• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1-15
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze bibliographic information of Busan and other cities' reports for urban development initiative and identify the strategic fields for future smart city plan. Text mining method is used in this study to extract keywords and identify the characteristics and patterns of information in urban development reports. As a result, in earlier stage, Busan city focused on service creation for industrial development but there are lack of discussions on the linkage of information systems with ICT technology. However, recent urban planning in Busan contained various contents related to integrated connections of infrastructure, ICT system, and operation management of city in the specific fields of traffic, tourism, welfare, port/logistics, culture/MICE. This results of study is expected to provide policy implications for planning the future urban initiatives of smart city development.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.503-513
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• 2022

This research investigated the effect of the eruption of Japan Sakurajima volcano on the concentration of ultrafine particle when the north Pacific high pressure exists in the Busan in summer. As a result of analyzing the forward trajectory using the HYSPLIT model, the air parcel from Sakurajima volcano passed through the sea in front of Busan at 1500 LST on July 17, 24 hours after the volcanic eruption. As a result of analyzing the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations in the Busan for two days from July 16 to 17, 2018, the Sakurajima eruption in Japan, it can be seen that there was a high increase in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations compared to the previous day. As a result of analyzing the backward trajectory, the air mass that reached Busan at 1300 LST on July 17, 2018 has moved near the Sakurajima volcano at 1,500 m, 2,000 m, and 3,000 m. The concentration of SO₄^2- in PM_2.5, the concentration of all three stations in Busan showed a sharp increase from 1000 LST on July 17th. Looking at the NH₄⁺ concentration in PM_2.5, it shows a very similar variation trend to SO₄^2-, and the correlation coefficient between the two components is 0.96 for Jangrimdong and Yeonsandong, and 0.85 for Busan New Port. Looking at the NO₃^- concentration in PM_2.5, the same high concentrations as SO₄² and NH₄⁺ were not observed in the afternoon of July 17th.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.201-210
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• 2019

Recently, due to the efforts to mitigate traffic congestion and expansion of space efficiency, the construction of underground roads has been increased in big-scale cities. Since tunnels in the city have a higher chance for a fire leading to a great tragedy during a severe traffic jam than mountain tunnels, it is highly likely that it will be constructed as a tunnel, having a small cross section, for small vehicles. However, if they are constructed as such small-vehicle tunnels, it would be possible to reduce the design fire intensity while the concentration of harmful gases would increase due to a reduction in the small cross sectional area, led by a decrease in the tunnel height. In this study, behaviors of fire smoke by the installation interval and format of large-scale exhaust-gas ports were examined and compared in the analysis of temperatures and CO concentrations of a tunnel and its results were as the following. Although there were no significant differences in the smoke spreading distance between installation intervals, but in this study, 100 m was found to be the most effective installation interval. The smoke exhaustion performance was found to be excellent in the order of $4m{\times}3m$, $6m{\times}2m$, and $3m{\times}2m$ (2 lane) of the smoke spreading distance. Although there was no significant difference in the smoke spreading distance between formats of large-scale exhaust-gas ports, it was found that the smoke spreading distance was larger than other cases when it was $3m{\times}2m$ in the fire growing process. The analysis of smoke spreading distances by the aspect ratio showed that a smoke spreading distance was shorted when its the smoke spreading distance was found to be shorter when its traverse distance was relatively longer than its longitudinal distance.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.149-163
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• 2016

Seafarers are an essential resource in maritime industries, which provide navigation skills, vessel maneuvering skills and fishing skills in the fishery industry. They also work as a driving force in pilotage, port operation, vessel traffic service, and marine safety. Other areas in maritime services, which rely on seafarer include safety management of ships, supervisory activities, and maritime accident assessment. In these ways, Korean seafarers have contributed to the growth of Korean economy. However, there have been issues of high separation rate, shortage of supply, multi-nationality, multiplicity of culture caused by employment of foreign seafarers, and aging. The present paper finds that maritime officers and fishery officers demonstrate differences in the statistics of on-board job taking and separation: the separation rate of fishery officers is higher than that of maritime officers. The existing data and statistics by the Korea Seafarer's Welfare & Employment Center could be improved by changing its structure from time series to panel data. The Korea Seafarer's Welfare & Employment Center is the ideal institution for collecting the panel data, as it has already accumulated and published relevant statistics regarding seafarer. The basic design method of the panel data is to adopt and improve it by including the information on ratings of maritime and fishery industries, ranks in a ship, personal information, family life, and career goal. Panel data are useful in short- and long-term forecasts of supply of Korean seafarers; demand evaluation of education, training, and reeducation of the seafarers; demographical dynamic analysis on Korean seafarers; inducement policy of long-term on board job taking in harmony with man-power demands in marine industries such as pilotage service; implementation of job attractiveness policy on Korean seafarers; and employment stabilization of Korean seafarers.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.396-405
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• 2020

