• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.73 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 1986

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of light intensity on the growth of Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis) seedlings. The seedlings were grown under four different relative light intensities: 100%, 63%, 37%, and 19% of full sunlight by covering with saran screen on seed bed. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The highest shoot elongation was found at 37% in relative light intensity (RLI) plot, and the best growth in root, seedling length and diameter increment appeared at 100% on RLI plot. Contribution rates of shading to growth in shoot elongation, root growth, seedling length, and diameter increment were 9.3%, 26.2%, 21.0%, and 48.7%, respectively. 2. The greatest number of one-year-old needle fascicle was found at 100% in RLI plot, whereas that of two-year-old needle fascicle appeared at 37% in RLI plot. The contribution rate of the light intensity to number of needle fascicle was 3.9% and factor of leaf age contributed to number of needle fascicle in 27.8%. The length of needles grown under different light intensities varied with needle ages. The longest length of new needles appeared at 37% in RLI plot, but old needles were not clear in influence of light intensity. The contribution rate to needle length by the light intensity was 2.5%. 3. The heaviest value of the fresh and dry weight of seedlings appeared at 100% of RLI plot then decreased with light intensity. The contribution rates to fresh and dry weight by the shading were 38% and 7.6% respectively. 4. The largest value of the dry weight of needles appeared at 100% of RLI plot and then decreased with light intensity. The contribution rates to dry weight of needles by the light intensity was 13.18%. 5. The values of T/R ratio increased with decreased light intensity and the contribution rate was 7.0%. 6. Positive correlation and linear regressions were recognized between dry weight of leaf and other factors (dry weight of shoot, root, seedling and diameter increment).

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.11-24
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• 2020

Objective : The Human Rights constitute one of the basic pillars of every work where persons are involved, such is the case of the occupational therapy field. Methods : In this study we investigate the human rights sensitivity and the advocacy activities of occupational therapists. The differences according to their characteristics, the relationship and the impact of the human rights sensitivity are examined and presented. Making use of online surveys 116 subjects participated in the study. Results : The measured average of human right sensitivity is 69.00 ± 17.67 point, being them distributed according to the following subcategories: to the perception of the situation corresponds 23.25±5.62 points, to the perception of the consequences 22.75±6.54 points and for the perception of the responsibility 23±6.54 points. In all the cases have been taken in account the equal rights, the right to education in disables, the right to pursue the happiness of the elderly, the right of the disables to have personal freedom, the privacy rights and the privacy rights for mental illness people. According to the working area the Human Right sensitiveness is higher in Seoul than in the Gyeongsang province meanwhile the advocacy activities is higher in Seoul and in Gyeonggi province than in Gyeongsang province. Depending of the type of service, general hospitals and rehabilitation/nursing hospitals showed higher human rights sensitivity than other service organizations According to the working field, occupational therapy group focused in elderly showed higher Human Right sensitivity than other fields. Professionals belonging groups of clinical experience from 3 to 5 years and from 6 to 10 years showed higher advocacy activities than professionals with more than 11 years of experience. A positive correlation was showed between the human rights sensitivity and the advocacy activities. For this situation, the human rights sensitiveness was divided in sub-categories in perception of the situation, perception of the consequences and perception of the responsibility. As showed by the result of multiple regression analyses the advocacy activities of human would grow up in accordance with the increase of the human rights sensitiveness of responsibility perception. Conclusion : Due to the actual lack of information, the collection and study of basic data is fundamental for the development of practical human rights educational programs and to emphasize the role of the defense of the human rights.

