• Advances in nano research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.241-248
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• 2019

Recent researches demonstrated well promising anticancer activities for antibiotics. Such effects would be significantly increased while nanoparticle based delivery systems were applied. In this study, the goal was aim to improve anticancer and antitoxic effects of Streptomycin by loading on special kind of dendrimer (anionic-linear-globular second generation). In the current study, Size and zeta potential as well as AFM techniques have been used to prove the fact that the loading was performed correctly. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the drug loaded on dendrimer nanoparticle were determined and compared with both of dendrimer alone and free drug with respect to staphylococcus aureus as the test microorganism. The anticancer activity among three groups including Streptomycin, Streptomycin -G2 dendrimer, and control was measured in vitro. In vitro studies showed that G2 anionic linear-globular polyethylene-glycol-based dendrimer, which loaded on Streptomycin was able to significantly improve the treatment efficacy over clinical Streptomycin alone with respect to proliferation assay. Maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated to be $257{\mu}g/mL$ for streptomycin alone and $55{\mu}g/mL$ for Streptomycin -G2 dendrimer. In addition, Streptomycin -G2 dendrimer conjugate prevented the growth of MCF-7 cancerous cells in addition to enhance the number of apoptotic and necrotic cells as demonstrated by an annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate assay. Streptomycin -G2 dendrimer conjugate was able to increase Bcl-2/Bax ratio in a large scale compared with the control group and Streptomycin alone. Based on results a new drug formulation based nano-particulate was improved against S. aureus with sustained release and enhanced antibacterial activity as well as anticancer activity shown for functional cancer treatment with low side effects.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2013

This study was carried to provide basic data for the research of the effect of PEG impregnation on preventing wood from cracking during heat treatment. Three popular softwood species were selected for investigating the PEG penetration rate and retention depending on PEG molecular weight, PEG retention after heat treatment and their EMCs. The average retentions of PEG400 were reversely proportional to the basic densities of three species and those of the other PEGs showed similar behaviour as well. It is obvious that PEG retention decreased as PEG molecular weight increased with a species. PEG impregnation increased or decreased the moisture contents of the specimens within 2%, and increased their basic densities by 16.8% as a maximum. The Weight Percentage Losses of PEG400 during heat treatment were the largest among three PEG levels, which implied that lower molecular weight PEG leached more than the highers. There was less difference in EMC between PEG impregnated and control specimens at low RH, but their difference increased at high RH.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.232-239
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• 2014

Zoysiagrass seeds had low germination or lack of germination uniformity under natural condition. To improve the final germination percentage of zoysiagrass seeds, we investigated the methods of proper pre-treatment to enhance germination rate of zoysiagrass. Seeds were subjected to the testa scarification and four types of seed priming methods, namely, hydro priming (distilled water), osmotic priming (polyethylene glycol -0.5 MPa, -1.0MPa, -2.0 MPa), halo priming (Potassium nitrate 100 mM, 200 mM, 400 mM), and solid matrix priming (seed : microcel-E : distilled water = 4:1:8) with and without 25% KOH treatment in the testa. The scarification improved the germination rate and reduced the germination time. Osmotic priming (PEG -0.5 MPa) with scarification were significantly increased the seed germination rate and decreased MGT, and $T_{50}$. Seed germination rate obtained by osmotic priming (PEG -0.5MPa) with scarification increased above 60% in comparison with natural condition. Conclusively, scarified and primed zoysiagrass seed germinated more rapidly and uniformly in the study. The present results suggested that PEG priming treatment with KOH treatment prior to sowing could improve germination percentage, and this method makes us establish the early zoysiagrasses in the field.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2453-2457
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• 2016

Background: Dysregulation of HSP90 gene expression is known to take place in breast cancer. Here we used D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid-polyethylene glycol-17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxy geldanamycin (PLGA-PEG-17DMAG) complexes and free 17-DMAG to inhibit the expression of HSP90 gene in the T47D breast cancer cell line. The purpose was to determine whether nanoencapsulating 17DMAG improves the anti-cancer effects as compared to free 17DMAG. Materials and Methods: The T47D breast cancer cell line was grown in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS. Encapsulation of 17DMAG was conducted through a double emulsion method and properties of copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Assessment of drug cytotoxicity was by MTT assay. After treatment of T47D cells with a given amount of drug, RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized. In order to assess HSP90 gene expression, real-time PCR was performed. Results: Taking into account drug load, IC50 was significant decreased in nanocapsulated 17DMAG in comparison with free 17DMAG. This finding was associated with decrease of HSP90 gene expression. Conclusions: PLGA-PEG-17DMAG complexes can be more effective than free 17DMAG in down-regulating of HSP90 expression, at the saesm time exerting more potent cytotoxic effects. Therefore, PLGA-PEG could be a superior carrier for this type of hydrophobic agent.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.460-465
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• 1990

Regeneration of protoplast was effective by preincubating spore suspension containing 30$\mu g$/ml of 2-DG for 4 hours, and CBE medium containing casamino acid, bovine serum albumin, ergosterol and myoinositol was found to be more efficient than any other regeneration medium tested in this experiment. The regeneration frequency was about 30%. Optimal conditions for conidial protoplast fusion were obtained by treatment of protoplasts with 10 mM $CaCl_2$ and 30% polyethylene glycol 4000 (pH 7.5) as fusogenic agent at $37^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes. The fusion frequency was $8.2\times 10^{-4}$. The higher productivity of enzyme of fusant FWN-56 was achived: 2.3-fold for CMCase, 1.5-fold for avicelase, 1.8-fold for $\beta$-glucosidase and 2.5-fold for xylanase compared to that obtained in two parental strains. The genetic stability of fusant after maintenance on minimal medium for more than 4 weeks was high because segregant rate was below 1%. The conidial DNA content of fusant was 1.4-1.6 times higher than that of the parental strains, The nucleus size of fusants were also higher than that of each parental strains.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.207-214
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• 2010