In this study, we used the big data of Voice of Customer (VOC) related to high-speed Internet products to look at the causes of perceived quality and the possibility of proactive service. In order to verify the possibility of proactive service, we collected VOC data from 13 facilities and equipment of a mobile communication service company, and then conducted 𝒙² test to verify that there was a statistically significant difference between the actual VOC observation values and expected values. We found statistical evidence that proactive service is possible through real-time monitoring for the six disability alarms among the 13 facilities and equipment, which are FTTH-R Equipment ON/OFF, FTTH-EV Line Error Detection, Port Faulty, FTTH-R Line Error Detection, Network Loop Detection, and Abnormal Limiting Traffic. Companies are able to adopt the proactive service to improve their market share and to reduce customer service costs. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the actual application of industry in that it has diagnosed the possibility of proactive service in the telecommunication service sector and further suggested suggestions on how to provide effective proactive service.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.136-145
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• 2007

Redevelopment about land that nature green tract of land and dilapidated city equipment including greenbelt make a strong resolution in city with change of town planning area according to growth of city is consisting. Formation of city of these phenomenon is old and personality of city changes rapidly, the speed becomes fast. Phenomenon that Busan moves to neighborhood area as convenience of traffic of industrial facilities that was on spearhead of economic growth move to outer wall of city and port facilities is deterioration, as becoming decline Tuesday industry form of city in the second industry the third phenomenon that alter by the 4th happen and case of residential area old residential area of inland area change for the worse of habit be and impulse to steal is augmented in the 1970, 80 is appearing. Hereupon the result inland area which analyzes the change with the use area compared to the area where it is coming in contact to the coast the diffusion of the residential area or the business park appears area, the factory back of nine cities acts Gangseo-gu or Gijang-gun of the industry area this with the fact that it changes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.637-645
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• 2018

This study analyzes the problem of lack of anchorage caused by some anchorage closed and suggests ways to improve Masan anchorage. For this, we established the evaluation criteria, and analysed the anchorage operating rate during 5 years after estimating the capacity of barge, and suggested improvement plan after appropriateness assessment of anchorage capacity, finally verified the anchorage improvement plan. As a result of study, it is analyzed that the Masan A-2, A-4, A-6 anchorage needs to expand the anchorage due to excess the anchorage assessment criteria of 60 %. So, in order to improve the Masan anchorage, we suggested the improvement plan that extended 1.8 times by the group designated anchorage, according to integrating the A-2, A-4, A-6 anchorage and anchorage dwell time and ship type. And, the result of verification improvement plan, it is analyzed that meet the assessment criteria since decreasing the anchorage operating rate by 1/2 compared to the existing one, does not act as a risk factor in terms of maritime traffic.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.39-48
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• 2016

One of the major trends of automotive networking architecture is the introduction of automotive Ethernet. Ethernet is already used in single automotive applications (e.g. to connect high-data-rate sources as video cameras), it is expected that the ongoing standardization at IEEE (IEEE802.3bw - 100BASE-T1, respectively IEEE P802.3bp - 1000BASE-T1) will lead to a much broader adoption in future. Those applications will not be limited to simple point-to-point connections, but may affect Electric/Electronic(EE) Architectures as a whole. It is agreed that IP based traffic via Ethernet could be secured by application of well-established IP security protocols (e.g., IPSec, TLS) combined with additional components like, e.g., automotive firewall or IDS. In the case of safety and real-time related applications on resource constraint devices, the IP based communication is not the favorite option to be used with complicated and performance demanding TLS or IPSec. Those applications will be foreseeable incorporate Layer-2 based communication protocols as, e.g., currently standardized at IEEE[13]. The present paper reflects the state-of-the-art communication concepts with respect to security and identifies architectural challenges and potential solutions for future Ethernet Switch-based EE-Architectures. It also gives an overview and provide insights into the ongoing security relevant standardization activities concerning automotive Ethernet. Furthermore, the properties of non-automotive Ethernet security mechanisms as, e.g., IEEE 802.1AE aka. MACsec or 802.1X Port-based Network Access Control, will be evaluated and the applicability for automotive applications will be assessed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.09a
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• pp.133-144
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• 2009

