• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2009

In order to obtain the genetic information of the Korean isolates of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), complete genomes of five isolates from Korean PCVD weaned pigs with wasting syndromes were sequenced and compared with those of other published PCV2 isolates. Of the five PCV2 isolates, four (1767 nucleotides) were classified into PCV2b, and one (1,768 nucleotides) was PCV2a. Moreover, it appeared that PCV2b is now the dominant genotype circulating in Korea herds. Total complete genomes of four PCV2b isolates shared $99.1{\sim}99.4%$ nucleotide sequence homology each other, and were only $95.4{\sim}96.2%$ similar to one PCV2a isolate. ORF2 genome of four PCV2b isolates shared over 99% nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence identity to each other. Nevertheless, those were much divergent with the PCV2a isolate of this study and ranged from $92.3{\sim}92.7%$ nucleotide homology and $91.9{\sim}92.3%$ deduced amino acid sequence homology, respectively. The amino acid sequence alignments of the putative capsid protein identified three major regions of amino acid heterogeneity at residues $59{\sim}91$, $121{\sim}136$ and $190{\sim}210$. Two of those correspond with dominant immunoreactive areas. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome of PCV2 isolates showed that four PCV2b isolates of this study existed the closest relationship with European strains (Netherland, UK and France). One PCV2a isolate was closely related to Japan and North America strains.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the infection situation of several diseases (post-weaning atrophic pigs) such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in swine breeding complex in Jeonbuk-Iksan. From February to October in 2006, a total of 28 swine samples (6-10 week old) were collected from 6 farms and examined by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and clinical signs. In the rate of single infection, pneumonia was top (32.1%), followed by salmonellosis (14.2%)and Glasser's disease (10.7%) and double infection pneumonia/Glasser's disease (17.8%) was detected. PCR was detected of PCV 2 from 28 (100.0%) and PPV 6 (21.4%), PRRS PORF6 10 (35.7%) and POR7 11 (39.2%), but HC and AD was not detected. The results suggest that PCV 2 is complex infection PRRS, PPV and bacterial disease.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.235-243
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• 2017

Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium is highly contagious, and its infection may rapidly spread within pig populations of herd. According to the survey (1,191 pigs) from 2003 to 2012, 155 pigs (13.0%) were diagnosed as salmonellosis in Jeju. Major porcine salmonellosis cases (88.4%) were concentrated in 4- to 12-week-old weaned pigs, but 6 pigs (3.9%) under 4 weeks old were also diagnosed. Based on the histopathologic examinations, ulcerative enteritis (63.9%) in the large intestine and/or paratyphoid nodules formation (57.4%) in the liver were most prevalent lesions in porcine salmonellosis. Single infection of S. Typhimurium and mixed infection with more than 2 pathogens were detected in 38 (24.5%) and 117 (75.5%) in pigs, respectively. Co-infections of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Porcine circovirus type 2 were very common in porcine salmonellosis in Jeju and detected in 84 (54.2%) and 59 (38.1%) pigs, respectively. Based on the serotyping tests using 41 bacterial isolates, S. Typhimurium and S. Rissen were confirmed in 39 (95.1%) and 2 (4.9%) cases, respectively.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.61.1-61.16
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• 2020

Background: Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are bioactive substances extracted from P. notoginseng that are widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and interstitial diseases. PNS have the functions of scavenging free radicals, anti-inflammation, improving blood supply for tissue and so on. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PNS on the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Using an oxidative stress model of PCV2 infection in a porcine lung cell line (3D4/2 cells) and mice, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total glutathione (T-GSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) were determined to evaluate the regulatory effects of PNS on oxidative stress. Results: PNS treatment significantly reduced the levels of NO and ROS, the content of GSSG and the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS (p < 0.05), while significantly increasing GSH and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in infected 3D4/2 cells (p < 0.05).Similarly, in the in vivo study, PNS treatment significantly decreased the level of ROS in spleen lymphocytes of infected mice (p < 0.05), increased the levels of GSH and T-GSH (p < 0.05), significantly decreased the GSSG level (p < 0.05), and decreased the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS. Conclusions: PNS could regulate the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.215-220
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• 2009

The prevalence of potentially xenozoonotic viruses in the reproductive tract of female pigs in Korea was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These viruses include porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine hepatitis E virus (SHEV), porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus (PLHV), and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2). Histopathological examination and PCR analysis were conducted using the ovaries of 70 slaughtered pigs that were collected from 14 farms in Jeju. Histopathologically, infiltrations of mononuclear inflammatory cells around the thick-walled coiled vessels in the ovarian medulla were observed in 15 cases. Based on the PCR method, PERV, PLHV, PRRSV, SHEV, and PCV-2 were detected in 69 (98.6%), 35 (50%), 5 (7.1%), 4 (5.7%), and 1 sample (1.4%), respectively. These results suggest that PERV and PLHV are the major xenozoonotic viruses in the porcine ovary. This study should aid in the development of a monitoring protocol for potential xenozoonotic agents and in the production of germ-free pigs for xenotransplantation.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.283-288
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• 2017