• The Korean Journal of Blood Transfusion
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2012

Background: Despite modern advances in laboratory automated medicine, work-process in the blood bank is still handled manually. Several automated immunohematological instruments have been developed and are available in the market. The IH-1000 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA), a fully automated instrument for immunohematology, was recently introduced. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the IH-1000 for ABO/Rh typing and irregular antibody screening. Methods: In October 2011, a total of 373 blood samples for ABO/Rh typing and 303 cases for unexpected antibody screening were collected. The IH-1000 was compared to the manual tube and slide methods for ABO/Rh typing and to the microcolumn agglutination method (DiaMed-ID system) for antibody screening. Results: For ABO/Rh typing, concordance rate was 100%. For unexpected antibody screening, positive results for both column agglutination and IH-1000 were observed in 10 cases (four cases of anti-E and c, three of anti-E, one of anti-D, one of anti-M, and one of anti-Xg) and negative results for both were observed in 289 cases. The concordance rate between IH-1000 and column agglutination was 98.7%. Sensitivity and specificity were 90.9% and 99.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The automated IH-1000 showed good correlation with the manual tube and slide methods and the microcolumn agglutination method for ABO-RhD typing and irregular antibody screening. The IH-1000 can be used for routine pre-transfusion testing in the blood bank.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.228-235
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• 2009

Growth and branch characteristics of 35 half-sib families were surveyed in a seedling seed orchard of Quercus acutissima at ages 10 and 12. The averages of height, DBH (diameter at breast height), branch height, crown width, branch angle and stem straightness at age 12 were 9.96 m, 14.50 cm, 1.04 m, 6.80 m, $18.82^{\circ}$ and 2.58, respectively. Families of 075 and 052 showed superior height growth and 0511 and 0517 were inferior ones. For DBH growth, 075 and 0413 were best families and 0725 and 0511 were inferior families. Pearson's product moment and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were all positive for all growth traits except branch angle at ages 10 and 12. This result showed that the families with good height and DBH growth were also superior in stem straightness. In ANOVA, there was a highly significant difference among families in height, DBH, cylindric volume and stem straightness. Branch height, crown width and branch angle were also significantly different among families. Family heritability was higher than individual heritability at ages 10 and 12. Height, DBH and stem straightness were under strong genetic control, showing high family heritability. This implies that high genetic gain could be expected by family selection. Expected genetic gain for each trait was estimated based on the family selection. The highest genetic gain was expected for the traits of branch angle, height and DBH because of the large phenotypic standard deviation and the high family heritability. The growth performance and branch characteristics were weighted by the magnitude of genetic variation and heritability. The weighted values were then subjected to estimate family breeding values. This family breeding value would be applied as a criterion in the genetic thinning of the seed orchard.

• 한국노년학
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1249-1264
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• 2008

