• PNF and Movement
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.243-253
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of an abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) with a light load while sitting on transverse abdominis contraction in subjects with and without low back pain. Methods: In this study, 20 participants with chronic low back pain and 20 controls participated. Ultrasonography was used to assess the thickness of the external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transversus abdominis (TrA) muscles. Muscle thickness was measured at rest and during ADIM in three different sitting postures: (1) just sitting, (2) sitting loaded position (holding a 1 or 2 kg dumbbell in each hand), and (3) sitting loaded shoulder flexion position (holding a 1 or 2 kg dumbbell in each hand). Results: The contraction ratio (CR) and preferential activation ratio (PAR) of the TrA during ADIM had no significant interactional effect between the group and the sitting postures. However, the CR and PRA of the TrA during the ADIM showed significant differences among the three different sitting postures. The CR of the TrA during the ADIM in the sitting loaded shoulder flexion position was significantly increased compared to that in the sitting position (p<0.05). Moreover, the PRA of the TrA muscle during ADIM in sitting loaded and sitting loaded shoulder flexion positions was significantly higher than that in the sitting position (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings suggest that ADIM in the sitting-loaded shoulder flexion position should be implemented to facilitate TrA activity.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.215-223
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the contraction ratios of the abdominal muscles and the preferential activation ratios of the transversus abdominis muscle (TrA) during the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) in the hook-lying, sitting, and standing positions. Methods: This study included 30 healthy participants. The thicknesses of the TrA, internal oblique muscle (IO), and external oblique muscle (EO) were measured at rest and during the ADIM in the hook-lying, sitting, and standing positions using B-mode ultrasound imaging. The contraction ratios of these muscles and the preferential activation ratios of the TrA were calculated for each position. Results: The contraction ratio of the TrA and preferential activation ratio of the TrA during the ADIM in the hook-lying position were significantly higher than those in the sitting and standing positions (p < 0.05). The contraction ratio of the TrA during the ADIM in the sitting position was significantly higher than that in the standing position (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The hook-lying position tended to facilitate TrA activity better than the sitting position. Furthermore, the sitting position tended to facilitate TrA activity better than the standing position. These findings suggest that the ADIM in the hook-lying position should be implemented before that in the sitting position and that the ADIM in the sitting position should be implemented before that in the standing position.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.20-27
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to compare the slouched and upright sitting positions on lumbar joint reposition error (LJRE). Twenty subjects without low back pain were recruited for this study and, using a random number table, were randomly assigned to two groups; the upright sitting position group (UP group) and the slouched sitting position group (SP group). UP group was first asked to sit in an upright position and the SP group to sit in a slouched position as an intervention, and then the LJRE of both groups was measured at the neutral sitting position (lumbar flexion $0^{\circ}$). The measurement of the LJRE was repeated after one day. The sitting positions were performed for five minutes each and the LJRE was measured using an electronic goniometer. An independent t-test was used to compare the LJRE of both groups after each sitting position and after one day. The results of this study showed that the LJRE after an intervention in the UP group was lower than in the SP group (p<.05) and the LJRE after one day in the UP group was lower than in the SP group (p<.05). The findings of this study indicate that the upright sitting position can be applied to decrease LJRE, compared with the slouched sitting position. These findings also support that the upright sitting position reduces the potential for proprioceptive loss.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.113-119
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• 2023

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the effects of using a smartphone in the sitting position on the pelvic posture and the low back pressure pain threshold (PPT). METHODS: Thirty participants (15 women and 15 men) were recruited for this study. The participants were asked to sit in a normal sitting position without using a smartphone, followed by sitting while watching a video using a smartphone. The pelvic posture was measured using the back range of motion II (BROM II) device and a palpation meter. We measured PPT using the digital pressure algometer. RESULTS: Pelvic posterior tilting was significantly greater when sitting while using a smartphone relative to sitting without using a smartphone (p < .05). There was no significant difference in the height of the iliac crest when sitting while using a smartphone compared to sitting without using a smartphone (p > .05). The PPTs of L1, L3, and L5 were significantly lower when sitting while using a smartphone relative to sitting without using a smartphone (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Based on these results, it can be concluded that frequent smartphone use while sitting may potentially increase the risk of developing low back problems.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.347-357
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• 2001

