• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2019

The supplementation level of barley was limited because of high contents of fiber in monogastric animals. Barley contained high soluble fiber, thus it could prevent to diarrhea of weaning pigs. Moreover, as the barley break down by enzymes, free sugars come out from the barley, which could be used as an energy source in weaning pigs and replace milk by-products in weaning pig's diet. Therefore, present study was conducted to investigate the influence of barley to replace milk by-product in weaning pig's diet on growth performance, blood profile, nutrient digestibility, diarrhea incidence, and economic analysis in weaning pigs. A total of 112 crossbred ($[Yorkshire{\times}Landrace]{\times}Duroc$, weaned at 28 days of age) piglets were allotted to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Each treatment has 7 replications with 4 pigs per pen. Pigs were fed each treatment diet which containing different levels of barley (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) at the expense of whey powder and lactose. Three phase feeding programs were used for 6 weeks of growth trial (phase 1: 0-2 weeks; phase 2: 3-4 weeks; phase 3: 5-6 weeks). During 0-2 week, body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and G:F ratio were decreased as barley level increased in the diet (linear response, p < 0.01). In blood profile, blood urea nitrogen was decreased as the barley level increased in the diet (linear, p < 0.01). However, no significant differences were observed in blood glucose level. In nutrient digestibility, crude fat digestibility was linearly increased as barley increased (linear, p < 0.01). The incidence of diarrhea was improved as increasing barley contents in all phases (linear, p < 0.01). These results demonstrated that supplementation of barley to replace milk by-product influenced negatively on growth performance during 0-2 week. However, the incidence of diarrhea and later growth performance from 3 week postweaning were improved as dietary barley level increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.608-619
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• 1998

The small and the large intestine of swine represent the organs that extract nutrients from feedstuffs through digestion and fermentation and that allow their absorption and incorporation into the blood circulation. Special attention is directed towards the small intestine of young pigs since the transition to a solid diet at weaning exerts major impacts on the structural and functional integrity of the small intestine. Dietary factors involved in postweaning changes of gut morphology and biochemistry such as removal of bioactive compounds in sows milk at weaning, anti-nutritional factors in weaner diets, dietary fiber and the role of voluntary feed intake will be elucidated. The microbial function of the large intestine which is carried out by a diverse population of microorganisms is dependent on substrate availability. Short chain fatty acids as main fermentation products contribute to the energy supply of the host but they are also important for the maintenance of the morphological and functional integrity of the epithelium in the colon. As a result of bacterial nitrogen assimilation in the large intestine, nitrogen is shifted from the urinary to the fecal excretion route thus saving metabolic energy to the pig because less ammonia would become available for conversion to urea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1435-1439
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of creep feed with different energy densities on litter performance. A total of 30 sows (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) and their litters were randomly assigned with 1, 2, or 3+parities into 1 of 3 treatments (10 sows). Dietary treatments were: i) CON (no creep feed), ii) LE (creep feed (DE 4,000 kcal/kg) from 5 d of age until weaning (21 d)), and iii) HE (creep feed (DE 5,000 kcal/kg) from 5 d of age until weaning). Each piglet was weighed at d 5, 10, 15, 21 (weaning), and d 7 postweaning to determine ADG. Creep feeding reduced concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol compared with those in CON group (p<0.05). Creep feeding reduced (p<0.05) the weaning-to-oestrus interval in sows. Piglets in the HE groups evidenced greater ADG (p = 0.024) and ADFI (p = 0.001) post-weaning than those in CON treatments. Creep feeding decreased (p<0.05) the suckling time of piglet in this study. In conclusion, creep feeding increased growth and feed intake of pigs after weaning. It can decrease the oestrus interval of sows. There was no difference between providing a high energy or a low energy creep fed diet to the piglets.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 1987

