• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1181-1187
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• 2003

Condensation of 4-cyano-5,6-dimethyl-3-pyridazinone 1 with aromatic aldehydes gave the novel styryl derivatives 2a-c. Refluxing of compound 2a with phosphorus oxychloride furnished 3-chloropyridazine derivative 3. Compound 3 was reacted with thiourea and produced pyridazine-3(2H)thione 4. Thieno[2,3-c]- pyridazines 5a-e were achieved by cycloalkylation of compound 4 with halocompounds in methanol under reflux and in the presence of sodium methoxide. Also, refluxing of compound 4 with N-substituted chloroacetamide in the presence of potassium carbonate afforded thienopyridazines 6a-e. Cyclization of compound 6 with some electrophilic reagents as carbon disulfide and triethyl orthoformate furnished the novel pyrimido[4',5':4,5]thieno[2,3-c]pyridazines 12 and 13a-c, respectively. Diazotisation of compound 6 with sodium nitrite in acetic acid produced the pyridazino[4',3':4,5]thieno[3,2-d][1,2,3]triazines 14a-c. Ternary condensation of compound 1, aromatic aldehydes and malononitrile in ethanol containing piperidine under reflux afforded the novel phthalazines 16a-c. Compound 3 was subjected to some nucleophilic substitution reactions with amines and sodium azide and formed the aminopyridazines 17a, b and tetrazolo[1,5-b]-pyridazine 19, respectively. The structures of the synthesized compounds were established by elemental and spectral analyses.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.120-131
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• 2006

Recently, it has been reported that chemical hair coloring can cause allergic reactions, the toxicity issue of chemical hair color was issued. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in the hair coloration technique using non-toxic and bio-compatible hair color gotten from natural resource. In this study, the possibility using fermented Indigo as natural hair coloring agent was investigated. Bleached hair samples were dyed using Indigo, and the effect of dyeing frequency, the physical change after dyeing, color, surface and cross-section characteristics, and tensile property were also studied. In addition, the protection property of cationic detergent finishing on damaged hair samples were also studied. The following conclusions are made; 1. While bleached hair samples with low value showed the negligible effect of repeated dyeing, bleached hair samples with high value showed the good effect of repeated dyeing. 2. Hair sample dyed with Indigo showed a high light-fastness, however, tensile strength and elongation showed very low values (high damage on hair sample). 3. Cationic detergent finishing did not affect on the colorfastness because of decoloration after dyeing, however, it increased the smoothness of hair sample, and therefore, can use as protectant of damaged hair. 4. Hair scale was damaged after dyeing. It seemed that the alkali, potassium carbonate, increased pH of dyeing bath to 11, as a result, the hair was swollen, weaken, and dissolved on the prolonged dyeing time. Dyed hair sample became stiff and fine. 5. The color difference was 4.62 (a high fastness value) in the test of sunlight exposure, shampoo, cationic detergent finishing, and acid perspiration fastness.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.152-158
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• 1976

전분박을 첨가한 왕겨및 볏짚의 산당화액을 이용하여 효모생육조건을 검토하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 왕겨와 볏짚에 전분박을 첨가하여 당화시킴으로써 당화액의 당농도가 각각 9.12%, 7.98%까지 증가되었다. 2. 산당화액을 중화할 때 사용한 중화제로서는 CaCO$_3$, Ca(OH)$_2$, NH$_4$OH순으로 효모생육이 좋았다. 3. 당화액을 기질로 하여 무기영양요구성을 검토한 결과 (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$0.3%, $K_2$HPO$_4$0.4%, MgSO$_4$ㆍ7$H_2O$0.02%, NaCl 0.02%, CaCl$_2$0.02%를 가하였을 때 효모의 생육도가 가장 좋았다. 4. 전분박을 첨가한 왕겨와 볏짚의 당화액을 기질로 하여 효모를 배양하였을 때 48시간 이내에 각각 91.2% 90.8%의 당을 소화하였고 당에 대한 수율은 각각 46.5 %, 45.4%이었다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2016

