• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.78-90
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• 2015

Short rotation woody crops belonging to the genera Populus L., Salix L., Pinus L., and Eucalyptus L'Her. have provided broad economic and ecological benefits throughout the world, including afforestation and reforestation along urban to rural gradients. Within the genus Populus, cottonwoods, poplars, aspens, and their hybrids (hereafter referred to as poplars) have been shown to exhibit favorable genotype ${\times}$ environment interactions, especially in the face of changing climates. Similar growth responses have been reported for Pinus, especially with white pine (Pinus strobus L.) in the North Central United States. This has led to current research priorities focused on ecosystem services for both genera. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) defines cultural, supporting, provisioning, and regulating ecosystem services. The overarching objective of this paper was to synthesize information about the potential of poplars to provide multiple ecosystem services when grown at sites with varying soil and climate conditions across landscape gradients from urban to rural areas. Specific objectives included: 1) providing background of the United States Forest Service and its Research and Development branch, 2) integrating knowledge of current poplar breeding and development with biomass provisioning and carbon regulating ecosystem services as they relate to changing climates in the North Central United States, and 3) providing a case study illustrating this integration through comparisons of poplar with white pine. Our results were evaluated in the context of climate change mitigation, with specific focus on selection of favorable genotypes for sequestering atmospheric carbon and reducing fossil fuel carbon emissions.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.86-94
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• 2011

Pyrolytic lignin was obtained from biooil produced with yellow poplar wood. Fast pyrolysis was performed under various temperature ranges and residence times using fluidized bed type reactor. Several analytical methods were adopted to characterize the structure of pyrolytic lignin as well as the effect of pyrolysis temperature and residence time on the modification of the lignin. The yield of pyrolytic lignin increased as increasing pyrolysis temperature and decreasing residence time of pyrolysis products. The molecular weight of pyrolytic lignin determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was approximately 1,200 mol/g, which was approximately a tenth of milled wood lignin (MWL) purified from the same woody biomass. Based on analytical data, demethoxylation and side chain cleavage reaction were dominantly occurred during fast pyrolysis.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.406-419
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• 2011

This study was carried out to offer basic information on the wood anatomy of domestic yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), a new plantation species selected by Korea Forest Service as one of the promising hardwood and bioenergy sources of the future, through comparison of stem wood with root wood in the qualitative and quantitative features. In the qualitative anatomical features, growth rings were distinct in stem wood but relatively less distinct in root wood. And stem wood appeared to have pores in radial multiples of 2 to 5, sometimes clusters but root wood to have pores in radial multiples of 2 to 3, rarely clusters. And numbers of bars in scalariform perforation plates were somewhat numerous in vessel elements of root wood than in those of stem wood. Interestingly, on the other hand, more extraneous materials in the wood rays of tap root than in those of lateral root and stem were confirmed in the chemical composition analyses. In the quantitative anatomical features, pore densities were significantly greater but vessel elements were considerably narrower in stem wood than in root wood. Vessel elements and wood fibers of root wood were considerably longer than those of stem wood. Rays were somewhat more numerous in stem wood than in root wood, and only ray heights of stem wood were more or less greater in cell numbers but both ray heights and widths of stem wood were lower in dimension than those of root wood. The anatomical differences between stem wood and root wood were thought to be associated with different growth environments between the stem above ground and the root below ground.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.600-612
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• 2015

We investigated the optimization of the organosolv pretreatment of yellow poplar for bioethanol production. Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal conditions of three independent variables (reaction temperature, reaction time, and sulfuric acid (SA) concentration). Reaction temperature is the most significant variable in the degradation of xylan and lignin in the presence of an acid catalyst, and ethanol production increased with a decrease in the lignin content. The highest ethanol concentration ($42.80g/{\ell}$) and theoretical ethanol yield (98.76%) were obtained at $152^{\circ}C$ (2.5 bar) with 1.6% SA for 16 min. However, because of excessive degradation of the raw material, the overall ethanol yield was less than under other pretreatment conditions which has approximately 50% of WIS recovery rate after pretreatment. The optimal conditions for the maximum overall ethanol yield ($146^{\circ}C$ with 1.22% SA for 15.9 min) were determined with a predicted yield of 17.11%, and the experimental values were very close (17.15%). Therefore, the quadratic model is reliable.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.276-280
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• 1989

The effect of the pretreatment by solvent extraction on the saccharification of poplar (Populus euramencana) was studied. The solvent system was Phenol/H2O(Uncatalyzed)and Phenol/H2O/HCl catalyst system. When the poplar was pretreated by uncatalyzed system, the best result of the saccharification was total of 43.9 g/1 reducing sugar produced and 83.5% of carbohydrated conversion was obtained at 19$0^{\circ}C$, 60 minutes. Total wood yield and the lignin removal were 46.3% and 98.2% respectively. The use of acid catalyst was unsuitable to increase he efficiency of saccharification.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.520-520
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• 2009

