• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 2011

In this work, we have investigated the effect of polyoxyethylene alkyl ester nonionic surfactants on percutaneous permeation enhancement of a model drug, ketoprofen. We also investigated the mechanism involved in the enhancement using impedance and solubility measurement. Three groups of nonionic surfactants with different ethylene oxide content were studied. The permeation results showed that all surfactants enhanced the percutaneous absorption, irrespective of the molecular weight. The permeation results from PEG-45 monostearate (PEGMS45) were rather unexpected. Impedance and solubility results indicate that the mechanism involved in the enhancement of permeation by PEG-10 monooleate (PEGMO10) and PEGMS45 is rather different. The results from PEGMS45 suggest that it could be a potential candidate as a skin penetration enhancer with high molecular weight, which may poses less skin irritation and systemic side effect than the smaller surfactant molecules. Overall, this work provided some useful information on percutaneous transport enhancement and the mechanistic insights involved in skin permeation for these nonionic surfactants.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2002

The effects of 24 ionic and nonionic surfactants on paraquat (1, 1' -dimethyl-4 4'-bipyridinium) efficacy were investigated with several annual plant species under greenhouse conditions. The paraquat efficacy was decreased or even lost when treated with the anionic surfactants tested. However, the efficacy of paraquat was significantly increased by 7 nonionic surfactants such as sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan stearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene laurylamine ether, and polyoxyethylene stearylamine ether. Among these tested surfactants, 0.08% of polyoxyethylene laurylamine ether most significantly increased the paraquat activity, and the $GR_{50}$ value of paraquat with polyoxyethylene laurylamine ether was 1.6 times lower than the $GR_{50}$ value without polyoxyethylene laurylamine ether. In in vitro experiments, cellular leakage and chlorophyll contents between the application with and without polyoxyethylene laurylamine ether did not show significant changes. The absorption rate of $^{14}C$ paraquat in the treatment with polyoxyethylene laurylamine ether showed an absorption rate of 1.6 times higher than without surfactant. These results suggest that using compatible surfactants would increase the paraquat efficacy, and this increasing are due to improved absorption rate with the surfactant.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.241-246
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• 2019

In this paper, reactive surfactants were synthesized by using acrylic acid or 3-butenoic acid as nonionic surfactants, polyoxyethylene(23) lauryl ether (Brij 35) and polyoxyethylene(20) stearyl ether (Brij S20). The synthesis of surfactants was confirmed by FT-IR and $^1H$-NMR. The surface tension, emulsifying property, and foam power and stability were also measured. The surface tension value was 35~41 dyne/cm at an critical micelle concentration (cmc) which was measured as $1.0{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}9.7{\times}10^{-5}mol/L$ using a surface tension method. The emulsifying power of synthesized surfactant was measured with benzene, soybean oil and monomer. Also, the initial height of the bubbles and the height after 5 minutes were measured and the values were compared with each other.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.348-354
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• 1994

The changes of surface activities in the aquaous solutions of mixed surfactants composed of linear sodium dodecylbenznesulfoate (LAS), polyoxyethylene nonyl phenylether (PE, EO=10) and polyethylene glycol monolauryl ether (LE, EO=25) have been studied. Addition of nonionic surfactants to LAS reduces the surface tension, especially at the lower concentration than cmc. The interfacial tension of olive oil/LAS was lower than the other surfactant solutions. The removal of triolein from cotton fabrics by nonionic surfactants and mixtures is higher than by LAS. The addition of NaCI to surfactant solutions even though reduces surface tension smaller but enthances oil removal more than that of $CaCl_2$.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 1992

The synthesis and solution properties of polyglycerol alkyl ether($R_{12}Gn$) are described. The phase behavior, surface tension, cloud point and HLB value of polyglycerol dodecyl ether in aqueous solution and in mixed solution of surfactant /water /oil have been investigated and compared with values of polyoxyethylene dodecyl ether. The surface tension showed that $R_{12}Gn$ have sufficiently low values of surface tension and cmc to serve as useful polyoxyethylene alkyl ether. The mesophases appearing in the $R_{12}Gn$ systems were more stable in a high temperature range than the mesophases of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether systems. The cloud point and HLB data indicated that addition of one glycerol group was equivalent to the addition of three oxyethylene group units, as far as the hydrophilic property was concerned. The phase diagrams of the polyglycerol alkyl ether /dodecane /water systems showed that the solubilizing and emulsifying powers of $R_{12}Gn$ were greater than those of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether. It is concluded that the polyglycerol chain can be even more useful as hydrophilic group of nonionic surfactants than the polyoxyethylene chain.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.319-322
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• 2002

