및 K/Ca+Mg)에 의(依)하여 다음 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1) 수도(水稻)는 가리결핍(加里缺乏)에 가장 민감(敏感)한 세 시기(時期)를 갖으며 그 순(順)은 유수형성기(幼穗形成期)(출수전(出穗前) 20~30일(日)) 분(分)얼 초기(初期)(이앙후(移秧後) 15~25일(日))와 출수기(出穗期)이다. 2) IR 667은 진흥(振興)보다 가리결핍(加里缺乏)에 민감(敏感)하며 가리흡수(加里吸收)의 저하(低下)로 특(特)히 생육초기(生育初期)에 심(甚)하다. 3) IR667의 엽초는 진흥(振興)에서 보다 가리장저(加里藏貯)의 역할(役割)이 큰것같다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.7-16
• /
• 1989

To determine the effect of sodium plus potassium to chloride ratio and lysine level on blood pH, blood acid-base parameters, lysine-arginine antagonism and growth performance, four hundred and thirty two chicks of 3 days age were used in a completely randomized $3{\times}3$ factorial experiment. Variables contained three levels of lysine (0.8, 1.2 and 1.6%) and dietary electrolyte (100, 200 and 300 mEq/kg). Birds fed 200 mEq/kg and electrolyte had the best growth rate and feed efficiency, followed by those fed 300 mEq/kg and 100 mEq/kg electrolyte. It is proposed that high levels of dietary electrolyte may improve the growth of chicks fed diets containing excess lysine by increasing lysine catabolism. High or low levels of lysine and dietary electrolyte resulted in higher mortality than those of optimum level (1.2%) of lysine and 200 mEq/kg of electrolyte balance. When the electrolyte level was increased, the pH, $pCO_2$, base excess, $HCO_3{^-}$ and total $CO_2$ of blood plasma were increased. The utilization of nutrients was changed when the electrolyte and lysine were manipulated. Plasma chloride tended to be greater in chicks receiving high chloride diet and was the highest in chicks fed the high lysine diet. Plasma sodium and potassium were unaffected by dietary lysine. Diet containing high lysine decreased the level of arginine and excess dietary electrolyte increased arginine level in plasma. It may be concluded that cation supplementation tended to alleviate the lysine-arginine antagonism but chloride exacerbated. Tibia bone length and ash contents were significantly affected by electrolyte balance and lysine level.