양돈산업에 있어 돼지 써코바이러스 2형(PCV2)의 복합감염으로 인한 이유자돈의 질병 피해가 막대하다. PCV2 감염에 대한 숙주의 민감도는 상이한 것으로 알려져 있으며, 따라서 숙주의 민감도를 구분하는 것은, 이를 이용한 숙주의 저항성 향상 연구에 필수이다. 본 연구의 목적은 이유자돈군의 혈액 내에서 PCV2 바이러스에 대한 숙주의 민감도를 구분 짓고 구명하는데 있었다. 본 연구에서는 자연적으로 바이러스에 감염된 10주령의 이유자돈군으로부터 혈청을 채취하여 PCV2 바이러스량과 항체가를 측정하고 혈구분석을 실시했다. 또한, 측정된 PCV2 바이러스량과 항체가를 기준으로 자돈군 내에서 저항성군과 민감성군을 선정하였고, 통계분석결과 저항성군에 비해 민감성군에서 백혈구 수가 현저히 줄어든 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해서 PCV2 감염에 대한 돼지의 민감도를 구분짓기 위한 PCV2 바이러스량과 항체가를 이용한 복합기준을 제시할 수 있었으며, 이유자돈군의 PCV2 관련 질병저항성 및 백혈구감소증을 확인할 수 있는 방법을 마련하였다.

• 한국수의병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수의병리학회 2003년도 추계학술대회초록집
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• pp.49-49
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• 2003

PMWS is characterised by weight loss and dyspnea combined with pathological findings of interstitial pneumonia and generalized enlarged lymph nodes. Typical histological lesions include multifocal granulomatous pneumonia, and lymphocyte depletion and multinucleated giant cell formation in lymph nodes[1,2]. (omitted)

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to apply a nested-polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) assay to detect and differentiate PCV 2a and PCV 2b. The compared with nPCR and one-step PCR and nPCR showed more sensitive in the detection of PCV-2 from tissue and blood samples. The total of 52 tissue samples was collected from postweanning pigs from 2006 to 2010. All tissue samples showed positive for PCV-2 in one-step PCR and nPCR, followed by the nPCR in order to identify the genotypes of PCV-2. 2 samples (3.8%) showed positive for PCV 2a, and 35 samples were positive for PCV 2b (67.3%), 15 samples (28.9%) were positive the dual genotypes. In addition, 42 blood samples which were collected from the 5 different swine farms were compared figure out the detection rates of nPCR and one-step PCR. The PCV 2 was positive by one-step PCR in 21 samples (50.0%) and nPCR was positive in 37 samples (88.1%). The PCV 2 genotypes in blood samples and 32 samples (76.2%) were positive for PCV 2b and none were positive for PCV 2a, 5 samples (11.9%) were positive for dual genotypes. These results suggest that the nPCR is very efficient for genotyping blood samples and differentiating the genotypes of PCV-2 from field samples.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.78.1-78.15
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• 2020

Background: Enteritis is one of the most frequently reported symptoms in piglets infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), but the immunopathogenesis has not been reported. Objectives: This study examined the effect of a PCV2 infection on the intestinal mucosal immune function through morphological observations and immune-related molecular detection. Methods: Morphological changes within the ileum of piglets during a PCV2 infection were observed. The expression of the related-molecules was analyzed using a gene chip. The immunocyte subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. The secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) content was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The PCV2 infection caused ileal villus damage, intestinal epithelial cells exfoliation, and an increase in lymphocytes in the lamina propria at 21 days post-infection. Differentially expressed genes occurred in the defense response, inflammatory response, and the complement and coagulation cascade reactions. Most of them were downregulated significantly at the induction site and upregulated at the effector site. The genes associated with SIgA production were downregulated significantly at the induction site. In contrast, the expression of the Toll-like receptor-related genes was upregulated significantly at the effector site. The frequencies of dendritic cells, B cells, and CD8⁺T cells were upregulated at the 2 sites. The SIgA content decreased significantly in the ileal mucosa. Conclusions: PCV2 infections can cause damage to the ileum that is associated with changes in immune-related gene expression, immune-related cell subsets, and SIgA production. These findings elucidated the molecular changes in the ileum after a PCV2 infection from the perspective of intestinal mucosal immunity, which provides insights into a further study for PCV2-induced enteritis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.482-488
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• 2019

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs. Replicase (Rep) proteins are considered essential for viral replication. Capsid (Cap) protein is the primary immunogenic protein that induces protective immunity. Little is known about comparison on the immunogenicity of PCV2 Rep and Cap fusion protein and Cap protein. In the present study, recombinant baculoviruses expressing the Rep-Cap fusion protein (Bac-Rep-Cap) and the Cap protein (Bac-Cap) of PCV2 were constructed and confirmed with western blot and indirect fluorescence assay. Immunogenicities of the two recombinant proteins were tested in mice. The titers of antibodies were determined with a PCV2-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a serum neutralization assay. The $IFN-{\gamma}$ response of immunized mice was measured by ELISA. The mice immunized with the Bac-Rep-Cap and Bac-Cap successfully produced Cap-specific immunoreaction. The mice immunized with the Bac-Cap developed higher PCV2-specific neutralizing antibody titers than mice injected with the Bac-Rep-Cap. $IFN-{\gamma}$ in the Bac-Rep-Cap group was increased compared to those in the Bac-Cap group. Vaccination of mice with the Bac-Rep-Cap showed significantly decreased protective efficacy compared to the Bac-Cap. Our findings will indubitably not only lead to a better understanding of the immunogenicity of PCV2, but also improved vaccines.