The bacterial transport in soil media was studied. Nonionic surfactants, enhanced the bacterial transports in soil media. The transport rate in soil column was increased by increasing the number of ethylene oxide in polyoxyethylene oxide surfactants. Ionic strength of solution affected the microbial transport characteristics in soil. The hydrophobicity of cell surface was proved that one of important characteristics on the bacterial transport in soil media.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2001

The foliar uptake of dimethomoiph induced by several nonionic surfactants was measured in order to study the correlations between the uptake rate of dimethomorph and the fungicidal activity to cucumber downy mildew. Dimethomorph was not absorbed in cucumber leaf in the absence of activator surfactant. And the curative effect of dimethomoiph WP to cucumber downy mildew was very low under the concentration of 250 ${\mu}g/ml$. But dimethomorph uptake was remarkably enhanced by addition of nonionic surfactants, such as polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, and polyoxyethylene stearyl ether. And the curative effect to cucumber downy mildew was enhanced with proportion to uptake rate of dimethomorph. The protective effect to cucumber downy mildew, however, tends to decrease with the increase of foliar uptake of dimethomorph. The uptake rate of dimethomorph to cucumber leaf was proportional to the content of polyoxyethylene cetyl ether in formulation, but was decreased with dilution.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.413-418
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• 1998

Methoxy polyoxyethylene dodecanoates are a kind of nonionic surfactants obtainable from reaction of fatty acid methyl ester with ethylene oxide utilizing a solid catalyst. Methoxy polyoxyethylene dodecanoates have economical advantage compared with polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers using fatty alcohol. In this work, the solubilizing capacity concerned with phase behavior of ternary systems composed of nonionic surfactant/water/oil, interfacial tension and detergency at the phase inversion temperature(PIT) were investigated and compared with those of polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers in order to confirm the applicability of methoxy polyoxyethylene dodecanoates in the detergents. Methoxy polyoxyethylene dodecanoates showed the solubilizing capacity of 10~18% for hexadecane which were about 6% higher than polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers. At the PIT condition, methoxy polyoxyethylene dodecanoates' interfacial tension were 0.0124~0.0176 dyne/cm while polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers have the value of 0.013~0.0163 dyne/cm and methoxy polyoxyethylene dodecanoates showed higher detergency of 82.1~83.2% than polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers of 76.5~77.3%. The good detergency performance of methoxy polyoxyethylene dodecanoates would be due to the higher oil solubilizing power and lower interfacial tension than polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers at the PIT condition.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.64-81
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• 1994

O/W emulsions with mixed nonionic surfactants(polyoxyethylene(20)sorbitan monostearate/sorbitan sesquioleate), liquid paraffin, water prepared by direct inversion emulisification method and continuous inversion emulsification Method. The one-step, two-step and three-step phase inversion emulsification method were used in experiments. Effect of added water on droplet size of final O/W emulsions which is prepared by phase inversion emulsification method were investigated. In direct inversion emulsification method(two-step emulsification method), fine and homogeneous droplets of OIW emulsions were formed after phase inversion steps i.e. ,W/O - (W/O) If double emulsion - O/W emulsion. In continuous inversion emulsification method(three-step emulsification method), fine and homogeneous O/W emulsion were formed after phase inversion steps i.e., W/O - pseudomicroemulsion - O/W. By latter method, more Fine and homogenuous droplets were formed than former method. 10-10, 8 HLB region of mixed non-ionic surfactants could produce most fine droplets. This HLB region had maximum values of solubilization water and This HLB value of mixed nonionic surfactants produced fine and homogenuous droplets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.9_10
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• pp.1153-1159
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• 2003

The effects of changing aqueous solution properties by nonionic surfactants on wetting behavior and water retention properies of hydrophobic PET (polyethylene terephthalate) fabric were reported. The aqueous solution properties were diversified by mixing and diluting two nonionic surfactants, i.e., sorbitan monolaurate (Span 20) and polyoxyethylene(20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20). The surface wetting properties ($cos{\theta}$) of PET fabric were greatly improved by adding $10^{-1}g/dl$ Tween 20 and further improved by mixing Span 20 to the system. The water retention properties (W) of PET fabric were also greatly increased by addition of $10^{-1}g/dl$ Tween 20. In diluted surfactant systems, the $cos{\theta}'s$ were increased with decreasing surface tension of aqueous liquids. The ratios of aqueous liquid retained in the pore structure to liquid retention capacity (W/H) were also increased with decreasing surface tension, however, W/H values were dramatically increased right after critical micelle concentration (cmc). The existence of micelles was important for the retention of aqueous liquids in the fabric. The critical surface tension of PET fabric used was found to be 28.7dyne/cm.