Approximately 80% of water used in urban areas reappears as municipal wastewater (MWW). Reclamation of MWW is an attractive proposition under the present scenario of water stressed cities in India. In this paper, we attempted to reclaim MWW using lab-scale hollow- fiber (HF) membrane modules for possible reuse in non-potable applications. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of virgin HF ($M_1$) and modified HF ($M_2$) modules. The $M_2$ module consists of HF modified with a skin layer formed through interfacial polymerization of m-phenylenediamine with trimesoyl chloride (MPD-TMC). The molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of $M_1$ was 44000 g/mol and that of $M_2$ 10000 -14000 g/mol on the basis of rejection of polyethylene glycol. The combination of $M_1$ and $M_2$ modules was able to reduce concentrations of most of the pollutants in sewage and improved the treated water quality to the acceptable limits for non potable reuse applications. It is found that about 98-99% of the initial flux is recovered by the backwashing process, which was approximately two times in a month when operated continuously.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.153-153
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• 2017

Potato (Solanum tubersosum L.) is susceptible to various environmental stresses such as frost, high temperature, and drought. Enhancement of potato drought tolerance can reduce yield loss under drought that has negative effect on potato tuber growth. Genetic engineering can be utilized to achieve this goal, but such approaches using endogenous potato genes have rarely been applied. Since unpredictable global weather changes cause more severe and frequent water limiting conditions, improvement of potato drought tolerance can minimize such adverse effects under drought and can impact on sustainable potato production. Genetic engineering can be utilized to improve potato drought tolerance, but such approaches using endogenous potato genes have rarely been applied. We were obtained AtbZIP28 gene transgenic potato plants. It is identified transcript levels at various stress conditions, polyethylene glycol (PEG), NaCl, abscisic ${\underline{acid}}$ (ABA). Also, For identification to regulate ER stress response genes in AtbZIP28 gene transgenic potato plant, we screened seven potato genes from RNA-seq analysis under TM treatment. Five and two genes were up- and down-regulated by TM, respectively. Their expression patterns were re-examined at stress agents known to elicit TM, DTT, DMSO and salt stress.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.529-535
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• 2007

The nutritive values of leaves of Citrus grandis, Citrus aurantium, Citrus oranges, Citrus limon, and Citrus deliciosa were evaluated by chemical composition and in vitro gas production techniques. There were significant (p<0.001) differences among citrus species in terms of chemical composition. Crude protein (CP) contents ranged from 123.0 to 148.3 g/kg DM. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents were varied with species in the range 219.4-355.4 and 215.0-278.8 g/kg DM respectively. Condensed tannin (CT) contents were ranged from 5.9 to 10.2 g/kg DM. The PEG addition significantly (p<0.001) increased the gas production and some estimated parameters of citrus tree leaves. However, species showed variable responses to polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. There were also significant (p<0.001) differences among species in terms of gas production and estimated parameters. The OMD and ME contents of citrus leaves without PEG supplementation were ranged from 66.5 to 73.3% and 9.8 to 10.9 MJ/kg DM respectively. The improvement in gas production, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) with PEG emphasized the negative effect of tannins on digestibility. The increase (%) in the estimated OMD and ME contents ranged from 5.5 to 9.8% and 5.7 to 10.2% respectively. All citrus tree leaves studied in this experiment have potential nutritive values indicated by high crude protein content, OMD, ME and low fiber values.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.964-969
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• 1995

For the effective utilization of cellulosic biomass, conidial protoplast fusion between Aspergillus niger MAN-831(${\beta}-glucosidase$) and A. wentii MAW-538(CMCase and avicelase), which produced potently cellulolytic enzymes was carried out. Optimal conditions for formation and regeneration of protoplast were conidiospore age-5 dyuas. $2-DG-30\mu\textrm{g}/ml$, preincubation time-4 hours, osmotic stabilizer-0.7M KCl, novozyme(7mg/ml)＋driselase(2.5mg/ml) and reaction time of enzyme-5 hours. Optimal conditions for protoplast fusion were obtained by treatment of protoplasts with 15mM CaCl2 and 25% polyethylene glycol 4000(pH 6~7) as fusogenic agent at $36^{\circ}C$ for 25~30 minutes. The frequency was then $7.94{\times}10^{-4}$. CMCase, avicelase and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ activity of fusant F-208 strain was 1.5, 1.3, 1.2 times higher than those of parental strains, respectively.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.168-172
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• 2008

Not all types of soil occurring on household fabrics can be removed by simple washing with normal surfactants. In order to achieve a satisfactory cleaning effect, an additional treatment step, called bleaching, is required in such cases. Currently, the best known bleach activator is tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED). In this study, we synthesized a novel organic bleach activator (OBA), decanoyloxyethoxycarbonyloxybenzenesulfonate. For stabilizing the OBA, it was coated with zeolite and polyethylene glycol. It is found that the stability was enhanced and OBA shows good cleansing and bleaching effects even in cold water ($20^{\circ}C$). OBA also shows easy biodegradability with 88% in the condition of OECD standard. During the cleansing process, OBA shows excellent microbiological effect against T. mentagrophytes and S. aureus.