Incheon Bridge, 18.4 km long sea-crossing bridge, will be opened to the traffic in October 2009 and this will be the new landmark of the gearing up north-east Asia as well as the largest & longest bridge of Korea. Incheon Bridge is the integrated set of several special featured bridges including a magnificent cable-stayed girder bridge which has a main span of 800 m width to cross the navigation channel in and out of the Port of Incheon. Incheon Bridge is making an epoch of long-span bridge designs thanks to the fully application of the AASHTO LRFD (load & resistance factor design) to both the superstructures and the substructures. A state-of-the-art of the geotechnologies which were applied to the Incheon Bridge construction project is introduced. The most Large-diameter drilled shafts were penetrated into the bedrock to support the colossal superstructures. The bearing capacity and deformational characteristics of the foundations were verified through the world's largest static pile load test. 8 full-scale pilot piles were tested in both offshore site and onshore area prior to the commencement of constructions. Compressible load beyond 30,000 tonf pressed a single 3 m diameter foundation pile by means of bi-directional loading method including the Osterberg cell techniques. Detailed site investigation to characterize the subsurface properties had been carried out. Geotextile tubes, tied sheet pile walls, and trestles were utilized to overcome the very large tidal difference between ebb and flow at the foreshore site. 44 circular-cell type dolphins surround the piers near the navigation channel to protect the bridge against the collision with aberrant vessels. Each dolphin structure consists of the flat sheet piled wall and infilled aggregates to absorb the collision impact. Geo-centrifugal tests were performed to evaluate the behavior of the dolphin in the seabed and to verify the numerical model for the design. Rip-rap embankments on the seabed are expected to prevent the scouring of the foundation. Prefabricated vertical drains, sand compaction piles, deep cement mixings, horizontal natural-fiber drains, and other subsidiary methods were used to improve the soft ground for the site of abutments, toll plazas, and access roads. Light-weight backfill using EPS blocks helps to reduce the earth pressure behind the abutment on the soft ground. Some kinds of reinforced earth like as MSE using geosynthetics were utilized for the ring wall of the abutment. Soil steel bridges made of corrugated steel plates and engineered backfills were constructed for the open-cut tunnel and the culvert. Diverse experiences of advanced designs and constructions from the Incheon Bridge project have been propagated by relevant engineers and it is strongly expected that significant achievements in geotechnical engineering through this project will contribute to the national development of the longspan bridge technologies remarkably.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.09c
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• pp.72-77
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• 2010

The Incheon Bridge, which was opened to the traffic in October 2009, is an 18.4 km long sea-crossing bridge connecting the Incheon International Airport with the expressway networks around the Seoul metropolitan area by way of Songdo District of Incheon City. This bridge is an integration of several special featured bridges and the major part of the bridge consists of cable-stayed spans. This marine cable-stayed bridge has a main span of 800 m wide to cross the vessel navigation channel in and out of the Incheon Port. In waterways where ship collision is anticipated, bridges shall be designed to resist ship impact forces, and/or, adequately protected by ship impact protection (SIP) systems. For the Incheon Bridge, large diameter circular dolphins as SIP were made at 44 locations of the both side of the main span around the piers of the cable-stayed bridge span. This world's largest dolphin-type SIP system protects the bridge against the collision with 100,000 DWT tanker navigating the channel with speed of 10 knots. Diameter of the dolphin is up to 25 m. Vessel collision risk was assessed by probability based analysis with AASHTO Method-II. The annual frequency of bridge collapse through the risk analysis for 71,370 cases of the impact scenario was less than $0.5{\times}10^{-4}$ and satisfies design requirements. The dolphin is the circular sheet pile structure filled with crushed rock and closed at the top with a robust concrete cap. The structural design was performed with numerical analyses of which constitutional model was verified by the physical model experiment using the geo-centrifugal testing equipment. 3D non-linear finite element models were used to analyze the structural response and energy-dissipating capability of dolphins which were deeply embedded in the seabed. The dolphin structure secures external stability and internal stability for ordinary loads such as wave and current pressure. Considering failure mechanism, stability assessment was performed for the strength limit state and service limit state of the dolphins. The friction angle of the crushed stone as a filling material was reduced to $38^{\circ}$ considering the possibility of contracting behavior as the impact.