• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.367-374
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• 2002

Electrical characteristics of crystalline polymer composites filled with nano-sized carbon black particle were studied. The developed composite system exhibited a typical positive temperature coefficient resistance (PTCR) characteristic, where the electrical resistance sharply increased at a specific temperature. The PTCR effect was sometimes followed by a negative temperature coefficient resistance (NTCR) feature with temperature, which seemingly caused by the coagulation of nano-sized carbon black particles in the excessive quantity. The PTCR temperature was controlled by the carbon black content and the external voltage. The change of electric conductivity was shown as a function of carbon black content, and the resistance was constant when the carbon black content was over 20 wt%. The room-temperature resistance was maintained by a repeated heating and cooling. The excellent PTCR characteristic was demonstrated by the low resistance in the initial stage and the instantaneous heating capability.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.921-924
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• 2003

A current-voltage relation for Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (PTCR) ceramic was derived and compared with the experimental data. The new current-voltage relation was developed based on Heywangs double Schottky barrier model and a bias distribution across the grain boundary. The voltage limitation V < 4${\Phi}$$\sub$b/ suggested by Heywang is no longer necessary in the new expression for the voltage dependence of the resistance. The pulsed voltages were applied to the PTCR ceramic specimen in order to avoid possible temperature variation during the measurement.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.217-221
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• 2008

In this study, We have been investigated the effect of calcination temperature and high-energy ball-milling of powder influences the $BaTiO_3$-based PTCR(Positive Temperature coefficient Resistance) characteristics and microstructure. The mixed powder was obtained from $BaCO_3$, $TiO_2$, $CeO_2$ ball-milled in attrition mill. The mixed powder was calcine from 1000 $^{\circ}C$ to 1200 $^{\circ}C$ in air and then it was sintered in reduction- re-oxidation atmosphere. As a result, The room-temperature electrical resistivity decreased and increased with increasing calcination temperature. specially, Attrition milled powder could have low room-temperature resistivity and high PTC jump order at 1100 $^{\circ}C$. attrition milling had lower room-temperature resistivity than ball milling. Particle size decreased by Attrition milling of powder influences in calcination temperature and room-temperature resistivity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.05d
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• pp.100-104
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• 2003

$BaTiO_3$ ceramic thin films were manufactured by rf/dc magnetron sputter technique. We have investigated crystal structure, surface morphology and PTCR(positive-temperature coefficient of resistance) characteristics of the specimen depending on second heat-treatment temperatures. Second heat treatments of the specimen were performed in the temperature range of 400 to $1350^{\circ}C$. X-ray diffraction patterns of $BaTiO_3$ thin films show that the specimen heat treated below $600^{\circ}C$ is an amorphous phase and the one heat treated above $1100^{\circ}C$ forms a poly-crystallization. In the specimen heat-treated at $1300^{\circ}C$, a lattice constant ratio (c/a) was 1.188. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) image of $BaTiO_3$ thin films of the specimen heat treated in between 900 and $1100^{\circ}C$ shows a grain growth. At $1100^{\circ}C$, the specimen stops grain-growing and becomes a poly-crystallization.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.104-108
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• 1999

The electrical conductive mechanism and temperature dependence of electrical resistivity of $\alpha-SiC-ZrB_2$ composites with $ZrB_2$ contents were investigated. The electrical resistivity of hot-pressed composites was measured by the Pauw method form $25^{\circ} to 700^{\circ}C$. The electrical resistivity of the composites follow the electrical conduction model for a homogeneous mixture of two kind of particles with different conductivity. Also, the electrical resistivity versus temperature curves indicate the formation of local chains of $ZrB_2$ particles. In case of $\alpha-SiC-ZrB_2$ composites containing above 39vol.% $ZrB_2$ showed positive temperature coefficient resistance(PTCR), whereas the electrical resistivity of $\alpha-SiC-21vol.% ZrB_2$ showed negative temperature coefficient resistance(NTCR).

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.05c
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• pp.15-18
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• 2001

The composites were fabricated 61 vol% $\beta$-SiC and $39vol%TiB_2$ powders with the liquid forming additives of 8, 12, 16wt% $Al_2O_3+Y_2O_3$ by hot pressing at $1730^{\circ}C$ and subsequent pressed annealing and pressureless annealing at $1750^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours to form YAG. The result of phase analysis of composites by XRD revealed $\alpha$-SiC(6H), $TiB_2$, and YAG($Al_5Y_3O_{12}$) crystal phase. The relative density of composites were increased with increasing $Al_2O_3+Y_2O_3$ contents. The fracture toughness showed the highest value of $7.77MPa{\cdot}m^{1/2}$ for composites added with 12wt% $Al_2O_3+Y_2O_3$ additives at room temperature. The electrical resistivity and the resistance temperature coefficient showed the lowest of $7.3{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ and $3.8{\times}10^{-3}/^{\circ}C$, respectively, for composite added with 12wt% $Al_2O_3+Y_2O_3$ additives at room temperature. The electrical resistivity of the composites was all positive temperature coefficient resistance(PTCR) in the temperature range of $25^{\circ}C$ to $700^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.538-545
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• 2009

