Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.529

Determination of Nutritive Value of Citrus Tree Leaves for Sheep Using In vitro Gas Production Technique  

Karabulut, Ali (Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science)
Canbolat, Onder (Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science)
Ozkan, Cagri O. (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science)
Kamalak, Adem (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science)
Publication Information
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences / v.20, no.4, 2007 , pp. 529-535 More about this Journal
Abstract
The nutritive values of leaves of Citrus grandis, Citrus aurantium, Citrus oranges, Citrus limon, and Citrus deliciosa were evaluated by chemical composition and in vitro gas production techniques. There were significant (p<0.001) differences among citrus species in terms of chemical composition. Crude protein (CP) contents ranged from 123.0 to 148.3 g/kg DM. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents were varied with species in the range 219.4-355.4 and 215.0-278.8 g/kg DM respectively. Condensed tannin (CT) contents were ranged from 5.9 to 10.2 g/kg DM. The PEG addition significantly (p<0.001) increased the gas production and some estimated parameters of citrus tree leaves. However, species showed variable responses to polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. There were also significant (p<0.001) differences among species in terms of gas production and estimated parameters. The OMD and ME contents of citrus leaves without PEG supplementation were ranged from 66.5 to 73.3% and 9.8 to 10.9 MJ/kg DM respectively. The improvement in gas production, organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) with PEG emphasized the negative effect of tannins on digestibility. The increase (%) in the estimated OMD and ME contents ranged from 5.5 to 9.8% and 5.7 to 10.2% respectively. All citrus tree leaves studied in this experiment have potential nutritive values indicated by high crude protein content, OMD, ME and low fiber values.
Keywords
Citrus Leaves; Condensed Tannin; Digestibility; Metabolizable Energy; PEG;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 3  (Citation Analysis)
Times Cited By Web Of Science : 4  (Related Records In Web of Science)
Times Cited By SCOPUS : 4
연도 인용수 순위
1 Hernandez, F., J. Madrid, J. J. Ceron and M. A. Pilgar. 1998. Utilisation of lemon (Citrus limon) and Loquat (Eribotrya japonica) tree leaves alone or with NH3 treated straw for goats. J. Sci. Food Agric. 77:133-139.   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Holecheck, J. L. 1984. Comparative contribution of grasses, forbs, and shrubs to the nutrition range ungulates. Rangelands. 6:261-263.
3 Kumar, R. and M. Sing. 1984. Tannins: their adverse role in ruminant nutrition. J. Agric. Food Chem. 32:447-453.   DOI
4 Makkar, H. P. S., B. Singh and S. S. Negi. 1989. Relationship of rumen degradability with microbial colonization, cell wall constituents and tannin levels in some tree leaves. Anim. Prod. 49:299-303.   DOI
5 Menke, K. H., L. Raab, A. Salewski, H. Steingass, D. Fritz and W. Schneider. 1979. The estimation of digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs from the gas production when they incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 92:217-222.
6 Meuret, M., J. Boza, N. Narjisse and A. Nastis. 1990. Evaluation and utilization of rangeland feeds by goats, in Goat Nutrition ed by Morand-Fehr P, PUDOC. Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 161-170.
7 Orskov, E. R. and P. McDonald. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighed according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. 92:499-503.   DOI
8 Rubanza, C. D. K., M. N. Shem, R. Otsyina, T. Ichinohe and T. Fujihara. 2003. Nutritive evaluation of some browse tree legume foliage native to semi-arid areas in western Tanzania. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16(10):1429-1437   DOI
9 Silanikove, N., A. Prevolotsky and F. D. Provenza. 2001. Use of tannin-binding chemicals to assay for tannin and their negative effects in ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 91(1-2):69-81.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Tolera, A., K. Khazaal and E. R. Orskov. 1997. Nutritive evaluation of some browses species. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 67:181-195.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Getachew, G., H. P. S. Makkar and K. Becker. 2000. Effect of polyethylene glycol on in vitro degradability of nitrogen and microbial protein synthesis from tannin-rich browse and herbaceous legumes. Br. J. Nutr. 84:73-83.
12 AOAC-976.06. 1990. Official Method of Analysis. (15th.ed.) Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington, DC. USA.
13 McSweeney, C. S., B. Palmer, R. Bunch and D. O. Krause. 1999. In vitro quality assessment of tannin-containing tropical shrub legumes: protein and fibre digestion. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 82:227-241.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Silanikove, N., N. Gilboa, Z. Perevolotsky and Z. Nitsan. 1996a. Goats fed tannin containing leaves do not exhibit toxic syndromes. Small Rum. Res. 21:195-201.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Nsahlai, I. V., D. E. K. A. Siaw and P. O. Osuji. 1994. The relationship between gas production and chemical composition of 23 browses of genus Sesbania. J. Sci. Food Agric. 65:13-20.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Singleton, V. L. 1981. Naturally occurring food toxicants: Phenolic substances of plant origin common in foods. Adv. Food Res. 27:149-242.   DOI
17 Schofield, P., D. M. Mbugua and A. N. Pell. 2001. Analysis of condensed tannins: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 91:21-41.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Fujihara, T. I. M. Osuga, S. A. Abdulrazak and T. T. Ichinohe. 2005. Chemical composition, degradation characteristics and effect of tannin on digestibility of some browse species from Kenya harvested during winter season. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 18(1):54-60.   과학기술학회마을   DOI
19 Lohan, O. P., D. Lall, J. Vaid and S. S. Negi. 1983. Utilization of oak tree fodder in cattle ration and fate of oak leaf tannins in the ruminant system. Ind. J. Anim. Sci. 53:1057-1063.
