• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.235-239
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• 2007

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is believed to be a benign disease. However, numerous studies have reported serious complications related to SIH, including subdural hematoma. In this case report, a 54-year-old male patient visited the emergency room with orthostatic headache. A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study showed diffuse mild thickening and enhancement of pachymeninges, with a suspicious minimal amount of subdural fluid collected in the left posterior parietal area. His orthostatic headache showed no improvement with conservative treatment; but his pain was almost completely relieved after two trials of cervical epidural blood patch. On the 74th day after the onset of his pain, the patient showed a drowsy mental status and slurred speech when he visited the pain clinic. Brain computerized tomography indicated a left subdural hemorrhage, and he underwent emergency operation to drain the SDH. In conclusion, pain clinicians should pay attention to abrupt changes in mental status as well as continuous headache, for the early diagnosis of SDH in SIH patients.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.350-359
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• 2023

The suboccipital triangle (ST) is a clinically relevant landmark in the posterior aspect of the neck and is used to locate and mobilize the horizontal segment of the third part of the vertebral artery before it enters the cranium. Unfortunately, this space is not always a viable option for vertebral artery exposition, and consequently a novel triangle, the inferior suboccipital triangle (IST) has been defined. This alternative triangle will allow surgeons to locate the artery more proximally, where its course is more predictable. The purpose of this study was to better define the anatomy of both triangles by measuring their borders and calculating their areas. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Pretoria (reference number: 222/2021) and both triangles were subsequently dissected out on both the left and right sides of 33 formalin-fixed human adult cadavers. The borders of each triangle were measured using a digital calliper and the areas were calculated using Herons Formula. The average area of the ST is 969.82±153.15 mm², while the average area of the IST is 307.48±41.31 mm². No statistically significant differences in the findings were observed between the sides of the body, ancestry, or sex of the cadavers. Measurement and analysis of these triangles provided important anatomical information and speak to their clinical relevance as surgical landmarks with which to locate the vertebral artery. Of particular importance here is the IST, which allows for mobilisation of this artery more proximally, should the ST be occluded.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2024

This study aimed to objectively classify the lateral torso posture types and functions of older women. We used 3D body scan data of 119 women aged 70-85 years from the 6th SizeKorea project. First, we defined three torso axes to represent the lateral torso posture types: posterior waist-back, back-cervical, and whole torso axes. Next, we asked experts to select one of four lateral torso posture types-stooped, straight, leaning back, and swayback postures-by looking at the lateral photographic data of 119 older women. To identify the axis that best represented each lateral torso posture type, a discriminant analysis was conducted using the angle of each of the three torso axes as an independent variable and an expert's visual classification as a dependent variable. Based on the analysis, the whole torso and backcervical axis angles were selected as variables for judging lateral torso posture types. Subsequently, we developed a classification function to determine which of the four lateral torso posture types of a particular participant was applicable for a new individual. The method developed in this study is significant in that it enables the objective classification of the lateral torso postures types of older women.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.503-508
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• 2018

Objective : Anterior odontoid screw fixation is a safe and effective method for the treatment of odontoid fractures. The surgical technique is recommended for perforation of the apical cortex of the dens by the lag screw. However, overpenetration of the apical cortex may lead to potentially serious complications such as damages of adjacent vascular and neural structures. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) scan to evaluate the safe margin beyond dens tip to ventral dura for anterior odontoid screw fixation. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the three-dimensional CT scans of the cervical spines in 55 consecutive patients at our trauma center. The patients included 38 males and 17 females aged between 22 and 73 years (mean age${\pm}$standard deviation, $45.8{\pm}14.2years$). Using sagittal images of 3-dimensional CT scan, the safe margins beyond dens tip to ventral dura as well as the appropriate screw length were measured. Results : The mean width of the apical dens tip was $9.6{\pm}1.1mm$. The mean lengths from the screw entry point to the apical dens tip and posterior end of dens tip were $39.2{\pm}2.6mm$ and $36.6{\pm}2.4mm$. The safe margin beyond apical dens tip to ventral dura was $7.7{\pm}1.7mm$. However, the safe margin beyond the posterior end of dens tip to ventral dura was decreased to $2.1{\pm}3.2mm$, which was statistically significant (p<0.01). There were no significant differences of safe margins beyond dens tip to ventral dura with patient gender and age. Conclusion : Extension by several millimeters beyond the dens tip is safe, if the trajectory of anterior odontoid screw is targeted at the apical dens tip. However, if the trajectory of the screw is targeted to the posterior end of dens tip, extension beyond dens tip may lead to damage immediately adjacent to the vental dura mater.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.44-54
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• 2022

