• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.11-13
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• 1997

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.469-470
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• 2008

• 월간산업보건
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• s.265
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• pp.44-51
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• 2010

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.69-70
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• 2007

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• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.31-31
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• 2005

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.286-297
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• 2020

This research studied human health risk assessment of PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) in road dust sediments collected from 6 sites in four different cities in Korea. PAHs are well known to be human carcinogens and toxic compounds that are commonly generated from incomplete combustion of fuels and energy products. Such compounds which is absorbed by atmospheric suspended dust can be emitted into air in gaseous form and often deposited on road dust sediments. The PAHs which is deposited on sediment particles can also be re-dispersed by vehicles or winds on the road surface. It can be harmful for humans when exposed via breathing, ingestion and dermal contact. This study examined human health risk assessment of PAHs in deposited road dust sediments. Results showed that the excess cancer risk estimates were above 1.0×10-6 at main traffic roads and resident area in Ulsan city. According to the result of deterministic risk assessment, dermal-contact was the major pathway, while the contribution of the risk from inhalation was less than 1%. The probabilistic risk assessment showed similar levels of cancer risk derived from the deterministic risk assessment. The result of sensitivity analysis reveal that exposure time is the most contributing factor (69%). Since the values of carcinogenic risk assessment were higher than 1.0 × 10^-6, further detailed monitoring and refined risk assessment for PAHs may be required to identify more reliable and potential cancer risks for those who live in the study locations in Ulsan city.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.287-295
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• 2006

PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons), one of the carcinogenic materials in environment, were investigated in this study. The standardized analysis conditions were tested, and then various factors which affect to the ambient PAHs concentration in Seoul were estimated. Moreover, the emissions of PAHs from major stationary sources were investigated to determine the quantitative relationships between ambient PAHs concentrations and emission sources. From the factor analysis, three factors relevant to the ambient PAHs in Seoul were found. Factor 1 was related to the concentrations of chrysene, pyrene, indeno (1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo prerylene which were mainly emitted from gasoline and diesel fueled cars. Factor 2 showed higher loadings in phenanthrene and anthracene which were due to LNG and BC oil combustion in industry and home. And factor 3 included dibenz(a, h)anthracene and acenaphthene which were emitted from open burning and municipal solid waste incineration. Conclusively, all of three factors were consisted in 82% of total variance. The contribution of mobile sources in ambient air in Seoul was estimated at 64%, that of industrial and home sources at 17%, and that of open burning and municipal incineration at 1%.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1851-1863
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• 2013

Diurnal variation of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated by collecting PM10 at three different sampling altitudes using high buildings in the city center of Chiang-Mai, Thailand, during the relatively cold period in late February 2008. At site-1 (12 m above ground level), B[a]P concentrations ranged from 30.3-1,673 pg $m^{-3}$ with an average of $506{\pm}477\;pg\;m^{-3}$ contributing on average, $8.09{\pm}8.69%$ to ${\Sigma}PAHs$. Ind and B[b]F concentrations varied from 54.6 to 4,579 pg $m^{-3}$ and from 80.7 to 2,292 pg $m^{-3}$ with the highest average of $1,187{\pm}1,058\;pg\;m^{-3}$ and $963{\pm}656\;pg\;m^{-3}$, contributing on average, $19.0{\pm}19.3%$ and $15.4{\pm}12.0%$ to ${\Sigma}PAHs$, respectively. Morning maxima were predominantly detected in all observatory sites, which can be described by typical diurnal variations of traffic flow in Chiang-Mai City, showing a morning peak between 6 AM. and 9 AM. Despite the fact that most monitoring sites might be subjected to specific-site impacts, it could be seen that PAH profiles in Site-1 and Site-2 were astonishingly homogeneous. The lack of differences suggests that the source signatures of several PAHs become less distinct possibly due to the impacts of traffic and cooking emissions from ground level.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.85-88
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• 2003

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PARs) are an important group of organic contaminants present in sewage sludge, due to their persistence, toxic, bioaccumulative and long range transfer. These characters make themselves as Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) in Long Range Transboundary Air Pollutions convention(LRT AP) of Europe. A method of the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) determination of PARs present in sewage sludge was developed and applied to analyzed samples from five sewerage treatment plants (SWTPs), having different treatment types. PARs were extracted from freeze-dried samples by toluene 16 hours in a soxhlet extraction system. The sludge extracts were cleaned-up by an activated silica gel column chromatography. The sum of the 16 US Environmental Protection Agency PARs sewage sludge samples varied from 2.44 to 4.82 ${\mu}g$/g. Concentration of emission carcinogen PARs(PARcarc), such as Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Dibenzo(a, h)anthracene and Indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene ranged from 0.62 to 1.03 ${\mu}g$/g. The total amount of PAHs emission from sewage sludge in Korea was calculated as a top-down approach. PARs and $\sum$PAHcarc from sewage treatment plants had several pathway each by-products. In the ocean dumping, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emissions were 1155.95 kg/year and 5040.32 kg/year. In recycle, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emissions were 98.36 kg/year and 428.87 kg/year. In the landfill, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emissions were 190.40 kg/year and 830.21 kg/year. In the incineration, PAHs and $\sum$PAHcarc emission were 33.10 kg/year and 830.21 kg/year. (In case of incineration, the whole provisions of PARs and $\sum$PAHcarc contained to flowed in sludge was supposed to be exhausted to environment through exhaust after incineration.)

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.705-714
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• 2010

The residual oil concentrations in seawater and sediments were investigated along the Taean coast of Korea, following the Hebei Spirit oil spill, which occurred on 7 December 2007. The oil concentration in seawater ranged from 0.059 to $0.866\;{\mu}g/L$ for the tidal flat culture grounds and from 0.016 to $0.943\;{\mu}g/L$ in the fish cage areas in 2008. These were dominated by the seawater temperature relationship. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments were also analyzed and the concentrations ranged from 3.4 to 509.7 ng/g dry weight. The average PAH level was higher in seawater from the Sinduri area than the Padori area, while the average PAH level in sediments was higher in Padori. The diagnostic ratio of PAHs was investigated to determine the origins of the PAHs. The PAHs in the Seongam area, which was not affected by the oil spill, are of pyrolytic origin, while the PAHs in Padori and Sinduri were of petrogenic origin. The residual oils in the areas affected by the oil spill tended to decrease over time, except in summer. The oils in pore water remained 6- to 16-fold higher, as compared to the seawater overlying the tidal flat, implying that residual oils will continue to influence the affected region for the foreseeable future.