본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 1978년(年)부터 1983년(年)까지 국립종축원(國立種畜院)에서 사육(飼育)된 Landrace, Hampshire, Large Yorkshire 및 Duroc 종(種) 54 두(頭)의 종모돈(種牡豚)에서 생산(生産)된 253 두(頭)의 웅돈(雄豚)의 자료(資料)를 이용(利用)하여 이유전체중(離乳前體重)과 이유후형질(離乳後形質)에 대한 품종(品種), 종모돈(種牡豚), 산차(産次), 년도(年度) 및 분만월(分娩月)이 미치는 효과(效果)를 추정(推定)하였던바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 이유전체중(離乳前體重)에 대한 품종(品種)의 효과(效果)는 생시체중(生時體重), 21 일령체중(日齡體重) 및 56 일령체중(日齡體重)에서 고도(高度)의 유의적(有意的)(P<.01)인 차이(差異)가 있었으며, 산차(産次)의 효과(效果)는 56 일령체중(日齡體重)에서만 고도(高度) 유의적(有意的)(P<.01)인 차이(差異)가 있었다. 2. 이유전체중(離乳前體重)에서 품종별(品種別)로는 생시체중(生時體重)에서 Duroc 종(種)이 $1.593{\pm}0.001kg$로 가장 무거웠고, 21 일령(日齡) 및 56 일령체중(日齡體重)에서는 Landrace 종(種)이 각각(各各) $6.227{\pm}0.199$ 및 $18.590{\pm}0.493kg$로 가장 우수하였다. 3. 이유후형질(離乳後形質)에 대한 품종(品種)의 효과(效果)는 일당증체량(日當增體量), 사료요구율(飼料要求率), 등지방두께 및 90 kg 도달일령(到達日齡)에서 고도(高度)의 유의적(有意的)(P<0.01)인 차이(差異)가 있었으며, 산차(産次)의 효과(效果)에서는 등지방두께에서만 유의적(有意的)(P<.05)인 차이(差異)가 인정(認定)되었다. 4. 이유후형질(離乳後形質)에 있어서 품종별(品種別)로는 일당증체량(日當增體量) 및 사료요구율(飼料要求率)에서 Duroc 종(種)이 각각(各各) $876.279{\pm}8.198g$ 및 $2.754{\pm}0.198$로 가장 우수하였고, 등지방두께는 Hampshire 종(種)이 $1.969{\pm}0.198cm$로 가장 우수하였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.1076-1085
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• 2021

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of spray-dried plasma (SDP) supplementation during late gestation and lactation on productive performance and immune responses of sows and their litters. Twelve sows (227.78 ± 2.16 kg average body weight; 2.0 average parity) were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments: a basal diet (CON) and the basal diet supplemented with 1% SDP. Sows were fed experimental diets from d 30 before farrowing to weaning of their piglets. Blood samples were collected from sows on d 1, 3, and 7 of lactation and from two randomly selected nursing pigs per litter on d 3 and 7 after birth, and d 1, 3, and 7 after weaning. Productive performance and immune responses of sows and their piglets were measured. There was a trend of less body weight loss in sows supplemented with SDP (p < 0.10) during the lactation period and a trend of greater (p < 0.10) average daily gain in SDP piglets compared to those in the CON group. Sows in the SDP group tended to have lower (p < 0.10) serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and cortisol on d 3 and lower serum concentration of TNF-α on d 7 compared with sows in CON group. In comparison with CON piglets, piglets from SDP sows tended to have lower (p < 0.10) serum concentrations of TNF-α, TGF-β1, and cortisol on d 7 after birth, lower (p < 0.10) serum TNF-α and C-reactive protein on d 3 and 7 after weaning, and greater (p < 0.10) average daily gain after weaning. Moreover, weaned pigs from sows fed SDP had significantly lower (p < 0.05) serum concentrations of cortisol and TGF-β1 on d 3 and 7 postweaning, respectively, than CON piglets. In conclusion, SDP supplementation in sow diets from late gestation to weaning improved the productive performance of sows and their offspring; the beneficial effects of SDP may be mediated in part through modulation of immune responses of both sows and piglets.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.51-60
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• 1987