다수 치아의 상실 상태로 장시간 지속시 구치부 지지의 부족 및 치아들의 과정출이 발생되어 교합 부조화, 수직고경 상실 및 기능 장애 등의 심각한 문제가 초래된다. 본 증례는 장기간 다수치아 결손으로 인하여 대합치가 정출하면서 교합평면의 붕괴가 일어난 환자의 완전 구강 회복에 관한 증례이다. 상기 환자는 서울대학교 치과병원 치과보철과로 내원한 68세 남환으로 오래된 상악 의치를 빼다가 치아가 함께 발거되었으며, 하악 전치부가 상악 전치부와 강하게 닿아서 불편함을 호소하며 내원하였다. 여러가지 평가를 통해 수직고경을 4 mm 거상하였으며, 무치악부는 진단 및 치료계획시 설계한 최종 보철 수복물 제작을 고려하여 정확한 임플란트 식립을 위해 CAD-CAM (Computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing) 기술을 이용한 Computer guided implant surgery를 시행하고, 임플란트 고정성 보철 수복으로 진행하였고, 환자는 저작, 기능 및 심미 모두 큰 개선에 만족하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.147-159
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• 1998

A survey of the internal parasites in 115 fishes of Ophicephalus argus was carried out in Kyungpook province during the period from January 1995 to November 1997. A species of trematode from the stomach and a species of nematode from the caeca of the fishes was discovered respectively. The trematode was identified as Azygia hwangtsinyi (Tsin, 1993) and the nematode as Pingus sinensis ($Hs\ddot{u}$, 1993). The fluke was pressed at thick of 0.1mm~0.2mm between slide glasses and fixed in 70% ethyl alcohol solution. The fluke was washed with tap water after fixation and stained with hematoxylin-carmin and mounted in balsam through routine methods. The nematode was fixed in 5% formalin solution and mounted with lactophnol or glycerine jelly. Morphology : Arygia hwantsinyi ; The fluke is elongate body with approximately parallel margins and rounded extremities in pressed preparations(Fig 1). The cuticle is unarmed. The oral sucker is ventro-subterminal in position. The ventral sucker is slightly smaller than oral sucker and positioned at 14.2% of body length from the oral sucker. The cirrus sac and genital pore is in mid-ventral line, slightly anterior to the ventral sucker. The oral sucker is succeeded by a well developed muscular pharynx. It is succeeded by a short inverted Y-shaped oesophagus. The inner wall of oesophagus is consisted of many fine folded membrane. The fine tubes of esophagus pass into the intestinal heads which are distended and presented a marked borderline between the fine tube and intestinal heads. The Intestinal heads start at level of pharynx and pass caudad in a zigzag course to end quite near caudal margin. The uterine coils occupy the intercecal area between the level of the cephalic margin of the ovary and about the level of the ventral sucker. The uterus is filled with many eggs. The testes are round or oval and placed one behind the other generally a little diagonally. The posterior testis is placed at level of 75.1% of body length. The ovary is oval, placed ahead the anterior testis. The shell gland not discernible outline is contacted with ovary ahead it. The vitelline glands are consisted of small oval vesicles. The vesicles occupy extracecal regions and between a little posterior of the ventral sucker and near caudal margin. Pingus sinensis : Female ; The cuticle is smooth and the cervical alae are well developed. The mouth opening is small, triangular, and without lips. The anterior end bears four sub-medial papillae. The oesophagus is divided into a muscular and glandular portion. The nerve ring is situated just at the junction of the muscular and glandular portions of the oesophagus. The vulva which has a prominent flap, is placed behind the middle of the body about one-third of the length of the worm from the posterior extremity. The vagina is strongly muscularised and after running anteriorly about $68{\mu}$, divides itself into two broad uterine tubes with an anterior and a posterior one. There are a few eggs in the uterine tubes. The tail is slender, straight and pointed. The ovary extends almost to the posterior extremity. Male : Male is smaller than female. The tail is pointed, curved and carrying well-developed caudal alae. A prominent muscular precloacal sucker is characteristic. The spicules are equal and short. There are four pairs of pedunculated pre-anal papillae, of which the most anterior pair are situated just at the level anterior to the muscular sucker. Two pairs of pedunculated papillae are present before the anus. There are five pairs of post-anal papillae of which the most anterior pair and the second counted from the posterior end are ventral and more marked than the ones which are situated laterally.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.733-741
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• 1997