It is well known that there is an adverse effect of long-term cigarette smoking on pulmonary function. Therefor we attempted to consider the vital capacity for position changes in a smokers and non-smokers. The pulmonary functions on sitting and supine positions were measured in 28 young healthy students fer the change of vital capacity. Forced expiratory flow-volume curve were performed sitting position and supine position and smoking. The results were summarized as follows; 1) The spirometric values(VC, FVC, FEV$_{1}$) were progressively decreased from sitting position to 30minutes after supine position in a non-smoking group(p<.05). 2) The VC, FVC. FEV$_{1}$, FEF25 ${\sim}$ 75% were decreased from sitting position to 30minutes after supine position in a smoking group(p< .01). The PEF and FEF25% were decreased from supine position to after smoking(p< .05). 3) non-smoking group and smoking group not showed significant change(p> .05). But the spirometric values were more decreased nonsmokers than smokers.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.52-57
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• 2020

Purpose: This study compared the muscle activities of the Vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and the Vastus lateralis (VL) at three different knee extension angles: 90°, 135°, and 180° in the sitting position. Methods: Twenty subjects between 20 and 30 years of age participated in the study. A mobile phone application called the Clinometer was used to measure the knee joint angle. Electromyography (EMG) was performed to measure the muscle activities of the VMO and VL muscles during knee isometric extension exercises. The pulling sensor was used to maintain 70% of the maximum strength of the knee extensor continuously in the sitting position. After attaching the EMG sensor, the subjects were asked to perform isometric knee extension exercises randomly among three knee extension angles (90°, 135°, or 180°) in the sitting position. One-way repeated measures analysis of the variance and a Bonferroni post hoc test was used to identify the VMO and VL muscle activity during knee extension angles among 90°, 135°, and 180°. Results: The VMO and VL muscle activities increased with increasing knee extension angle in the sitting position (p<0.01). Conclusions: Knee extension exercise at a 180° angle in the sitting position can be recommended to increase the muscle activity of the VMO and VL muscle activities efficiently.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.29-33
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of navicular drop measurements by clinicians in sitting and standing positions. Methods: Fourteen subjects with pronated foot were recruited. Two physical therapists randomly assessed the same patients on different occasions but on the same day. Almost all patients were assessed on more than one day. The intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of navicular dropwas estimated by calculation of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The intra-rater reliability of navicular drop measurements ranged from 0.93 to 0.87, the inter-rater reliability from 0.98 to 0.70 with the patient in standing and sitting positions. These results showed good reliability for calculated variables. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of navicular drop in standing position was higher than those of sitting position. Conclusion: Although inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of navicular drop in the sitting position was lower than in the standing position, measurement of navicular drop in the sitting position showed good reliability and was acceptable for patients who could not stand alone without assistance. We recommend that having the patient in the standing position is appropriate in navicular drop measurement.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 2003