Organic by-products derived from cellulose and lignin during organosolv pretreatments of yellow poplar wood (Liriodendron tulipifera) in the presence of $H_2SO_4$ and NaOH as catalysts, respectively, were subjected to various analyses to elucidate their effects on further performance of biological ethanol fermentation and provide preliminary data for the structure and utilization of organosolv lignin. Monomeric sugars amounted to ca. 2.2-7.7% in the organosoluble fraction of the organosolv pretreatment with $H_2SO_4$, while significantly low amount of sugars (0.2-0.3%) were determined in that of the organosolv pretreatment with NaOH. In case of addition of $H_2SO_4$ during organosolv pretreatment of biomass, a fermentation of the organosoluble fraction could be considered as an essential process to increase an efficiency of biomass utilization as well as yield of bioethanol. Precipitates, insoluble by-products in the solvent mixture, were also cficiency oed by diverse analytical methods and revealed that these were typically composed of a lignin moiety regardless of catalyst. According to the results of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier Tcinsform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Gel permeation chromatograp r (GPC), the main components of precipitates seem to be lignin polymers. However, their structures could be slightly modified during pretreatment and mixed with some carbohydrates by chemical bonds and/or physical associations.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.23-29
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• 1986

Alakline peroxide pretreatment for the delignification of poplar wood was performed. sinceit is a simple and efficent method for enhancing the enzymatic digestibility of wood residues. Approximately one-half of their lignin and most of the hemicellulose present in poplar wood were removed when the wood sawdust was reacted at 25$^{\circ}C$ for 100 hrs in an alkaline solution (pH 11.5) of 1% peroxide. The rate of decomposition as well as the saccharification efficiency were enhanced up to 350% and 260% respectively in comparision with those of the controll. This enhancement is comparable with that pretreated with 1% sodium hydroxide and 20% peracetic acid successively. The advantages of alkaline peroxide as delignifying agents against other chemicals were also discussed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2015

As livestock manure treatment is becoming a problem, manure application in forest plantation is recommended as an alternative. In this study, to investigate the impact due to liquid manure application in forest plantation, soil, soil water and shallow groundwater quality had been monitored in poplar experimental site where the liquid manure (LM) was applied. Water samples were collected weekly during growing season (April to October) from 2008 to 2011. From the monitoring results, phosphorus concentration in the soil and soil water had no significant difference between LM and control plots. $NO_3$-N concentration of soil water in LM, however, showed higher concentration (13.6 mg/l at 40 cm, 35.1 mg/l at 80 cm) than control plot (1.5 mg/l at 40 cm, 0.5 mg/l at 80 cm). In case of shallow groundwater quality, pH, heavy metal, etc. were satisfied to the national agricultural water quality standard of groundwater and there were no significant difference between upstream and downstream. The $NO_3$-N concentration of shallow groundwater was also not exceeded the national drinking water standard. However, $NO_3$-N concentration in soil water and downstream of shallow groundwater had increased in 2011 when non-composted LM was applied mostly in non-growing season of tree (September). From the results, it is important to control nitrogen source, application time and decomposed or not when LM is applied. In addition, to investigate nitrate source, further long-term monitoring and modelling could be necessary.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2004

This study was conducted to simple transformants selection by herbicide Basta treatment after transformation with Agrobacteium tumefaciens MP90/PAT in hybrid poplar(Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa No. 3). In preliminary study, we determined that the lethal concentration of herbicide Basta was 1.0mg/L in callus culture, adventitious bud formation and axillary bud elongation experiment. By the treatment of 1.0mg/L Basta, we could be selected the transformed shoots effectively from the various cultures. In addition, the treatment was useful on selection of transformants which are growing in soil pot. Finally, we also confirmed the transformation by PAT assay, Above results show that the herbicide Basta treatment and PAT assay can be a very simple and effective method for the identification of PAT gene transformed hybrid poplar.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.66-74
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• 2000

Wood of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) and bark of poplar(Populus alba x glandulosa), ash(Fraxinus rhynchophylla) and elm(Ulmus davidiana var. japonica) trees were collected, extracted with acetone-$H_2O$(7:3. v/v), fractionated with hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and $H_2O$. then freeze dried to get some dark brown powder for bioactive tests. Decay-resistant activity was tested using wood block specimens from the hardwood trees and expressed by weight loss rate. Black locust specimens indicated the best anti-decaying property and poplar blocks were the worst. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were also investigated against each wood or bark extractives. Antifungal and antibacterial activities did not indicate any significant differences among the tested fractions. In antioxidant activity. ${\alpha}$-tocopherol one of natural antioxidants. and BHT, one of synthetic antioxidants, were used as references to compare with the antioxidant activities of the extracted fractions. Ethylacetate fraction of ash bark indicated the highest activity besides BHT in this test and all fractions of black locust extractives also indicated higher activities compared with the other fractions.