Guilt feelings are dysfunctional feelings that the primary caregiver of the frail elder are apt to have and those feelings increase a burden of caring, while there is lack of empirical study on the effect of guilt feelings on caring behaviors. In light of this, this study lays its purpose on examining the effect of the primary caregivers' guilt feelings on their burden of caring and request behaviors for help with caring, paying attention to their guilt feelings in our society where Confucian values toward supporting the elderly have remained. The questionnaire survey was conducted for 220 primary caregivers caring frail elders over 60 years of age by visiting. As a tool for measuring guilt feelings, a self-designed measure for caregivers was used (${\alpha}=.949$), and factors of guilt feelings were classified into four namely, the factors of lack of self-control, lack of resources, burnout, and the normative factor As a result, the following findings were derived. First, it was revealed that the guilt feelings of caregivers as family members have a positive correlation with a feeling of burden of caring and the feeling of burden have even effects on the four factors of guilt feelings. Second, when primary caregivers request help with caring, they feel guilty toward cohabiting family members and neighbors, and also they show no guilt feelings when using day-care services for the elderly. Especially, guilt feeling factors affecting primary caregivers were found to be the normative factor to cohabiting family members, the factor of lack of resources to neighbors, and the factor of burnout to using day-care services for the elderly. This result tells that the dysfunctional feelings of primary caregivers namely guilt feelings arising when asking help with caring not only increase their burden of caring but also can cause difficulties in sharing the role of the caregiver. Accordingly for the mental health of caregivers, we should develop programs with which we could understand and cope with their guilt feelings.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.605-619
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to analyze eutrophication characteristics, empirical model analysis, and variation of water quality according to monsoon intensity in Hapcheon Reservoir for 16 years from 2002 to 2017. Long-term annual water quality analysis showed that Hapcheon Reservoir was in a meso-nutrition to eutrophic condition, and the eutrophic state intensified after the summer monsoon. Annual rainfall volume (high vs. low rainfall) and the seasonal intensity in each year were the key factors that regulate the long-term water quality variation provided that there is no significant change of the point- and non-point source in the watershed. Dry years and wet years showed significant differences in the concentrations of TP, TN, BOD, and conductivity, indicating that precipitation had the most direct influence on nutrients and organic matter dynamics. Nutrient indicators (TP, TN), organic pollution indicators (BOD, COD), total suspended solids, and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), which was an estimator of primary productivity, had significant positive relations (p<0.05) with precipitation. The Chl-a concentration, which is an indicator of green algae, was highly correlated with TP, TN, and BOD, which differed from other lakes that showed the lower Chl-a concentration when nutrients increased excessively. Empirical model analysis of log-transformed TN, TP, and Chl-a indicated that the Chl-a concentration was linearly regulated by phosphorus concentration, but not by nitrogen concentration. Spatial regression analysis of the riverine, transition, and lacustrine zones of $log_{10}TN$, $log_{10}TP$, and $log_{10}CHL$ showed that TN and Chl-a had significant relations (p<0.005) while TN and Chl-a had p > 0.05, indicating that phosphorus had a key role in the algal growth. Moreover, the higher correlation of both $log_{10}TP$ and $log_{10}TN$ to $log_{10}CHL$ in the riverine zone than the lacustrine zone indicated that there was little impact of inorganic suspended solids on the light limitation in the riverine zone.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.193-204
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• 2000

In order to get some basic data on environmental friendly function by Korean organic farming, the chemical characteristics of soil were determined on 100 farm cultivating site in Paldang watershed area of Great Seoul. The EC and content of $NO_3-N$ and Av. $P_2O_5$ in topsoil(0~30cm) showed $2.30dS\;m^{-1}$, $82mg\;kg^{-1}$, $918mg\;kg^{-1}$ in the soil cultivated chinese cabbage. $2.29dS\;m^{-1}$, $86mg\;kg^{-1}$, $954mg\;kg^{-1}$ in the soil of lettuce, $1.83dS\;m^{-1}$, $66mg\;kg^{-1}$, $1114mg\;kg^{-1}$ in the soil of crown daisy. These salt accumulation(EC) and the high concentration of mineral content in topsoil such as nitrate and phosphate showed the soils of organic farming were contaminated by practice of organic farming for the maintenance strategy of soil fertility. The $NO_3-N$ and Av. $P_2O_5$ in the subsoil(30~60cm) showed $75mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $641mg\;kg^{-1}$, $72mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $466mg\;kg^{-1}$, $42mg\;kg^{-1}$ and $873mg\;kg^{-1}$ in soil cultivated chinese cabbage, lettuce and crown daisy respectively. It indicates eventually the high concentration of nitrate and phosphate in topsoil caused penetration to subsoil, and the high concentration of mineral contents in subsoil indicate the potential risk of leaching of ground water by Korean organic farming. The positive correlation at 1% between EC and $NO_3-N$, $K_2O$, T-C, $P_2O_5$ and T-N show the salt accumulation in the both soil depth of Korean organic farming were caused by minerals such as $NO_3-N$, $K_2O$, T-C, $P_2O_5$ and T-N by overuse of organic fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.184-190
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• 2016

