• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.239-257
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• 2015

We conducted five times surveys, in June, September and October in 2012; June and September 2013, to catalog the mushroom flora in Ulleung-gun, Republic of Korea. More than 400 specimens were collected, and 317 of the specimens were successfully sequenced using the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer barcode marker. We also surveyed the morphological characteristics of the sequenced specimens. The specimens were classified into 2 phyla, 7 classes, 21 orders, 59 families, 122 genera, and 221 species, and were deposited in the herbarium of Korea National Arboretum. Among the collected species, 72% were saprophytic, 25% were symbiotic, and 3% were parasitic. The most common order was Agaricales (189 specimens, 132 species), followed by Polyporales (47 specimens, 27 species), Russulales (31 specimens, 22 species), Boletales (10 specimens, 7 species), and so on. Herein, we also reported the first Bovista species in Korea, which was collected from Dokdo, the far-eastern island of Korea.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2014

Pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is a serious pathogenic worm that quickly dry pine trees to death. Recently, PWN has been devastating huge amounts of conifer trees in Korea. As a first step to explore the association and ecological roles of fungi in PWN life cycle in Korea, in this study we first isolated and indentified fungi from PWN-infested Korean pine and Japanese black pine wood sampled in Jinju, Sacheon, Pocheon, Chuncheon, Gwangju, and Hoengseong in Korea. A total of 144 fungal isolates were obtained from Japanese black pine wood and 264 fungal isolates from Korean pine wood. Their morphology and nucleotide sequences of the ITS rDNA and ♌-tubulin gene were examined for species identification. Ophiostoma ips, Botrytis anthophila, Penicillium sp., Hypocrea lixii, Trichoderma atroviride, O. galeiforme, Fusarium proliferatum were identified from Japanese black pine wood. Leptographium koreanum, L. pini-densiflorae, Ophiostoma ips, Penicillium raistrick, Trichoderma sp. were isolated from Korean pine wood. O. ips and L. koreanum were the major species on the two different PWN-infected pine tree. The cultivation of PWN on fungal mat of the identified species did some enhance PWN reproduction. The ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, is a serious pest of oak trees in Korea. In this study we investigated filamentous fungi present in the body of the beetle. Fourteen genera of filamentous fungi belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were isolated. All the obtained genera were isolated in the mitosporic state. The identified fungi were classified in 11 distinct orders including the Ascomycota (Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Microascales, Ophiostomatales, Pleosporales, and Sordiales) and Basidiomycota (Agaricales, Corticiales, Polyporales, and Russulales Xylariales). Within Ascomycota, 13 species were found. Meanwhile five species were found within Basidiomycota. The results showed the presence of diverse fungi in P. koryoensis. Among the isolated fungi, some were able to produce wood degrading enzymes. Further fungal isolation was performed with P. koryoensis infested Quercus mongolica trees sampled at Kumdan mountain in Hanam-Si, Gyeonggi province from June of 2009 to June of 2010. Penicillin spp. and Trichoderma spp. were the major species of mold fungi group. Pichia guilliermondii was the major species of mold yeast group. Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae was also isolated, but its isolation frequency was not high. Other species identified were Ambrosiella xylebori, Fusarium solani, Cryphonectria nitschke, Chaetomium globosum, and Gliocladium viride, Candida kashinagacola, C. maritima, C. vanderkliftii, Saccharomycopsis crataegensis.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2018

Mushrooms growing spontaneously in the Juwangsan National Park were surveyed from April to October 2017 for supporting management of higher fungi and creating a bio-diversity database of the park. In total, two divisions, eight classes, 21 orders, 85 families, 225 genera, and 503 species were detected. Among them, 247 species belonged to order Agaricales, which occupied 48.8% of the population, followed by members of orders Polyporales and Russulales. The mushrooms were abundant in August, and an altitude of 300-400 m above sea level was optimal for their growth, such as those found at Sanguijigu, Deajeonsa, and Geodaeri semgoal areas. Furthermore, Macrolepiota procera and Sarcodon aspratus, which belong to criteria of climate change, were detected in this survey.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.356-366
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• 2018

The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is one of the most common and economically important pests of stored cereal products worldwide. Furthermore, these beetles can act as vectors for several fungal post-harvest diseases. In this study, we collected T. castaneum from 49 rice processing complexes (RPCs) nationwide during 2016-2017 and identified contaminating fungal species on the surface of the beetles. Five beetles from each region were placed on potato dextrose agar media or Fusarium selection media after wet processing with 100% relative humidity at $27^{\circ}C$ for one week. A total of 142 fungal isolates were thus collected. By sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, 23 fungal genera including one unidentified taxon were found to be associated with T. castaneum. The genus Aspergillus spp. (28.9%) was the most frequently present, followed by Cladosporium spp. (12.0%), Hyphopichia burtonii (9.2%), Penicillium spp. (8.5%), Mucor spp. (6.3%), Rhizopus spp. (5.6%), Cephaliophora spp. (3.5%), Alternaria alternata (2.8%) and Monascus sp. (2.8%). Less commonly identified were genera Fusarium, Nigrospora, Beauveria, Chaetomium, Coprinellus, Irpex, Lichtheimia, Trichoderma, Byssochlamys, Cochliobolus, Cunninghamella, Mortierella, Polyporales, Rhizomucor and Talaromyces. Among the isolates, two known mycotoxin-producing fungi, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium spp. were also identified. This result is consistent with previous studies that surveyed fungal and mycotoxin contamination in rice from RPCs. Our study indicates that the storage pest, T. castaneum, would play an important role in spreading fungal contaminants and consequently increasing mycotoxin contamination in stored rice.