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the degree of metal contamination of the Turag River water and its suitability for irrigation. Twenty water samples were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and metals viz., calcium, magnesium, potassium (K), sodium, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni). All water samples were slightly alkaline to alkaline. Regarding electrical conductivity (EC), all samples were suitable for crop in soils with moderate permeability and leaching. Water samples were medium salinity and low alkalinity hazard classes. In terms of total dissolved solids (TDS), all samples were classified as freshwater. As per sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and soluble sodium percentage (SSP), all samples were classified as excellent. No residual sodium carbonate (RSC) was detected in any of the samples, indicating suitability for irrigation; and all samples were considered very hard. Cr and Mn contents in all samples were above FAO guideline values and, therefore, these metals were considered toxic. Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Ni concentrations were below acceptable limit for irrigation and do not pose a threat to soil environment. Significant relationships were found between EC and TDS, SAR and SSP, SAR and RSC, and SSP and RSC. The combinations of ions such as K-Zn, K-Fe, K-Cu, K-Mn, K-Pb, Zn-Fe, Zn-Cu, Zn-Mn, Fe-Mn, Cu-Mn, Cu-Pb and Mn-Pb exhibited significant correlation. This study revealed that Turag River water samples are contaminated with Cr and Mn. This fact should not be ignored because water contamination by metals may pose a threat to human health through food chain.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.993-998
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• 2011

기액 흡수평형(VLE)장치를 사용하여 연소전 조건에서 흡수용액인 $K_2CO_3$의 이산화탄소 흡수능 및 초기흡수속도를 측정하였다. 흡수실험은 온도 $40{\sim}80^{\circ}C$, 이산화탄소 압력 0~50기압 범위에서 수행되었으며, 또한 흡수용액 중 $K_2CO_3$ 농도에 따른 흡수능 변화도 조사하였으며 이때 농도변화는 5~20%이었다. 실험결과, 흡수용액 중 $K_2CO_3$ 농도가 증가할수록 이산화탄소 흡수능과 초기흡수속도는 증가하였으며, 반응온도에 따른 초기흡수속도는 $40^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높았다. $K_2CO_3$ 흡수용액의 흡수능을 증진시키기 위해 Piperazine과 homopiperazine을 각각 첨가하여 흡수 실험한 결과 Piperazine을 첨가한 경우가 이산화탄소 흡수능을 다소 증진시킴을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.283-290
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• 1981

N,N-디메틸포름아미드용매내 반응온도 50∼$90^{\circ}C$범위에서 과량의 슈크로오스와 라우르산, 미리스트산, 팔미트산, 스테아르산 그리고 올레산등 5종의 지방산 메틸에스테르와의 에스테르 교환반응에서 반응속도를 측정하여 반응속도정수, 활성화파라미터등을 구하여 고찰하였다. 이 반응은 본 실험범위내에서 유사 1차반응으로 진행하고 반응의 순서는 주로 메틸에스테르의 지방산기의 구조변화에 의존하면 라우르산메틸, 미리스트산메틸, 팔미트산메틸 올레산메틸 그리고 스테아르산 메틸의 순으로 반응되기 힘들어지는 엔탈피조절반응이라 생각된다. 한편 이들 각각의 활성화에너지는 9.3, 9.9, 10.3, 10.9 그리고 11.1 kcal/mole이 얻어졌다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2007

Paper sludges collected from three different paper mills were physico-chemically analyzed in order to use them as raw materials for making bed soils and seedling pots. The sludge from a fine paper mill contained lots of inorganic pigment particles used for coating, as those from a newsprint mill and a tissue mill had not. It was clearly through XRD analysis confirmed that all sludges included calcium carbonate. The paper sludge from the tissue mill contained the greatest amount of particles, which would contribute to water absorption and nutrient storage. The sludge from the fine paper mill had the highest density due to many inorganic elements. While the ash content and the total nitrogen content were the highest in the sludge from the fine paper mill, the C/N ratio was the lowest in the fine paper mill sludge. All sludges seemed to have insufficient contents of potassium. The sludges from the newsprint mill and the tissue mill showed more silicon contents than that from the fine paper mill. It was concluded that the sludge from the fine paper mill would be able to be the most efficient raw materials for making bed soils and seedling pots and the other two sludges would be more efficient for intensive culture for crops such as rice and grain with additional supplement of nitrogen and other nutrients.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2010

