• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.111-127
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• 2020

The goal of this study is to fill this apparent gap in the area about investigating the effect of porosity distributions on vibrational behavior of FG sectorial plates resting on a two-parameter elastic foundation. The response of the elastic medium is formulated by the Winkler/Pasternak model. The internal pores and graphene platelets (GPLs) are distributed in the matrix either uniformly or non-uniformly according to three different patterns. The model is proposed with material parameters varying in the thickness of plate to achieve graded distributions in both porosity and nanofillers. The elastic modulus of the nanocomposite is obtained by using Halpin-Tsai micromechanics model. The annular sector plate is assumed to be simply supported in the radial edges while any arbitrary boundary conditions are applied to the other two circular edges including simply supported, clamped and free. The 2-D differential quadrature method as an efficient and accurate numerical approach is used to discretize the governing equations and to implement the boundary conditions. The convergence of the method is demonstrated and to validate the results, comparisons are made between the present results and those reported by well-known references for special cases treated before, have confirmed accuracy and efficiency of the present approach. It is observed that the maximum vibration frequency obtained in the case of symmetric porosity and GPL distribution, while the minimum vibration frequency is obtained using uniform porosity distribution. Results show that for better understanding of mechanical behavior of nanocomposite plates, it is crucial to consider porosities inside the material structure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.67-68
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• 2023

After mixing the pozzolan-based powder and water repellent with porosity into the cement mortar, microanalysis and measurement of the water repellent contact angle confirmed that the NZS specimen using natural zeolite had the highest contact angle. The specific surface area is increased due to the porosity of natural zeolite, so the adhesion of silane-siloxane is relatively better than that of FA, and it is judged to have a uniform distribution inside the mortar.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 1990

The microstructures of sintered products of $Fe_2O_3$or $Fe_3O_4$-Oxide added cast iron powder was investigated. And the effects of particle size distribution was investigated too. As the result, the structures of sintered products did not related to the species of Fe-Oxide. Th porosity of sintered products was decreased in size and spherodized with increasing sintering temperature, decreasing Fe-Oxide quantity. Fe-Oxide itself did not hinder sintering of cast iron powder particularly, therefore sintering could be occurred without termination of reduction of it. And the sintered products of finer particle size distribution had finer and more spherodized porosity, and had minimized the deviation of size and shape of porosity.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.77 no.6
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• pp.797-807
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• 2021

A new simple solution for critical buckling of FG sandwich plates under axial and biaxial loads is presented using new modified power-law formulations. Both even and uneven distributions of porosity are taken into account in this study. Material properties of the sandwich plate faces are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a modified power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. Equilibrium and stability equations of FG sandwich plate with various boundary conditions are derived using the higher-order shear deformation plate theory. The results reveal that the distribution shape of the porosity, the gradient index, loading type and functionally graded layers thickness have significant influence on the buckling response of functionally graded sandwich plates.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.87 no.1
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• pp.29-46
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• 2023