하악전돌증 환자의 하악골 후퇴수술로 골격적인 변화뿐 아니라 연조직에서의 변화가 동시에 일어나는데, 외부적으로 나타나는 안모 연조직의 심미적 변화와 더불어 구강내의 가동성 및 비가동성 연조직에도 영향을 미친다. 전북대학교병원 치과교정과에 하악전돌증을 주소로 내원한 환자중 수술전 교정치료를 받고 하악골만 양측성 하악지시상골절단술로 후퇴시킨 환자 38명의 수술전, 수술직후, 수술 약 1년후의 측모 두부계측방사선 사진의 투사도를 작성하고 FH plane과 pterygoid vertical plane(PTV)을 reference plane으로 사용하여 연속된 측모 두부계측방사선 사진을 중첩시켰다. 수술후 변화된 인두부 깊이와 혀, 연구개, 설골 등의 위치 변화를 위한 길이측정과 구인두부 기도공간 면적을 측정하기 위해 각 경계선을 디지타이저(Kurta digitizer XGT, Kurta Co., USA)로 컴퓨터에 입력하고 AutoCAD 프로그램으로 계측하였다. 하악골 후퇴수술이 구인두부 기도공간에 미치는 영향에 대해 연구하였으며 구강내 각 구조물들의 위치변화와 각 항목들의 상호관계성을 조사하였다. 1. 구인두부 기도공간은 하악전돌증 환자의 하악골 후퇴수술후 감소되며 연속적으로 감소를 유지하고 있다(p<0.05). 2. Xi 점과 제2경추 수준에서 인두의 깊이는 수술전과 비교해 수술후 유의하게 감소되었으며 감소된 채로 유지된다(p<0.05). 이 수준에서의 인두부 깊이 감소는 구인두부 기도공간과 밀접한 관련이 있다(p<0.01). 3. 제3경추와 제4경추 수준의 인두부 깊이는 수술후와 연속되는 관찰기간에도 유의하게 감소하지 않았다. 4. 설골은 수술후 하방으로 이동하였으나(p<0.05), 연속되는 관찰기간 동안 원래의 위치로 회귀되는 경향을 보였다. 5. 혀의 길이와 높이 그리고 후두개 기저의 위치는 유의하게 변화하지 않았다. 6. 연구개는 수술후 후방으로 변위하며 혀의 후방변위로 연속적으로 후방위치된 채 남아 있다(p<0.05). 연구개의 변위는 구인두부 기도공간의 면적과 유의한 상관관계를 가지며 인두후벽과의 거리는 감소되었다(p<0.01). 7. 구인두 기도공간의 감소는 후두개첨 상방부에서 수술에 의한 혀의 후방변위에 기인하며 계속 감소가 유지되었다.

• 대한골관절종양학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.138-145
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• 2009

목적: 척추 거대세포종은 매우 드문 질환으로, 종양이 추체 내에 확산이 될 때까지는 증상이 나타나지 않아, 진단이 늦어지는 경우가 대부분으로 치료가 매우 힘든 질환으로 알려지고 있다. 최근 척추수술 술기의 발전과 진단기기의 발달로 척추종양을 척추 전절제술(total spondylectomy)로 치료하여 좋은 치료결과를 보고하고 있는바, 전절제술로 치료한 증례와 소파술로 치료한 증례를 분석하여, 척추 전절제술의 효용성을 알아보기 위하여 본 연구를 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1987년 4월부터 2006년 3월까지 척추의 거대세포종에 대한 수술적 치료를 받은 환자 중에서 3년 이상 추시가 된 10례를 분석하였다. 남자 3명, 여자 7명이었으며, 평균나이는 32세(25-44세)이었다. 경추 2례, 흉추 4례, 요추 2례, 천추 2례이었다. 전례에서 동통이 주소이었으며 7례는 신경학적 증상도 동반되었다. 4례는 전후방 도달에 따른 척추 전절제술, 1례는 후방도달에 따른 천추전절제술 수술을 시술받았으며, 경추 2례를 포함한 5례에서는 소파술 및 전방추체유합술로 치료를 받았다. 결과: 수술적 치료 후 9례에서 동통과 신경학적 증상의 호전이 있었다. 그러나 4례(40%)에서 국소재발이 합병하였는데 2례가 경추에서, 흉추와 천추에서 각 1례가 발생하였다. 국소재발은 소파술로 치료한 3례와 전절제술로 치료 받은 1례이었다. 결론: 거대세포종은 수술적인 치료 후에도 국소재발이 많이 합병하는 바, 초기 치료에서 척추에 대한 전후방 도달법을 이용한 전절제술과 같은 완전 절제술이 필수적임을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.98-102
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• 2000