20 Barry, T. N. 1987. Secondary compounds of forages: in Nutrition of Herbivores, (Ed. J. B. Hacker and J. H. Ternouth). A.P. Sydney pp. 91-120.
21 SPSS. 2002. SPSS for windows. Release 11.5.0. SPSS Inc. Chicago, USA.
22 Barry, T. N., T. R. Manley and S. J. Duncan. 1986. The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep. 4. Site of carbohydrate and protein digestion as influenced by dietary reactive tannin concentration. Br. J. Nutr. 55:123-137.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Papachristou, T. G. and A. S. Nastis. 1996. Influence of decidues broadleaved woody species in goat nutrition during the dry season in Northern Greece. Small Rum. Res. 20:15-22.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Reed, J. D., H. Soller and A. Wood. 1990. Fodder tree and straw diets for sheep: intake, growth, digestibility and the effect of phenolics on nitrogen utilization. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 30:39-50.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Kamalak, A., O. Canbolat, M. Sahin, Y. Gurbuz, E. Ozkose and C. O. Ozkan. 2005a. The effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000) supplementation on in vitro gas production kinetics of leaves from tannin containing trees. S. A. J. Anim. Sci. 35(4):229-237.
26 Makkar, H. P. S., M. Blummel and K. Becker. 1995. Formation of complexes between polyvinyl pyrrolidones or polyethylene glycols and their implication in gas production and true digestibility in vitro techniques. Br. J. Nut. 73:897-913   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Ammar, H., S. Lopez and J. S. Gonzalez. 2005. Assessment of the digestibility of some Mediterranean shrubs by in vitro techniques. Small Rum. Res. 119:323-331.
28 El-Shatnawi, M. K. and Y. M. Mohawesh. 2000. Seasonal chemical composition of saltbush in semiarid grassland of Jordan. J. Range Manage. 53:211-214.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Menke, H. H. and H. Steingass. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28:7-55.
30 Pearse, E. S. and H. O. Hartley. 1966. Biometrika tables for statisticians. Vol. 1. Camb. University Press
31 Ozkan, C. O. and M. Sahin. 2006. Comparison of in situ dry matter degradation with in vitro gas production of oak leaves supplemented with or without polyethylene glycol (PEG). Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19(8):1120-1026.   과학기술학회마을   DOI
32 Rubanza, C. D. K., M. N. Shem, R. Otsyina, S. S. Bakengesa, T. Ichinohe and T. Fujihara. 2005. Polyphenolics and tannins effect on in vitro digestibility of selected Acacia species leaves. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 119:129-142.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Makkar, H. P. S. and K. Becker. 1996. A bioassay for tannins, in Polyphenols communications. Vol: 96. Proceeding of XVIII th International Conference on Polyphenols, Bordeaux, July 15-18, pp. 197-198.
34 Van Soest, P. J., J. D. Robertson and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fibre, and neutral detergent fibre and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animals nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583-3597.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Kumar, R. and S. Vaithiyanathan. 1990. Occurrence, nutritional significance and effect on animal productivity of tannins in tree leaves. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 30:21-38.   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Evitayani, L. W., A. Fariani, T. Ichinohe and T. Fujihara. 2004. Study on nutritive value of tropical forages in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 17(11):1518-1523.   과학기술학회마을   DOI
37 Getachew, G, H. P. S. Makkar and K. Becker. 2002. Tropical browses: contents of phenolic compounds, in vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production. J. Agric. Sci. 139:341-352.
38 Barry, T. N. and S. J. Duncan. 1984. The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep. I. Voluntary intake. J. AOAC. 65:496-497.
39 Dalzell, S. A. and G. L. Kerven. 1998. A rapid method for the measurement of Leucaena spp. proanthocyanidins by the proanthocyanidin (Butanol-HCL) assay. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 78:405-416.   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Seresinhe, T. and C. Iben. 2003. In vitro quality assessment of two tropical shrub legumes in relation to their extractable tannins content. J. Anim. Phsiol. Anim. Nutr. 87:109-115.   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Silanikove, N., Z. Nitsan and Z. Perevolotsky. 1994. Effect of polyethylene glycol supplementation on intake and digestion of tannin containing leaves (Ceratonia siliqua) by sheep. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 42:2844-2847.   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Silanikove, N., N. Gilboa, I. Nir, Z. Perevolotsky and Z. Nitsan. 1996b. Effect of a daily supplementation of polyethylene glycol on intake and digestion of tannin-containing leaves (Quercus calliprinos, Pistica lentiscus, Ceratonia siliqua) by goats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 44:199-205.   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Abdulrazak, S. A., T. Fujihara, J. K. Ondiek and E. Orskov. 2000. Nutritive evaluation of some Acacia tree leaves from Kenya. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 85:89-98.   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Kamalak, A., O. Canbolat, Y. Gurbuz, A. Erol and O. Ozay. 2005b. Effect of maturity stage on the chemical composition, in vitro and in situ dry matter degradation of tumbleweed hay (Gundelia tournefortii L). Small Rum. Res. 58:149-156.   DOI   ScienceOn