• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.80-87
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• 2015

The Al die casting process has been widely used in the manufacturing of automotive parts when the process requires near-net shape casting and a high productive rate. However, porosity arises in the casting process, and this hampers the wider use of this method for the creation of high-durability automotive components. The porosity can be controlled by the shot condition, but, it is critical to set the shot condition in the sleeve, and it remains difficult to optimize the shot condition to avoid air entrapment efficiently. In this study, the 4.5 mm, 2.0 mm plate die castings were fabricated under various shot conditions, such as plunger velocities of 0.7 m/s ~ 3.0 m/s and fast shot set points of the cavity of -25%, 0%, 25%, and 50%. The mold filling behavior of Al melts in the cavity was analyzed by a numerical method. Also, according to the shot conditions, the results of numerical analyses were compared to those of die-casting experiments. The porosity levels of the plate castings were analyzed by X-ray CT images and by density and microstructural analyses. The effects of the porosity on the mechanical properties were analyzed by tensile tests and hardness tests. The simulation results are in good general agreements with the die-casting experimental results. When plunger velocity and fast shot set point are 1.0 m/s and cavity 25% position, castings had optimum condition for good mechanical properties and a low level of porosity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.197-199
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• 1991

Growth of ginseng and physical properties of soil were compared with bed height in experimental plots of sand loam for four year and clay loam soil for three year old ginseng plants, respectively. Field survey was also carried out to compare yield and soil physical properties with bed height in the same fold of six years old ginseng fields. High yield of ginseng root was observed at high bed both in the experimental plots and field survey as well. The rate of rusty root was significantly reduced at high bed. Soil porosity increased but soil hardness decreased at high bed.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2002

The immobilization and consolidation of the model coatings based on the plastic pigment and latex binder of known particle sizes were theoretically Studied in terms of the dense random packing of binary spheres and varying extent of latex film shrinkage. The porosity of the model coatings was calculated based on three proposed latex shrinkage models: Maximum, Minimum, and Linearly Decreasing Latex Shrinkage. The increasing extent of latex shrinkage was calculated up to the critical pigment volume concentration(CPVC) as a function of plastic pigment volume fractions, and the maximum latex shrinkage was estimated from the CPVC. Also, the number of pores and the average equivalent spherical pore diameters were calculated based on those proposed models. The opacity and gloss of the model coatings on polyester films were measured and their porosity was also determined by a simple coat weight-thickness method. As expected, various coating structure-property-composition relationships, such as opacity, gloss, porosity, etc., were shown to exhibit sharp transitions near the CPVC. The CPVC values determined by the opacity, gloss, and porosity vs. PVC relationships, respectively, agreed very well with each other. Especially, the CPVC's determined by the opacity and porosity vs. PVC curves were identical. The comparison between the theoretically calculated and experimental porosity values showed that the intermediate value between the maximum and minimum latex shrinkage would best fit the experimental porosity data. The effect of plastic pigment particle size on the optical properties and porosity of model coatings was also studied and it was observed that the coating opacity and porosity increased with increasing plastic pigment particle size, but the gloss decreased. The ink gloss of the uncalendered model coatings applied onto commercial sheet offset coated papers was shown to be affected by both the coating gloss and porosity: the higher the coating gloss, the higher the ink gloss, but the higher the coating porosity, the lower the ink gloss. Their printability was also studied in terms of the number of passes-to-fail and the rate of ink setting as a function of both plastic pigment volume fractions and plastic pigment particle sizes. A minimum crack-free temperature(MCR) of latex-bound coatings was proposed to better predict the behaviors of latexes as coating binders. The wet state of model coating dispersions, the surfaces of consolidated model coatings, and their internal structure were examined by both electron and atomic force microscopy, and their micrographs were found to be consistent with our immobilization and consolidation models.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.341-347
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• 2013

Kaolin-based membranes with a pore size of 0.30-0.40 ${\mu}m$ were successfully prepared by a simple pressing route using low-cost starting materials, kaolin and sodium borate. The prepared green bodies were sintered at different temperatures ranging between 900 and $1200^{\circ}C$. The sintered membranes were characterized by X-ray diffraction, mercury porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and capillary flowmetry. It was observed that the porosity decreased with an increase in both the sintering temperature and the sodium borate content, whereas the flexural strength increased with an increase in both the sintering temperature and the sodium borate content. The air flow rate decreased with an increase in the sodium borate content. The typical porosity, flexural strength, and specific flow rate of the kaolin-based membrane sintered with 5 wt% sodium borate at $1100^{\circ}C$ were 37%, 19 MPa, and $1{\times}10^{-3}L/min/cm^2$, respectively, at a p of 30 psi.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2008