Objectives : This study analyzed the differences of body mass index(BMI) in Korean patients with Alzheimer's diseases(AD), Mild Cognitive Impairment(MCI), and healthy controls to verify whether low BMI is associated with cognitive impairment. Furthermore, this study also sought to examine any association between BMI and Mini Mental State Examination-Korean version(MMSE-K), Clinical Dementia Rating(CDR), and Global Deterioration Scale(GDS). Methods : A total of 257 subjects were included in the study. History taking, mental status examination, physical examination and neurocognitive function test were carried out for the diagnosis of AD and MCI. The subjects' demographic data and presence of diseases were also surveyed. The overall cognitive function and severity of diseases were assessed using MMSE-K, GDS, and CDR. Results : The order of BMI was found to be healthy controls>MCI>AD, with statistically significant differences among the groups. The order of MMSE-K scores was similar, with healthy controls>MCI>AD in statistically significant differences. The healthy controls had the lowest CDR and GDS scores, and AD patients had the highest scores. There was a significant positive correlation between BMI and MMSE scores(r=0.238, p=0.000). BMI was negatively correlated with CDR(r=-0.174, p=0.008) as well as with GDS(r=-0.233, p= 0.000). Conclusions : Measuring BMI of patients with AD or MCI is expected to be meaningful in that BMI could be a clinical indicator of AD. We expect this to be beneficial for the diagnosis, prevention, and therapeutic approach of AD and also expect large-scale, long-term longitudinal studies to follow.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.6_1
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• pp.1631-1645
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• 2021

This research aims to provide the characteristics of the world's first active lidar sensor Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument (ALADIN) wind data and Geostationary Korea Multi Purpose Satellite 2A (GK2A) Atmospheric Motion Vector (AMV) data by comparing two wind data. As a result of comparing the data from September 2019 to August 1, 2020, The total number of collocated data for the AMV (using IR channel) and Mie channel ALADIN data is 177,681 which gives the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 3.73 m/s and the correlation coefficient is 0.98. For a more detailed analysis, Comparison result considering altitude and latitude, the Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (NRMSE) is 0.2-0.3 at most latitude bands. However, the upper and middle layers in the lower latitudes and the lower layer in the southern hemispheric are larger than 0.4 at specific latitudes. These results are the same for the water vapor channel and the visible channel regardless of the season, and the channel-specific and seasonal characteristics do not appear prominently. Furthermore, as a result of analyzing the distribution of clouds in the latitude band with a large difference between the two wind data, Cirrus or cumulus clouds, which can lower the accuracy of height assignment of AMV, are distributed more than at other latitude bands. Accordingly, it is suggested that ALADIN wind data in the southern hemisphere and low latitude band, where the error of the AMV is large, can have a positive effect on the numerical forecast model.

• The Korean Journal of Vision Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.523-530
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• 2018

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the dynamic visual acuity between (DVA) the distance and near and the effect of change of accommodative stimulus on the dynamic visual acuity by the addition of the plus lens. Methods : The study involved 40 male and female adults ($22.84{\pm}2.43$ years old) with over 1.0 of visual acuity and without systemic disease or ocular disease. We compared the distance and near DVA and the change of DVA induced by the addition of the plus lens(+0.50D, +1.00D, +1.50D). Results : The distance DVA and near DVA are $78.86{\pm}19.46deg/sec$ and $76.90{\pm}18.05deg/sec$ respectively. The distance DVA was slightly higher(p=0.04). The higher the distance DVA, the higher the positive correlation with the near DVA and distance DVA, and distance DVA was higher in those who had higher the near DVA(r=0.95, p=0.00, Fig. 4). The near DVA according to the change of accommodative stimulus was $75.95{\pm}18.85deg/sec$ in full correction and the near DVA with +0.50D spherical power was $76.95{\pm}16.45$ but there was no statistically significant differences(p>0.05). However, the near DVA with +1.00D spherical power was $79.02{\pm}13.51deg/sec$ and it was slightly higher. Also, the near DVA with +1.50D spherical power was $84.28{\pm}18.96deg/sec$, there and it was statistically significant difference(p<0.05). Conclusion : There is no difference between distance and near DVA, but near DVA is also excellent if distance DVA is good. The DVA increases as added a plus lens for controlled accommodative stimulation changes.