• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.387-394
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• 1983

zymolyase(${\beta}-1$, 3-glucanase)의 효모(酵母) 세포벽(細胞壁)에 대한 용해작용(溶解作用)을 촉진(促進)시키는 인자(因子)를 zymolyase의 조효소(粗酵素)로부터 분리(分離)하여 Sephadex G-75 gel 여과(濾過) 및 조제용(調製用) PAG-전기영동법(電氣泳動法)에 의하여 전기영동적(電氣泳動的)으로 균일(均一)하게 정제(精製)하였다. SDS-PAG 전기영동법(電氣泳動法)에 의하여 측정한 정제(精製) 인자(因子)의 분자량(分子量)은 40,500이었고, 등전점(等電點)은 pH 9.6이었다. 정제(精製)된 촉진인자(促進因子)는 395개(個)의 아미노산 잔기(殘基)로 구성(構成)되는 단일(單一) polypeptide의 염기성(鹽基性) protease임이 밝혀졌으며, 이 protease의 흡광계수(吸光係數)($E_{208,cm}^{1%}$)는 11.9, 분자흡광계수(分子吸光係數)(${\varepsilon}_{280,}mole/l$)는 $4.83{\times}10^4$이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1844-1853
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• 2019

Objective: We investigated how pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) affects embryonic development during pre-in vitro maturation (pre-IVM) using porcine oocytes isolated from small follicles. Methods: We divided the follicles into the experimental groups by size (SF, small follicles; MF, medium follicles) and treated with and without PACAP and cultured for 18 hours (PreSF[-]PACAP; without PACAP, Pre-SF[+]PACAP; with PACAP) before undergoing IVM. The gene expression related to extracellular matrix formation (amphiregulin, epiregulin, and hyaluronan synthase 2 [HAS2]) and apoptosis (Bcl-2-associated X [BAX], B-cell lymphoma 2, and cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3) was investigated after maturation. The impact on developmental competence was assessed by the cleavage and blastocyst rate and total cell number of blastocysts in embryos generated from parthenogenesis (PA) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). Results: Cleavage rates in the Pre-SF(+)PACAP after PA were significantly higher than SF and Pre-SF(-)PACAP (p<0.05). The cleavage rates between MF and Pre- SF(+)PACAP groups yielded no notable differences after IVF. Pre-SF(+)PACAP displayed the higher rate of blastocyst formation and greater total cell number than SF and Pre-SF(-)PACAP (p<0.05). Cumulus cells showed significant upregulation of HAS2 mRNA in the Pre-SF(+)PACAP compared to the SF (p<0.05). In comparison to other groups, the Pre-SF(+)PACAP group displayed a downregulation in mRNA expression of BAX in matured oocytes (p<0.05). Conclusion: The PACAP treatment during pre-IVM improved the developmental potential of porcine oocytes derived from SF by regulating cumulus expansion and apoptosis of oocytes.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 1995

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in non-adrenegic non-cholinergic (NANC) neurotransmission was studied on circular muscle strips of the dorsal part of the fuinea-pig gastric fundus. In the presence of atropine and guanethidine, a low frequency-dependent relaxsations which were not affected by adrenergic and cholinergic blockage but abolished by tetrodotoxin. $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), a stereospecific inhibitor of NO-biosynthesis, inhibited the relaxations induced by electrical stiumulations but not the relaxations to exogenous nitric oxide. The effect of L-NNA was prevented by L-arginine, the precursor of the NO biosynthesis but not by its enantiomer, D-arginine. Exgenous administration of No caused concentration -dependent relaxations which showed a similarity to those obtained with electrical simultaion. Hemoglobin, a NOscavenger, abolished the NO-induced relaxations and also markedly reduced those induced by electrical simultaion. The inhibitory effect os hemoglobin was similar to that of L-NNA. Application of ATP caused weak relaxations compared with those to electrical stimultaion, which were unaffected by L-NNA. Exogenously applied vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) induced concentration-dependent relaxation which was not affected by L-NNA. These results suggest that NO is produced and released mainly as a neurotransmitter from enteric neurons during NANC relaxation induced by low frequencies and short trains of electrical simulation and has a main role in NANC neurotransmission at relaxation induced by these electrical simultaions in the guinea-pig gastric fundus.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2019