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 1978년(年)부터 1983년(年)까지 국립종축원(國立種畜院)에서 사육(飼育)된 Landrace, Hampshire, Large Yorkshire 및 Duroc 종(種) 54 두(頭)의 종모돈(種牡豚)에서 생산(生産)된 253 두(頭)의 웅돈(雄豚)의 검정자료(檢定資料)를 이용(利用)하여 이유전(離乳前) 체중(體重)과 이유후(離乳後) 형질(形質)에 대한 유전력(遺傳力)과 유전상관(遺傳相關) 및 표현형상관(表現型相關)을 추정(推定)하였던바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 유전력(遺傳力) 추정치에 있어서는 이유전체중(離乳前體重)인 생시체중(生時體重), 21 일령체중(日齡體重) 및 56 일령체중(日齡體重)에서 각각(各各) $0.233{\pm}0.160$, $0.485{\pm}0.185$ 및 $0.758{\pm}0.214$이었으며, 이유후체중(離乳後體重)인 일당증체량(日當增體量), 사과요구율(飼科要求率), 등지방(脂肪)두께, 90 kg 도달일령(到達日齡) 및 선발지수(選拔指數)에서 각각(各各) $0.270{\pm}0.164$, $0.350{\pm}0.174$, $0.272{\pm}0.165$, $0.887{\pm}0.221$ 및 $0.565{\pm}0.195$이었다. 2. 유전상관(遺傳相關) 추정치(推定値)에 있어서는 생시체중(生時體重)과 21 일령체중(日齡體重) 및 56 일령체중간(日齡體重間)에 각각(各各) 0.349 및 0.198 이었으며, 21 일령체중(日齡體重)과 56 일령체중간(日齡體重間)에는 0.907이었고, 일당증체중(日當增體重)과 사료요구율(飼料要求率), 등지방층(脂肪層)두께, 90 kg 도달일령(到達日齡) 및 선발지수간(選拔指數間)의 유전상관(遺傳相關) 각각(各各) -0.552, 0.107, -0.903 및 0.71 이었으며, 사료요구율(飼料要求率)과 등지방층(脂肪層)두께, 90 kg 도달일령(到達日齡) 및 선발지수간(選拔指數間)의 유전상관(遺傳相關)은 각각(各各) -0.058, 0.699 및 -0.942이었고, 등지방층(脂肪層)두께와 90 kg 도달일령(到達日齡) 및 선발지수간(選拔指數間)의 유전상관(遺傳相關)은 각각(各各) -0.237, -0.025 이었다. 3. 표현형상관(表現型相關) 추정치(推定値)에 있어서는 생시체중(生時體重)과 21 일령체중(日齡體重) 및 56 일령체중간(日齡體重間)에 각각(各各) 0.341, 0.287이었고, 21 일령체중(日齡體重)과 56 일령체중간(日齡體重間)에는 0.893이었으며, 일당증체량(日當增體量)과 사료요구율(飼料要求率), 등지방층(脂肪層)두께, 90 kg 도달일령(到達日齡) 및 선발지수간(選拔指數間)의 표현형상관(表現型相關) 각각(各各) -0.062, 0.093, -0.651 및 0.540이었고, 사료요구율(飼料要求率)과 등지방층(脂肪層)두께, 90 kg 도달일령(到達日齡) 및 선발지수간(選拔指數間)의 표현형상관(表現型相關)은 각각(各各) 0.105, 0.601 및 -0.613이었으며, 등지방층(脂肪層)두께와 90 kg 도달일령(到達日齡) 및 선발지수간(選拔指數間)의 표현형상관(表現型相關) 각각(各各) -0.040, -0.416 이었다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.50-57
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• 2015

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an important infectious swine virus causing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). PCV2 capsid protein, encoded by ORF2 has type-specific epitopes, is very immunogenic, and is associated with the induction of neutralizing antibodies. For the efficient production of capsid protein, recombinant Autographa californica nucleopolyhedroviruses were generated to express ORF2 fused with two forms of a partial polyhedrin. Recombinant capsid protein was produced successfully with the partial polyhedrin fusion form and the yield was high, as was shown by SDS-PAGE. Production of recombinant capsid proteins in insect cells was confirmed by Western blot analysis using anti-His monoclonal antibody, anti-ORF2 monoclonal antibody, and anti-PCV2 porcine serum. Fusion expression with amino acids 19 to 110 of the polyhedrin increased the production of recombinant capsid protein, but fusion with amino acids 32 to 85 did not. Additionally, PCV2 capsid protein is a glycoprotein; however, the glycosylation of recombinant protein was not observed. The results of an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that recombinant capsid proteins could be utilized as antigens for fast, large-scale diagnosis of PCV2-infected pigs. Our results suggest that the fusion expression of partial polyhedrin is able to increase the production of recombinant PCV2 capsid protein in insect cells.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.259-268
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• 2004