이소맹출이란 영구치열의 발육 과정중에 국소적 맹출장애로 인하여 정상적 위치에서 벗어난 치아의 맹출을 말한다. 일반적으로 이소맹출은 $2\sim6%$정도의 이환율을 보이고, 제1대구치에서 호발하며 주로 상악에서 많이 나타나고 하악에서는 드물다. 이소맹출의 원인은 국소적 원인으로 부적절한 치열궁 길이, 상악 후방부의 성장 부족, 제1대구치의 근심 맹출, 비정상적으로 큰 제 1대구치 등이 있고, 유전적인 원민으로 나타날 수도 있으며, 부적절하게 형성된 stainless steel crown에 의해서도 유발될 수 있다. 이소맹출된 치아중 66%는 가역성이므로 $3\sim6$개월 정도의 관찰 기간이 요구된다고 하였으며, 비가역성 이소맹출인 경우에는 brass wire나 elastic separator를 이용한 비교적 간단한 치료 방법, 제2유구치의 distal discing, Humphrey appliance 등과 같이 제2유구치를 유지하면서 치료하는 방법 및 제2유구치 발거후 가철식 장치나 cervical traction headgear를 이용하는 방법 등이 소개되고 있다. 본 증례는 연세대학교 치과대학병원 소아치과에 내원한 7세된 남환아로 구강 검사 및 방사선 사진 검사 결과, 4년전 개인 치과의원에서 수복된 우측 하악 제2유구치의 stainless steel crown에 우측 하악 제 1대구치가 고착되어 근심으로 심하게 경사된 양상을 보였다 원인이 stainless steel crown을 제거하고, Humphrey appliance를 제작하여 장착하였으며, 약 10주 후에 고착 상태가 해소되었다. 본 증례에서와 같이 이소맹출은 부적절하게 형성된 stainless steel crown에 의해 일어날 수 있으므로, stainless steel crown의 수복 치료에 있어서, 적절한 크기의 선택, trimming 및 contouring 등이 매우 중요하다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2009

Objective : This study is a retrospective clinical study over more than 4 years of follow up to understand the mechanism of load sharing across the graft-bone interface in the static locking plate (SLP) fixation compared with non-locking plate (NLP). Methods : Orion locking plates and Top non-locking plates were used for SLP fixation in 29 patients and NLP fixation in 24 patients, respectively. Successful interbody fusion was estimated by dynamic X-ray films. The checking parameters were as follows : screw angle (SA) between upper and lower screw, anterior and posterior height of fusion segment between upper and lower endplate (AH & PH), and upper and lower distance from vertebral endplate to the end of plate (UD & LD). Each follow-up value of AH and PH were compared to initial values. Contributions of upper and lower collapse to whole segment collapse were estimated. Results : Successful intervertebral bone fusion rate was 100% in the SLP group and 92% in the NLP group. The follow-up mean value of SA in SLP group was not significantly changed compared with initial value, but follow-up mean value of SA in NLP group decreased more than those in SLP group (p=0.0067). Statistical analysis did not show a significant difference in the change in AH and PH between SLP and NLP groups (p>0.05). Follow-up AH of NLP group showed more collapse than PH of same group (p=0.04). The upper portion of the vertebral body collapsed more than the lower portion in the SLP fixation (p=0.00058). Conclusion : The fused segments with SLP had successful bone fusion without change in initial screw angle, which was not observed in NLP fixation. It suggests that there was enough load sharing across bone-graft interface in SLP fixation.