Dehydration Responsive Element Binding (DREB) gene is one of the essential transcription factors plants use for responding to stress conditions including salinity, drought, and cold stress. The purpose of this study was to isolate the full length and characterize the DREB gene from three different genotypes of sugarcane, wild, commercial cultivar, and interspecific hybrid sugarcane. The length of the gene, designated ScDREB was 789 bp, and coding for a putative polypeptide of 262 amino acid residues. Sequences of the gene were submitted to the GenBank database with accession numbers of KX280722.1, KX280721.1, and KX280719.1 for wild sugarcane, commercial cultivar (KPS94-13), and interspecific hybrid (Biotec2), respectively. In silico characterization indicated that the deduced polypeptide contains a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence, and a conserved AP2/ERF domain of the DREB family, at 82-140 amino residues. Based on multiple sequence alignment, sequences of the gene from the three sugarcane genotypes were classified in the DREB2 group. Gene expression analysis indicated, that ScDREB2 expression pattern in tested sugarcane was up-regulated by salt stress. When the plants were under 100 mM NaCl stress, relative expressions of the gene in leaves was higher than those in roots. In contrast, under 200 mM NaCl stress, relative expressions of the gene in roots was higher than those in leaves. This is the first report on cloning the full length and characterization, of ScDREB2 gene of sugarcane. Results indicate that ScDREB2 is highly responsive to salt stress.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.100004.1-100004.11
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• 2024

Insulin is essential for maintaining normoglycemia and is predominantly secreted in response to glucose stimulation by β-cells. Incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, also stimulate insulin secretion. However, as obesity and type 2 diabetes worsen, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide loses its insulinotropic efficacy, whereas GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists continue to be effective owing to its signaling switch from Gs to Gq. Herein, we demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced a transition from Gs to Gq in GLP-1R signaling in mouse islets. Intriguingly, chemical chaperones known to alleviate ER stress, such as 4-PBA and TUDCA, enforced GLP-1R's Gq utilization rather than reversing GLP-1R's signaling switch induced by ER stress or obese and diabetic conditions. In addition, the activation of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) or activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), 2 key ER stress-associated signaling (unfolded protein response) factors, promoted Gs utilization in GLP-1R signaling, whereas Gq employment by ER stress was unaffected by XBP1 or ATF6 activation. Our study revealed that ER stress and its associated signaling events alter GLP-1R's signaling, which can be used in type 2 diabetes treatment.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2024

Present study aimed to investigate the temporal changes in expression of some reproductive hormones in testis, originally found in hypothalamus and pituitary. Rats were sacrificed on postnatal day 23 (PND23; immature), pubertal (PND53) and PND 81 (young adult). The testicular RNAs were extracted, and semi-quantitative PCRs for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), kisspeptin 1 (KiSS1), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), LH subunits and LH receptor were performed. Transcript levels of GnRH and KiSS1 at PND23 were significantly higher than levels of PND53 and PND81 (p<0.001). PACAP mRNA level at PND23 was significantly lower than those of PND53 and PND81 (p<0.001). The mRNA levels of both testis type and pituitary type luteinizing hormone β subunit (tLHβ and pLHβ, respectively) at PND23 were significantly lower than levels of PND53 and PND81 (p<0.001). The mRNA level of glycoprotein hormone common alpha subunit (Cgα) at PND23 was significantly lower than those of PND53 and PND81 (p<0.001). Present study revealed the intratesticular expression of KiSS1 and GnRH showed a very similar trend while the expression of PACAP in the testis showed reversed pattern. The expressions of LHβ subunits (tLHβ and pLHβ) were very low during immature stage then increased significantly during puberty and early adulthood. Our attempt to study the local role(s) of intratesticular factors will be helpful to achieve precise understanding on the testis physiology and pathology.

• BMB Reports
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• 제57권9호
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• pp.417-423
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• 2024

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), a 42-amino-acid hormone, exerts multifaceted effects in physiology, most notably in metabolism, obesity, and inflammation. Its significance extends to neuroprotection, promoting neuronal proliferation, maintaining physiological homeostasis, and inhibiting cell death, all of which play a crucial role in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. Through intricate signaling pathways involving its cognate receptor (GIPR), a member of the G protein-coupled receptors, GIP maintains cellular homeostasis and regulates a defense system against ferroptosis, an essential process in aging. Our study, utilizing GIP-overexpressing mice and in vitro cell model, elucidates the pivotal role of GIP in preserving neuronal integrity and combating age-related damage, primarily through the Epac/Rap1 pathway. These findings shed light on the potential of GIP as a therapeutic target for the pathogenesis of ferroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases and aging.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.111-121
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• 1988