The SiC-$ZrB_2$ composites were fabricated by combining 30, 35, 40 and 45vol.% of Zirconium Diboride (hereafter, $ZrB_2$) powders with Silicon Carbide (hereafter, SiC) matrix. The SiC-$ZrB_2$ composites, the sintered compacts, were produced through Spark Plasma Sintering (hereafter, SPS), and its physical, electrical, and mechanical properties were examined. Also, the thermal image analysis of the SiC-$ZrB_2$ composites was examined. Reactions between $\beta$-SiC and $ZrB_2$ were not observed via X-Ray Diffractometer (hereafter, XRD) analysis. The relative density of the SiC+30vol.%$ZrB_2$, SiC+35vol.%$ZrB_2$, SiC+40vol.%$ZrB_2$, and SiC+45vol.%$ZrB_2$ composites were 88.64%, 76.80%, 79.09% and 88.12%, respectively. The XRD phase analysis of the sintered compacts demonstrated high phase of SiC and $ZrB_2$ but low phase of $ZrO_2$. Among the SiC-$ZrB_2$ composites, the SiC+35vol.%$ZrB_2$ composite had the lowest flexural strength, 148.49MPa, and the SiC+40vol.%$ZrB_2$ composite had the highest flexural strength, 204.85MPa, at room temperature. The electrical resistivities of the SiC+30vol.%$ZrB_2$, SiC+35vol.%$ZrB_2$, SiC+40vol.%$ZrB_2$ and SiC+45vol.%$ZrB_2$ composites were $6.74\times10^{-4}$, $4.56\times10^{-3}$, $1.92\times10^{-3}$, and $4.95\times10^{-3}\Omega{\cdot}cm$ at room temperature, respectively. The electrical resistivities of the SiC+30vol.%$ZrB_2$, SiC+35vol.%$ZrB_2$ SiC+40vol.%$ZrB_2$ and SiC+45[vol.%]$ZrB_2$ composites had Positive Temperature Coefficient Resistance (hereafter, PTCR) in the temperature range from $25^{\circ}C$ to $500^{\circ}C$. The V-I characteristics of the SiC+40vol.%$ZrB_2$ composite had a linear shape. Therefore, it is considered that the SiC+40vol.%$ZrB_2$ composite containing the most outstanding mechanical properties, high resistance temperature coefficient and PTCR characteristics among the sintered compacts can be used as an energy friendly ceramic heater or electrode material through SPS.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.60 no.11
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• pp.2083-2087
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• 2011

The SiC-$ZrB_2$ composites were produced by subjecting a 40:60 vol.% mixture of zirconium diboride($ZrB_2$) powder and ${\beta}$-silicon carbide (SiC) matrix to spark plasma sintering(SPS). Sintering was carried out for 60sec at $1400^{\circ}C$ (designation as TP145 and TP146), $1500^{\circ}C$(designation as TP155 and TP156) and uniaxial pressure 50MPa, 60MP under argon atmosphere. The physical, electrical, and mechanical properties of the SiC-$ZrB_2$ composites were examined. The relative density of TP145, TP146, TP155 and TP156 were 94.75%, 94.13%, 97.88% and 95.80%, respectively. Reactions between ${\beeta}$-SiC and $ZrB_2$ were not observed via x-ray diffraction (hereafter, XRD) analysis. The flexural strength, 306.23MPa of TP156 was higher than that, 279.42MPa of TP146 at room temperature, but lower than that, 392.30MPa of TP155. The properties of a SiC-$ZrB_2$ composites through SPS under argon atmosphere were positive temperature coefficient resistance (hereafter, PTCR) in the range from $25^{\circ}C$ to $500^{\circ}C$. The electrical resistivities of TP145, TP146, TP155 and TP156 were $6.75{\times}10^{-4}$, $7.22{\times}10^{-4}$, $6.17{\times}10^{-4}$ and $6.71{\times}10^{-4}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ at $25^{\circ}C$, respectively. The densification of a SiC-$ZrB_2$ composite through hot pressing depend on the sintering temperature and pressure. However, it is convinced that the densification of a SiC-$ZrB_2$ composite do not depend on sintering pressure under SPS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.314-314
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• 2010

The SiC-$ZrB_2$ composites were fabricated by combining 40vol.% of Zirconium Diboride(hereafter, $ZrB_2$) powders with Silicon Carbide(hereafter, SiC) matrix. TheSiC+40vol.%$ZrB_2$ composites were manufactured through Spark Plasma Sintering(hereafter, SPS) under argon atmosphere, uniaxial pressure of 50MPa, heating rate of $100^{\circ}C$/min, sintering temperature of $1,500^{\circ}C$ and holding time of 5min. But one on/off pulse sequence(one pulse time: 2.78ms) is 10:9(hereafter, SZ10), and the other is 48:8(hereafter, SZ48). The physical and mechanical properties of the SZ12 and SZ48 were examined. Reactions between $\beta$-SiC and $ZrB_2$ were not observed via X-Ray Diffraction(hereafter, XRD) analysis. The apparent porosity of the SZ10 and SZ48 composites were 9.7455 and 12.2766%, respectively. The SZ10 composite, 593.87MPa, had higher flexural strength than the SZ48 composite, 324.78MPa, at room temperature. The electrical properties of the SiC-$ZrB_2$ composites had Positive Temperature Coefficient Resistance(hereafter, PTCR).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 1998

In this paper, to develop PTCR(Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistance) thermistor with high withstanding voltage, Ca were added to. the compositions of $(Ba_{0.9165-X}-Sr_{0.08}-Ca_X-Y_{0.0035})TiO_3+MnO_2$ 0.02wt%+$SiO_2$ 0.5wt%. the effects of Ca additions were researched according the increasing of Ca from 0[mol%] to 20[mol%], and the electrical properties were investigated. As increasing Ca additions from 0[mol%] to 20[mol%], the grain size of the specimens was reduced from 11.1[${\mu}m$] to 6.15[${\mu}m$], and also the sintered density was reduced from 5.43[$g/cm^3$] to 5.05[$g/cm^3$] and their the breakdown voltages were increased from 163[V/mm] to 232[V/mm]. It is shown that the breakdown voltage was increased with amount of Ca additions.