The present study numerically investigates the effect of the shape of absorbing revetment on wave overtopping rate under regular and irregular incident waves. At first, the numerical model developed by Hur and Choi(2008), which considers the flow through a porous medium with inertial, laminar and turbulent resistance terms, directly simulates Wave-Structure-Sandy seabed interaction and can determine the eddy viscosity with LES turbulent model in 2-Dimensional wave field (LES-WASS-2D), is validated when compared to experimental data. Numerical simulations are then performed to examine the effect of the shape of absorbing revetment and incident wave conditions on wave overtopping rate. The numerical result shows that the wave overtopping rate decreases with the slope gradient of absorbing revetment under both regular and irregular waves. In addition, the effects of mean grain size and porosity of absorbing revetment, incident wave period and crest height on wave overtopping rate are discussed.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2010

암석의 인장강도에 미치는 변형률 속도 및 수분포화의 영향을 파악하기 위하여 건조상태 및 포화상태 3종류의 암석에 대해서 여러 가지 변형률 속도에서의 홉킨슨효과를 이용한 인장파괴실험을 실시하였다. 실험결과 건조상태뿐만 아니라 포화상태에서도 변형률 속도가 증가할수록 암석의 인장강도는 증가하였다. 특히, 건조 상태에 있어서 암석의 동적인장강도는 암석의 종류와는 상관없이 변형률 속도의 약 1/3승에 비례하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, 수분포화의 영향으로 공극률이 높은 사암과 응회암은 건조상태와 비교하여 인장강도가 감소하였으나, 공극률이 0.49%로 낮은 화강암은 건조상태와 포화상태와의 사이에 유의한 차이는 없었다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2016년도 추계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.91-92
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• 2016

Red mud is an inorganic by-product produced from the mineral processing of alumina from Bauxite ores. the development of alkali-activated slag-red mud cement can be a representative study aimed at recycling the strong alkali of the red mud as a construction material. This study is to investigate the pore characteristics of alkali-activated slag-red mud soil pavement according to the red mud content. The results showed that the porosity of alkali-activated slag-red mud soil pavement increased but the compressive strength of that decreased as the red mud content increased.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.86-91
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• 1998

The drainage was used to determine the specific filtration resistance for wood and non-wood fibers. The drainage rate is also affected by factors that can be changed on consistency, pressure drop across the mat, basis weight, additives, and viscosity. Recent development of theoretical studies in flow through porous media and filtration operation emphasize the urgent need for more accurate data for porosity and specific filtration resistance. This study was investigated to determine specific filtration resistance of Hw, Sw-BKP and Kenaf fiber by filtration experimental. Freeness levels selected were 150,250,and $350m\ell$ CSF. The average specific filtration resistance decreased as freeness increased and resistance of Sw-BKP was greater than that of Hw-BKP. The filtrate and porosity increased and specific filtration resistance decreased as particle size of fiber increased.

• Biomaterials and Biomechanics in Bioengineering
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of total polymer concentration on the chemical structure, morphology of pores, porosity, swelling ratio, degradation of gelatin-poly (vinyl alcohol) (Gel-PVA) cryogel scaffolds. Porous cryogels were prepared with cryogelation technique by using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. Functional group composition of cryogels after crosslinking was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The morphology of cryogels was characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and porosity analysis. All of the cryogels had a porous structure with an average pore size between $45.58{\pm}14.28$ and $50.14{\pm}4.26{\mu}m$. The cryogels were biodegradable and started to degrade in 14 days. As the polymer concentration increased the swelling ratio, the porosity and the degradation rate decreased. Spongy and mechanically stable Gel-PVA cryogels, with tunable properties, can be potential candidates as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.

• 지질공학
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.341-352
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 생성 당시의 퇴적환경이 상이한 것으로 알려진 대구지역의 적색 셰일과 흑색 셰일의 물리적 및 역학적 특성을 확인하기 위하여 단위중량, 흡수율, 공극률, 초음파속도, 일축압축강도, 점하중강도, 슬레이크 내구성 및 열화특성 시험 등을 실시하였고, XRD 및 XRF 분석과 SEM 영상 분석을 수행하였다. 시험결과 두 셰일의 단위중량은 유사하였으나 흡수율과 공극률은 적색 셰일이 흑색 셰일보다 더 높았다. 특이하게도 공극률이 높은 적색 셰일의 초음파속도, 일축압축강도, 점하중강도지수 가 흑색보다 더 높은 값을 보였는데 이는 흑색 셰일 내에 발달된 엽층리의 영향인 것으로 판단된다. 열화시험에서는 용액의 산성도가 증가할수록 또 수침시간이 길어질수록 시료의 점하중강도지수와 슬레이크 내구성지수의 저감정도가 심하였으며, 흑색 셰일보다는 공극률이 큰 적색 셰일에서 더 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.