고슴도치의(Erinaceus koneanus)췌강 각 부위별에 출현하는 glucagon(A)세포,insulin(B)세포, somatostatin(D)세포 및 pancreatic polypeptide(PP)세포 등 4종의 내분비세포의 출현빈도, 분포상태, 모양 및 크기 등을 관찰하고자 췌장을 비장부와 십이지장부로 구분하고 이를 각각 근위부, 중간부 및 원위부로 세분한 후 면역세포화학적 방법을 시도하여 광학현미경하에서 검경하였던 바 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. Glucagon(A)세포의 크기는13 $\mu$ m x 9.5 $\mu$ m였고 그 모양은 원형, 난원형 및 추체형을 띠고 있었으며 췌도의 주변부와 외분비 실질사이에 분포하고 있었다. A세의 출현빈도는 비장부의 모든 부의에서 24.5%-30.5%, 십이지장부의 원위부에서 30.1%로 관찰되었으나 십이지장부의 근위부와 중간부에서는 2.6%-5.2%로 관찰되었다. Insulin(B)세포의 크기는 11.6$\mu$m x 9.4$\mu$m로서 원형 또는 난원형을 띠었고 췌도내에 균등하게 분포하고 있었으며, 비장부의 모든 부위와 십이지장의 원위부에서는 63.5%-68.9%, 십이지장부의 근위부와 중간부에서는 35.9%-55.6%로 출현하였다. Somatostatin(D)세포는 크기가 12.6$\mu$m x 9.1 $\mu$m로서 주변부와 외분비 실질사에 나타났으며 세포의 출현빈도는 비장부와 십이장부의 모든 부위에서 2.6%-5.9%로서 소수 관찰되었다. Pancreatic polypeptide(PP)세포는 크기가 12.8$\mu$ m x 8.5 $\mu$m였고 세포의 모양은 원형, 난원형 및 추체형 등 다양하였으며 췌도의 주변부와 외분비실질간에 주로 분포하고 있었다. PP세포의 출편빈도는 십이지장부의 근위부와 중간부에서는 각각 42.5%, 55.4%로서 관찰된 반면 비장부의 모든 부위와 십이지장부의 원위부에서는 0.5%-2%로서 소수 출현되었다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.99-132
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• 1992

물-알코올 용액에서 염기성으로 작용하는 폴리펩타이드와 산성으로 작용하는 폴리펩타이드 사이에 수소결합을 통한 복합체 형성에 관한 연구를 점도, PH, 빛산란, 원편광이색성, 광회전도 등으로 조사했다. 얻어진 결과는 여러가지 복합체 시스템 모두가 1:2 조성으로 복합체 형성을 한다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 우선성 헬릭스를 가지는 폴리펩타이드와 좌선성 헬릭스를 가지는 폴리펩타이드, 즉 반대방향성의 헬릭스 구조를 가지는 폴리펩타이드들 사이에 강한 상호작용을 나타내고, 반면, 같은 방향성의 헬릭스 구조를 가지는 폴리펩타이드의 형태가 복합체 형성에 매우 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 나타낸다. 즉, 입체선택적 복합체 형성을 보인다. 또한 구조적으로 유연한 구조를 가지는 폴리펩타이드가 강한 상호 작용을 나타낸다. 즉, PHPL보다 PLP(I)이, PLP(I)보다 PLP(II)가, PAA보다 PGA가 더 강한 상호작용을 나타낸다. 이런 상호 복합체 형성이 일어나면 형태전이가 일어난다는 것도 확인할 수 있었다. 위의 결과를 근거로 하여, 좌선성 헬릭스 구조의 모발의 케라틴에 PLP(I, II)와 PHLP를 흡착시킨 후, 흡착량을 HPLC로 측정한 결과, PLP(II)보다 PLP(I)이, PHLP보다 PLP(II)가 더 많이 흡착되었다. 결론적으로, 모발에 폴리펩타이드를 사용시, 좌선성헬릭스 구조의 폴리펩타이드 보다 우선성헬릭스 구조의 폴리펩타이드가 더 많이 흡착되고, rigid conformation의 폴리펩타이드보다 foexible conformation의 폴리펩타이드가 더 많이 모발에 흡착되어, 효과가 좋다는 것을 알 수 있다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.463-466
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• 1997

We have recently demonstrated, by protein and cDNA sequence analysis, that prorenin converting enzyme (PRECE) in the mouse submandibular gland is identical to the epidermal growth factor-binding protein (EGF-BP)type B. However, type A and C did not show prorenin converting activity. To demonstrate whether r-NGF is involved in prorenin processing, we have cloned cDNA of r-NGF and examined prorenin converting activity using the CHO cell expression system, Trypsin converted the 33 kDa r-NGF precursor produced in CHO cells to a two-chain form, 9.4 and 16.4 kDa polypeptide chains, which has been known as an active form of r-NGF in mouse SMG (Server and Shooter, 1976). However, the two chain forms of r-NGF did not reveal prorenin-processing activity. Thus, only PRECE is involved in prorenin processing in mouse SMG. This result shows that their substrate specificities appear to be very strict, although some kallikreins share a high degree of amino acid sequence identity.