• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.21-36
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• 2023

Activity-based modeling systems have increasingly been developed to address the limitations of widely used traditional four-step transportation demand forecasting models. Accordingly, this paper introduces the Activity-BAsed Traveler Analyzer (ABATA) system. This system consists of multiple components, including an hourly total population estimator, activity profile constructor, hourly activity population estimator, spatial activity population estimator, and origin/destination estimator. To demonstrate the proposed system, the emission impact of land use changes in the 5-1 block Sejong smart city is evaluated as a case study. The results indicate that the land use with the scenario of work facility dispersed plan produced more emissions than the scenario of work facility centralized plan due to the longer travel distance. The proposed ABATA system is expected to provide a valuable tool for simulating the impacts of future changes in population, activity schedules, and land use on activity populations and travel demands.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.429-436
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• 2007

The INRA124 is a bovine Y-chromosomal specific microsatellite locus that has been revealed a polymorphism. This locus has two alleles. The 132 bp allele is specific to cattle (humpless) of taurine origin and the 130 bp allele is specific to cattle (humped) of indicine origin. A total 822 males of 20 breeds or populations; North Eastern Asian breeds (Hanwoo, Korean Black cattle, Chik-so, CBK, Japanese Black cattle, Japanese Brown cattle, Yanbian cattle), Chinese yellow cattle (Luxi cattle, Nanyang cattle), European origin (Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Simmental, Brown swiss, Holstein, Limousin), African origin (Kavirondo zebu, White Fulani, crossbreed of N'Dama and Boran), Indian origin (Sahiwal) were characterized the distribution of alleles using INRA124 locus. Any individuals of European, Japanese origins and Hanwoo were not detected 130 bp allele, Bos indicus specific allele. Bos indicus breeds of Indian and African origins were not detected 132 bp allele, Bos taurus specific allele. CBK population that the crossbreed of Hanwoo, Brahman and Charolais showed the frequency of 0.19 in indicine specific allele. The breeds of Chinese mainland, Luxi and Nanyang cattle were detected 0.46 and 0.29 frequencies in indicine specific allele, respectively. These results suggest that Korean cattle, Hanwoo, had not been originated from a crossbred between Bos primigenius in Europe and Bos indicus in India.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to develop an optimum SNP marker set to be utilized for domestic pork traceability. The study tested 51 SNP markers analyzed for origin of farm to be determined from genotypes of offspring and parents in pigs. With the simulation data through random mating population (PI), half sib mating population ($PI_{half-sib}$) and full sib mating population ($PI_{sibs}$), probability of identical genotypes were analyzed as $5.63{\times}10^{-33}$, $4.35{\times}10^{-15}$ and $1.32{\times}10^{-15}$, respectively. The 51 SNP markers also had 100% accuracy for parental determination. These results suggest that if the pig breeding stock is genotyped with the 51 SNP markers, the genotype information of individual offspring can be checked for farm origins by tracing parental sow and sire. Therefore, these SNP markers will be useful to trace the pork from production to consumption in pigs.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 2017

In central and southern Korea, the two small insectivorous, terrestrial herbs, Utricularia bifida and U. caerulea, often co-occur at wet locations (or in wetlands). The Korean Peninsula (with central China and northern Japan) constitutes the northern edge of their distribution, as their main range is subtropical and tropical Asia. The Korean populations of both species are very likely of post-glacial origin, given that warm-temperate vegetation was absent from the Korean Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum. Two hypotheses of the post-glacial colonization of the peninsula can be formulated; first, if current populations were founded by propagules coming from a single ancestral population (i.e., a single refugium), we would expect low levels of genetic diversity. Alternatively, if contemporary Korean populations originated from multiple sources (multiple refugia), we would expect high levels of genetic variation. To test which is more likely, we surveyed the degree of allozyme variation at 20 loci in ten populations for each of the two species from southern Korea. We found no allozyme variation within each species. However, their aquatic congener U. australis exhibited allozyme polymorphism across Japan (four polymorphic loci at three enzyme systems). We suggest that southern Korean populations of Utricularia bifida and U. caerulea were established by a single introduction event from a genetically depauperate ancestral population.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.35-51
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• 2015

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the various reasons that might lead single women to choose not to marry. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were arranged with 18 single women who met the criteria for the present research purpose. We considered only those responses of the interviewees that are directly related to their reasons why they choose not to marry, where the collected data were analyzed in three steps by methods of thematic analysis. As a result of the analysis, the reasons for which they chose not to marry could be grouped into three main clusters of themes which may be labeled as (1) themes centered on 'Myself', (2) themes centered on 'Family' and (3) themes centered on 'Surrounding Environments and Friends'. Among the first category of themes of 'Myself', we have found five sub-themes such as "Lack of emotional communication", "Not-found spouse meeting my criteria", "My personality", "Self-narcissism or self-centeredness", "False beliefs in marriage". As for the second category of themes 'Family', three sub-themes have been found including "Family of origin conflict", "Closeness to family of origin", "Comfortable daily lives". And for the final category of themes 'Surrounding Environments and Friends', there were found three sub-themes which include "Negative effects of married friends", "Emotional support system", "Changing social atmosphere". In all there are eleven sub-themes to consider. On the basis of these results, we presented some conclusions on the reasons why single women in their thirties or forties choose not to marry. We also presented some implications of these results on population education and future research.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.455-460
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• 2004