Critical thermal buckling of functionally graded porous (FGP) sandwich plates under various types of thermal loading is considered. It is assumed that the mechanical and thermal nonhomogeneous properties of FGP sandwich plate vary smoothly by distribution of power law across the thickness of sandwich plate. In this paper, porosity defects are modeled as stiffness reduction criteria and included in the rule of mixture. The thermal environments are considered as uniform, linear and nonlinear temperature rises. The critical buckling temperature response of FGM sandwich plates has been analyzed under various boundary conditions. By comparing several numerical examples with the reference solutions, the results indicate that the present analysis has good accuracy and rapid convergence. Further, the effects of various parameters like distribution shape of porosity, sandwich combinations, aspect ratio, thickness ratio, boundary conditions on critical buckling temperature of FGP sandwich plate have been studied in this paper.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.215-226
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate free vibration of functionally graded porous nanocomposite rectangular plates where the internal pores and graphene platelets (GPLs) are distributed in the matrix either uniformly or non-uniformly according to three different patterns. The elastic properties of the nanocomposite are obtained by employing Halpin-Tsai micromechanics model. The GPL-reinforced plate is modeled using a semi-analytic approach composed of generalized differential quadrature method (GDQM) and series solution adopted to solve the equations of motion. The proposed rectangular plates have two opposite edges simply supported, while all possible combinations of free, simply supported and clamped boundary conditions are applied to the other two edges. The 2-D differential quadrature method as an efficient and accurate numerical tool is used to discretize the governing equations and to implement the boundary conditions. The convergence of the method is demonstrated and to validate the results, comparisons are made between the present results and those reported by well-known references for special cases treated before, have confirmed accuracy and efficiency of the present approach. New results reveal the importance of porosity coefficient, porosity distribution, graphene platelets (GPLs) distribution, geometrical and boundary conditions on vibration behavior of porous nanocomposite plates. It is observed that the maximum vibration frequency obtained in the case of symmetric porosity and GPL distribution, while the minimum vibration frequency is obtained using uniform porosity distribution.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.46-50
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of welding parameters such as shielding gas compositions welding voltage and welding current on the pore formation in the weld beads of galvanized steel pipes produced with gas metal arc welding. The porosity was evaluated and rated by metallography and radiographic test in terms of weight percentage, number and distribution of pores in weld beads. The porosity increased with increasing welding voltage and current, in which Ar gas produced the most porosity while $Ar+5%O_2$ generated the least porosity. It was found that the porosity could be reduced by selection of the proper gas mixture composition such as $Ar+5%O_2$ and $Ar+10%CO_2$ and by using current (130~150A) and voltage(16~20V).

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.343-371
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• 2016

In this paper thermo-mechanical vibration analysis of a porous functionally graded (FG) Timoshenko beam in thermal environment with various boundary conditions are performed by employing a semi analytical differential transform method (DTM) and presenting a Navier type solution method for the first time. The temperature-dependent material properties of FG beam are supposed to vary through thickness direction of the constituents according to the power-law distribution which is modified to approximate the material properties with the porosity phases. Also the porous material properties vary through the thickness of the beam with even and uneven distribution. Two types of thermal loadings, namely, uniform and linear temperature rises through thickness direction are considered. Derivation of equations is based on the Timoshenko beam theory in order to consider the effect of both shear deformation and rotary inertia. Hamilton's principle is applied to obtain the governing differential equation of motion and boundary conditions. The detailed mathematical derivations are presented and numerical investigations are performed while the emphasis is placed on investigating the effect of several parameters such as porosity distributions, porosity volume fraction, thermal effect, boundary conditions and power-low exponent on the natural frequencies of the FG beams in detail. It is explicitly shown that the vibration behavior of porous FG beams is significantly influenced by these effects. Numerical results are presented to serve benchmarks for future analyses of FG beams with porosity phases.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.431-440
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• 2023

The functionally graded (FG) porous plates are usually characterized by the non-symmetric elastic modulus distribution through the thickness so that the plate neutral surface does not coincide with the mid-surface. Nevertheless, the conventional analysis models were mostly based on the plate mid-surface so that the accuracy of resulting numerical results is questionable. In this context, this paper presents the neutral surface-based static and free vibration analysis of FG porous plates and investigates the differences between the mid- and neutral surface-based analysis models. The neutral surface-based numerical method is formulated using the (3,3,2) hierarchical model and approximated by the last introduced natural element method (NEM). The volume fractions of metal and ceramic are expressed by the power-law function and the cosine-type porosity distributions are considered. The proposed numerical method is demonstrated through the benchmark experiment, and the differences between two analysis models are parametrically investigated with respect to the thickness-wise material and porosity distributions. It is found from the numerical results that the difference cannot be negligible when the material and porosity distributions are remarkably biased in the thickness direction.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.43-60
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• 2024

This work presents an analytical approach to investigate wave propagation in bi-directional functionally graded cantilever porous beam. The formulations are based on Touratier's higher-order shear deformation beam theory. The physical properties of the porous functionally graded material beam are graded through the width and thickness using a power law distribution. Two porosities models approximating the even and uneven porosity distributions are considered. The governing equations of the wave propagation in the porous functionally graded beam are derived by employing the Hamilton's principle. Closed-form solutions for various parameters and porosity types are obtained, and the numerical results are compared with those available in the literature.The numerical results show the power law index, number of wave, geometrical parameters and porosity distribution models affect the dynamic of the FG beam significantly.