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) has been associated with various disease in pigs worldwide including postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). In this study, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against PCV were produced, characterized and applications of MAbs as diagnostic reagents were described. Spleen or lymph node cells from BALB/c mouse immunized respectively with PCV-1, PCV-2 or expressed PCV-2/ORF2 proteins in baculovirus were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hybridoma cells producing PCV-1 or PCV-2-specific antibody were screened by an indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test. A total of fifteen MAbs were produced against PCV. Six MAbs were PCV-1-specific and nine were PCV-2-specific. All PCV-1-specific MAbs reacted with only PCV-1 and all PCV-2-specific MAbs were reactive with only PCV-2 by IIF test. None of the MAbs was reactive with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine rotavirus (PRV), and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). Some PCV-2-specific MAbs recognized the PCV-2 infected porcine tissues by IIF or immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. From this experiment, it was confirmed that MAbs produced in this study were PCV-specific and could be used as reliable diagnostic reagents for PCV-1/PCV-2 detection and differentiation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.482-488
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• 2019

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs. Replicase (Rep) proteins are considered essential for viral replication. Capsid (Cap) protein is the primary immunogenic protein that induces protective immunity. Little is known about comparison on the immunogenicity of PCV2 Rep and Cap fusion protein and Cap protein. In the present study, recombinant baculoviruses expressing the Rep-Cap fusion protein (Bac-Rep-Cap) and the Cap protein (Bac-Cap) of PCV2 were constructed and confirmed with western blot and indirect fluorescence assay. Immunogenicities of the two recombinant proteins were tested in mice. The titers of antibodies were determined with a PCV2-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a serum neutralization assay. The $IFN-{\gamma}$ response of immunized mice was measured by ELISA. The mice immunized with the Bac-Rep-Cap and Bac-Cap successfully produced Cap-specific immunoreaction. The mice immunized with the Bac-Cap developed higher PCV2-specific neutralizing antibody titers than mice injected with the Bac-Rep-Cap. $IFN-{\gamma}$ in the Bac-Rep-Cap group was increased compared to those in the Bac-Cap group. Vaccination of mice with the Bac-Rep-Cap showed significantly decreased protective efficacy compared to the Bac-Cap. Our findings will indubitably not only lead to a better understanding of the immunogenicity of PCV2, but also improved vaccines.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1312-1318
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• 2002

A feeding trial using sows and their neonates was conducted to determine the effects of source and level of organic trace mineral supplementation on reproductive performance of sows and the subsequent performance of their neonates through 2 wk post weaning. A total of 16 gestating sows ($Landrace{\times}$Yorkshire) in parities 2 to 4 were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments following a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. One of the two factors evaluated the effect of the source (inorganic vs organic), and the second factor evaluated the effect of the level (low vs high) of trace minerals added to the diet. The trace mineral premixes were formulated to provide a low concentration of trace minerals (50 ppm Fe/87.5 ppm Fe, 17.5 ppm Cu/85 ppm Cu, 45 ppm Zn/60 ppm Zn, and 20 ppm Mn/17.5 ppm Mn), and a high concentration of trace minerals (100 ppm Fe/175 ppm Fe, 35 ppm Cu/170 ppm Cu, 90 ppm Zn/120 ppm Zn, 40 ppm Mn/35 ppm Mn), when included at 0.20% in sows'/weaned pigs' diets, respectively. The total number born, total born alive and weaned, and the average neonate weight at birth were affected neither by the dietary source nor by the level of trace minerals (p>0.05), but an interaction effect (p<0.05) between the source and level of trace minerals was observed on the average weight at weaning. The neonates from sows fed the low level of organic trace minerals gained weight at an equal rate compared with those farrowed by sows fed the high level of inorganic trace minerals. Sows fed the organic trace minerals nursed their young with milk higher in Fe and Zn (p<0.05) compared with those fed diets with inorganic trace minerals. Consequently, the weaned pigs receiving the organic form of trace minerals tended to grow at a faster rate, consumed less feed and tended to utilize their feed more efficiently (p<0.10). It was further observed that the organic trace minerals significantly increased (p<0.05) Fe contents in the liver and serum, and Zn in the serum and bone. In conclusion, sows and neonates fed the organic minerals at low level showed similar performance compared with those fed the inorganic minerals at high level as specified in this study.