This research was performed to compare spinal segment motion angle between low back pain (LBP) group and painless group during trunk flexion-extension and to investigate the effect of transversus abdominis strengthening exercise on spinal segment motion angle in LBP group. Nine subjects with LBP and ten subjects without LBP participated. Transversus abdominis strengthening exercise was performed in LBP group for three weeks, and spinal segment motion angles were compared before and after the exercise performance. Spinal segment motion angles were measured both in sitting and standing position. Results were as followed: 1) Subjects' average age was 24.79 years, height was 167.84 cm, and weight was 59.95 kg. 2) Spinal segment motion angle of T10/l1 was significantly higher in LBP group compared with painless group (p<.05) in sitting position during trunk flexion-extension. 3) In sitting position, whereas entire lumbar segment motion angles were lower in LBP group compared with painless group (p<.05), angle of L4/5 was higher in LBP group compared with painless group (p<.05). 4) There was no significant difference in thoracic segment motion angle in standing position. 5) After three weeks of transversus abdominis strengthening exercise, thoracic segment motion angle increased both in sitting and standing position (p<.05). 6) In painless group, there was no significant difference in entire spinal segment motion angles in sitting and standing position (p>.05). When spinal segment motion angles were compared between sitting and standing position, there were slight differences. In sitting position, there was no difference in spinal segment motion angle between LBP group and painless group while hip joint motion angle and sacral inclination angle of LBP group was lower than those of painless group (p<.05). In standing position, lumbar segment motion angle was significantly lower in LBP group than that of painless group. Transversus abdominis strengthening exercise influenced thoracic segment motion angle more significantly than lumbar segment motion angle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.381-389
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the respiratory function in the different body position of the stroke patients. Methods : Twenty patients with stroke patients group(M:12, F:8) and twenty control group(M:12, F:8) were participated in experiment. Strokes patients group and control group were assessed according to position changes(supine position, $45^{\circ}$ sitting position, $90^{\circ}$ sitting position) using pulmonary function(vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume). Results : These findings suggest that supine position in stroke group and control group were significant difference in IC, VC, IRV, ERV(p<.05). $45^{\circ}$ lean sitting position in stroke group and control group were significant difference in IC, VC, ERV(p<.05). 90 sitting position in stroke group and control group were significant difference in VC, IRV, ERV(p<.05). In comparison of two groups, strokes group was more low pulmonary function than normal group. Conclusion : This study showed pulmonary function was more high normal groups than stroke groups. And $90^{\circ}$ sitting position was high pulmonary function than supine position, $45^{\circ}$ lean sitting position. Thus it indicates that the functions will be suggest the objective data of patients with strokes for respiratory function.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.127-137
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• 2001

Low back pain is significant problem in today's society, with lifetime incidence rate reported between 50% and 90%. Many factors associated with LBP are reported. The purpose of this studies were to be evaluated static standing posture aberrations in chronic LBP in comparison with healthy individuals. The samples including 80 subjects recruited to the following two groups:patients and control(normal) Questionnaires were completed by 40 LBP patients and 40 controls at the department of Physical Therapy, Saejong neurosurgical clinic in Taegu city from October 1, 1999 to March 30, 2000. The angle of lumbar lordosis was measured on lateral x-ray films with standing position. In LBP groups. the mean degree of lumbar lordosis, sacral inclination, and lumbosacral joint angle were 29.9 ${\pm}$ 9.3, 34.8 ${\pm}$ 8.2, and 12.7 ${\pm}$ 5.7 respectively. Control groups, the mean degree of lumbar lordosis, sacral inclination and lumbosacral joint angle were 35.3 ${\pm}$ 7.8, 34.9 ${\pm}$ 6.4 and 12.5 ${\pm}$ 4.3 respectively. there were significantly decreaseds in lumbar lordosis in Low back pain group. lumbar lordosis on the working posture had significant differences among groups(sitting position patients 31.4 ${\pm}$ 9.3, standing position patients 29.4 ${\pm}$ 9.3, sitting position control 35.0 ${\pm}$ 6.4, standing position control 35.5 ${\pm}$ 8.8, respectively) (p=0.034). sacral inclination on the working posture had differences among groups(sitting position patients 35.9 ${\pm}$ 8.7.standing position patients 33.6 ${\pm}$ 7.6, sitting position control 33.9 ${\pm}$ 5.9. standing position control 35.6 ${\pm}$ 6.8, respectively). lumbersacral joint angle on the working Posture had differences among groups(sitting position patients 12.0 ${\pm}$ 5.6, standing position patients 13.4 ${\pm}$ 5.9, sitting position control 11.2 ${\pm}$ 3.0. standing position control 13.4$^{\circ}$, respectively).