After observing various changed colors by some dyeing conditions in case of the Indio and Indigo Pulberata Levis, we had below result. 1. Best reduction temperature for Indigo was $50^{\circ}C$, and the reduction temperature had an effect on level dyeing and dye-uptake. For the Indigo Pulberata Levis, best reduction temperature was $60^{\circ}C$, and best reduction time for Indigo was 20 minutes, for the Indigo Pulberata Levis was 30~40 minutes. 2. Both Indigo and Indigo Pulberata Levis showed high K/S without using alkali, but it was almost not possible to be dyed without reduction agent. The best amount of potassium carbonate concentration and soldium hydrosulfite concentration was $2{\sim}3g/{\ell}$ and $2g/{\ell}$ each for dyeing. 3. The best dyeing temperature for Indigo was $30^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ for Indigo Pulberata Levis. 4. In case of Indigo, K/S increased slightly at $5g/{\ell}$ concentration. Thus, $5g/{\ell}$ is efficient amount. However, it needed $50g/{\ell}$ to increase K/S for Indigo Pulberata Levis. It tells that we need a lot of Indigo Pulberata Levis for dyeing dark color. 5. Indigo dyed cotton looked more greener than silk. Since silk absorbs lots of red color, it looked strong red color. However, Indigo Pulberata Levis looked greenish on both cotton and silk. 6. Since the hue's range of Munsell's value was PB for both Indigo and Indigo Puberata Levis, we are able to know that red color's indirubin is contained as well as blue color's indigo.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.569-573
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• 2014

We demonstrate a low-cost, superbly efficient way of etching for the nano-, and micro-sized pyramid patterns on (100)-oriented Si wafer surfaces for use as a patterned master. We show a way of producing functional optical films for the viewing angle direction brightness-enhancement of Lambertian LED (light emitting diode)/OLED (organic light emitting diode) planar lighting applications. An optimally formulated KOH (Potassium hydroxide) wet etching process enabled random-positioned, and random size-distributed (within a certain size range) pyramid patterns to be developed over the entire (100) silicon wafer substrates up to 8" and a simple replication process of master patterns onto the PC (poly-carbonate) and PMMA (poly-methyl methacrylate) films were performed. Haze ratio values were measured for several film samples exhibiting excellent values over 90% suitable for LED/OLED lighting purposes. Brightness was also improved by 13~14% toward the viewing angle direction. Computational simulations using LightTools$^{TM}$ were also carried out and turned out to be in strong agreement with experimental data. Finally, we could check the feasibility of fabricating low-cost, large area, high performance optical films for commercialization.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.579-584
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• 2011

Sulfonated poly (ether sulfone)s containing BFBN were prepared from 2,3-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-2-butenedinitrile , 4,4-sulfonyldiphenol and sulfonated 4,4'-difluorodiphenylsulfone sodium salt using potassium carbonate, and followed acidification reaction with 1M $H_2SO_4$. BFBN was prepared from 4-fluorobenzylcyanide, $CCl_4$, NaOH using trimethylbenzylammoniumchloride . Sulfonated poly(ether sulfone)s containing BFBN were studied by FT-IR, $^1H$-NMR spectroscopy, and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The water uptake of synthesized S-PBFBN membranes exhibit 31~62% compared with 28% of Nafion 211. The S-PBFBN membranes exhibit proton conductivities ($80^{\circ}C$, RH 100) of 53.8~117.4 mS/cm compared with 137.4 mS/cm of Nafion 211.