• Mycobiology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.217-236
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• 2016

Polyporoid and corticioid fungi are among the most important wood-decay fungi. Not only do they contribute to nutrient cycling by decomposing wood debris, but they are also valuable sources for natural products. Polyporoid and corticioid wood-inhabiting fungi were investigated in Odaesan National Park. Fruit bodies were collected and identified based on morphological and molecular analyses using 28S and internal transcribed spacer regions of DNA sequences. As a result, a total of 149 species, 69 genera, 22 families, and 11 orders were recognized. Half (74 species) of the species were polypores, and the other half (75 species) were corticioid fungi. Most of the species belonged to Polyporales (92 species) followed by Hymenochaetales (33 species) and Russulales (11 species). At the genus level, a high number of species was observed from Steccherinum, Hyphodontia, Phanerochaete, Postia, and Trametes. Concerning distribution, almost all the species could be found below 1,000 m, and only 20% of the species were observed from above 1,000 m. Stereum subtomentosum, Trametes versicolor, T. hirsuta, T. pubescens, Bjerkandera adusta, and Ganoderma applanatum had wide distribution areas. Deciduous wood was the preferred substrate for the collected species. Sixty-three species were new to this region, and 21 species were new to Korea, of which 17 species were described and illustrated.

• Mycobiology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.256-263
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• 2023

Species in the genus Trametes (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) have been used in natural medicine for a long time. Many studies reported that mycelia or fruiting bodies of Trametes spp. exhibited effects of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. However, comparative analysis in this genus is scarce due to limitation of morphological identification and the sample number. In this study, the 19 strains of seven Trametes species were chosen to generate a five-gene-based phylogeny with the 31 global references. In addition, 39 culture extracts were prepared for 13 strains to test for anticancer and antibacterial activities. Strong anticancer activities were found in several extracts from T. hirsuta and T. suaveolens. Anticancer activities of T. suaveolens, T. cf. junipericola and T. trogii were first described here. The antibacterial ability of T. versicolor and T. hirsuta extracts has been confirmed. The antibacterial activities of T. suaveolens have been reported at the first time in this study. These results suggest an efficient application of the genus Trametes as the drug resources especially for anticancer agents.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2014

Gloeostereum incarnatum is an edible and medicinal mushroom belongs to Family Cyphellaceae of Polyporales, Basidiomycota. The purpose of this study was to investigate the free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, and melanin synthesis inhibitory activities of fruiting bodies of Gloeostereum incarnatum. In the free radical scavenging activities, the mushroom extracts showed good 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and chelating activity on the ferrous ions compared with the positive control, BHT. The mushroom extract suppressed nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in dose dependant manners. Significant reduction of paw edema of rats were observed at 2~6 h after administration with 50 mg/kg of the methanol and hot-water extracts, which were comparable with treatment of 5 mg/kg of indomethacin, the positive control. The melanin synthesis of Melanoma B16/F10 cells treated with $100{\mu}g/mL$ of the methanol and hot water extracts decreased melanin concentration to 50% and 45% compared with the control, arbutin. Therefore, the experimental results showed that methanol and hot-water extracts of Gloeostereum incarnatum fruiting bodies might be used for good sources of anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging, and skin whitening agents for human health.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.270-283
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• 2017

In a survey on higher fungi from 2004 to 2011, and also in 2013, in Naejangsan National Park, a total of 2 divisions, 7 classes, 21 orders, 74 families, 229 genera, and 521 species were observed. Dominant species belonged to the families Boletaceae and Russulaceae (44 species), Agaricaceae (35 species), Polyporaceae (29 species), and Amanitaceae (27 species). For the habitat environment, 21 families, 44 genera, and 192 species (36.9%) (63 species of poisonous mushroom, 79 species of edible and medicinal mushroom, and 43 species of unknown edible & poisonous mushroom) of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms were found; 41 families, 118 genera, and 199 species (38.2%) (14 species of poisonous mushroom, 85 species of edible & medicinal mushroom, and 90 species of unknown edible and poisonous mushroom) of litter decomposing and wood rotting fungi were found, and 29 families, 66 genera, and 121 species (23.2%) (8 species of poisonous mushroom, 54 species of edible and medicinal mushroom, and 47 species of unknown edible & poisonous mushroom) of grounding fungi were found, and 9 species were the other habitat. In terms of seasonality, most of the higher fungi were found in July, August, and September. In terms of altitude, the most species were observed at 200~299 m, and populations dropped by a significant level at an altitude of 700 m or higher. It seemed that the most diversified higher fungi occurred at climate conditions with a mean air temperature of $25.0{\sim}28.9^{\circ}C$, a maximum air temperature of $30.0{\sim}33.9^{\circ}C$, a minimum air temperature of $21.0{\sim}24.9^{\circ}C$, a relative humidity of 73.0~79.9%, and over 400.0 mm of rainfall.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.278-286
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• 2013

Phellinus xeranticus is an medicinal mushroom belongs to Family Hymenochaetaceae of Polyporales, Basidiomycota. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of methanol and hot water extracts prepared from fruiting bodies of Phellinus xeranticus. Besides measuring of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, a reducing power and a chelating activity on ferrous ions were also measured to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extracts. To measure the anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts, nitric oxide(NO) production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and carrageenan-induced acute hind paw edema of rats were investigated. The results showed that the extracts have excellent DPPH scavenging and chelating activity on the ferrous ions compared with positive controls. The nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were decreased as the concentration of the mushroom extracts increased. Significant reduction of paw edema of rats were observed at 2~6 h after treatment of methanol and hot-water extracts with 50 mg/kg concentration to the rats which are induced acute hind paw edema by carrageenan administration. The anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of the methanol extract of the mushroom showed 83.34% inhibition on AcHE which is lower than that of positive control galanthamine. The experimental results suggested that methanol and hot-water extracts of Phellinus xeranticus fruiting bodies might be used for good sources of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase agents.