There have been many speculations about the presence of cosmic ray protons (CRps) in galaxy clusters over the past two decades. However, no direct evidence such as the characteristic $\gamma$-ray signature of decaying pions has been found so far. These pions would be a direct tracer of hadronic CRp interactions with the ambient thermal gas also yielding observable synchrotron and inverse Compton emission by additionally produced secondary electrons. The obvious question concerns the type of galaxy clusters most likely to yield a signal: Particularly suited sites should be cluster cooling cores due to their high gas and magnetic energy densities. We studied a nearby sample of clusters evincing cooling cores in order to place stringent limits on the cluster CRp population by using non-detections of EGRET. In this context, we examined the possibility of a hadronic origin of Coma-sized radio halos as well as radio mini-halos. Especially for mini-halos, strong clues are provided by the very plausible small amount of required CRp energy density and a matching radio profile. Introducing the hadronic minimum energy criterion, we show that the energetically favored CRp energy density is constrained to $2\%{\pm}1\%$ of the thermal energy density in Perseus. We also studied the CRp population within the cooling core region of Virgo using the TeV $\gamma$-ray detection of M 87 by HEGRA. Both the expected radial $\gamma$-ray profile and the required amount of CRp support this hadronic scenario.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.967-974
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of mandibular incisive canal (MIC) in Korean population. Materials and methods: A total of 97 subjects (60 males and 37 females) who underwent cone-beam computed tomography were included in the study. The anatomic features of MIC was assessed according to gender. Length, diameter and distance to inferior, lingual and buccal border were measured at the origin and the terminal. Also the distribution of MIC at each tooth position was evaluated. Results: Of 97 patients included, 75(77.3%) presented bilateral MIC and 13(13.4%) presented unilateral MIC. Of 194 hamimandibles, MIC was detected in 102(85%) sites in male and 61(82.4%) sites in female. Gender and side showed no statistically significant differences in detectability. The length, diameter and distance to adjacent structures were bigger in male than in female except the distance to lingual border. MIC travelled anteriorly in a slightly downward and lingual direction and usually terminated between the first premolar and the canine. On cross-sectional view, MIC showed individually scattered distribution both buccolingually and superoinferiorly. Conclusion: MIC is well detected with cone-beam computed tomography. Considered that the length and the location of MIC has large variations between individuals, its localization using cone-beam CT is highly recommended before performing surgical procedures such as implant placement and bone harvesting.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.487-488
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• 2015

In type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) cosmology, a well-established correlation exists between the mass of host galaxies and the Hubble residual (HR) of SNe Ia. In order to investigate the origin of this correlation, we used low-resolution spectroscopic data of early-type host galaxies obtained from our YOnsei Nearby Supernovae Evolution Investigation (YONSEI) project. We measured velocity dispersions and Lick/IDS absorption line indices from these fully calibrated spectra. These indices were used to estimate the luminosity-weighted mean age, metallicity and mass of host galaxies. We found a tight correlation between host mass and population age, which is consistent with the "downsizing" trend in early-type galaxies. This suggests that the well-established correlation between HR and host mass is most likely due to the difference in population age. More observations, which are in progress, are required to understand the impact of luminosity evolution on SNe Ia cosmology.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.258-267
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• 2006

Distribution of population densities of heterotrophic bacteria, E. coli, and Salmonella and Shigella in seawater and sediments at 40 stations near Samcheonpo Bay were measured for 3 times from July to December, 2003. Population densities of heterotrophic bacteria in seawater during survey periods were in the range of $1.7{\pm}0.9{\times}10^3{\sim}2.4{\pm}0.9{\times}10^5$ CFU $mL^{-1}$ and the highest density was shown at St. 34 during the sampling period of September, 2003. Population densities of heterotrophic bacteria were shown higher values on September than those of July and December at all sampling stations. Population densities of anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria in sediments during survey periods were in the range of $2.2{\pm}0.2{\times}10^3{\sim}2.0{\pm}0.2{\times}10^5$ CFU $mL^{-1}$ and their population densities at sampling stations far from Samcheonpo Bay measured lower values than those near Samcheonpo Bay. Population densities of anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria in the sediments were not affected by physico-chemical factors of upper water environment. E. coli were detected only at 8 stations in seawater and 4 stations in the sediments among 40 sampling stations on July and were not detected during September and December. Salmonella and Shigella were detected only a few stations on July and September during sampling periods.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.525-532
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• 2021

Objective: Old World camels are a valuable genetic resource for many countries around the world due to their adaptation to the desert environment. At present, Old World camels have encountered the challenge of unprecedented loss of genetic resources. Through our research, we would reveal the population structure and genetic variation in Old World camel populations, which provides a theoretical basis for understanding the germplasm resources and origin and evolution of different Old World camel populations. Methods: In the present study, we assessed mtDNA control region sequences of 182 individuals from Old World camels to unravel genetic diversity, phylogeography, and demographic dynamics. Results: Thirty-two haplotypes confirmed by 54 polymorphic sites were identified in the 156 sequences, which included 129 domestic and 27 wild Bactrian camels. Meanwhile, 14 haplotypes were defined by 47 polymorphic sites from 26 sequences in the dromedaries. The wild Bactrian camel population showed the lowest haplotype and nucleotide diversity, while the dromedaries investigated had the highest. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that there are several shared haplotypes in different Bactrian camel populations, and that there has been genetic introgression between domestic Bactrian camels and dromedaries. In addition, positive values of Tajima's D and Fu's Fs test demonstrated a decrease in population size and/or balancing selection in the wild Bactrian camel population. In contrast, the negative values of Tajima's D and Fu's Fs test in East Asian Bactrian camel populations explained the demographic expansion and/or positive selection. Conclusion: In summary, we report novel information regarding the genetic diversity, population structure and demographic dynamics of Old World camels. The findings obtained from the present study reveal that abundant genetic diversity occurs in domestic Bactrian camel populations and dromedaries, while there are low levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity in the wild Bactrian camel population.