• 한국해안해양공학회지
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 1990

극지방의 해양 환경은 낮은 온도와 함께 여러 가지 형태로 존재하는 얼음의 분포에 의해 큰 영향을 받는다. 빙하와 빙산, 해빙 등 빙역학의 기초적인 이해를 위하여 본 연구는 polycrystalline ice의 재료적 특성과 파괴기구 등을 파악하고 극지 방하유동시 관측되는 creep 변경을 기술하기 위한 constitutive 모델을 제시하였다. 빙변형에 관여되는 여러 가지 물리적 변화 중 microcracking에 의한 재료의 손상을 주요인으로 간주하여 파손역학의 이론을 적용한 3차원 수치모델을 개발하였으며 기발표된 실험 결과와 비교하였다. 1축 균일압축을 받는 경우 실험 데이타와 수치모델은 유사한 거동을 보이고 있으며, 빙변형에 있어서 1, 2기 creep의 소성적 변형특성 뿐 아니라 microcracking에 의한3기(tertiary) creep의 특징까지도 잘 기술해 주고 있다.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
• /
• 제4권4호
• /
• pp.386-402
• /
• 2012

In this paper, a method to estimate ice loads as a function of the buttock angle of an icebreaker is presented with respect to polycrystalline freshwater ice. Ice model tests for different buttock angles and impact velocities are carried out to investigate ice pressure loads and tendencies of ice pressure loads in terms of failure modes. Experimental devices were fabricated with an idealized icebreaker bow shape, and medium-scale ice specimens were used. A dry-drop machine with a freefall system was used, and four pressure sensors were installed at the bottom to estimate ice pressure loads. An estimation equation was suggested on the basis of the test results. We analyzed the estimation equation for design ice loads of the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) classification rules. We suggest an estimation equation considering the relation between ice load, buttock angle, and velocity by modifying the equations given in the IACS classification rules.

• 한국해양공학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.15-21
• /
• 1990

This study focuses the mechanical deformation response predicted by the plasticity model for polycrystalline ice. To describe various deformation characteristics, ice is idealized as a perfectly plastic material using an asymptotic exponential failure criterion. This criterion is suite for describing materials which exhibit brittle deformation at low hydrostatic pressure and ductile deformation at high hydrostatic pressure. The results are compared to those of continuum damage mechanics model. Plasticity model shows good agreement with damage model and experimental results for high confining pressures even at high strain-rates which is usually considered as a brittle condition under uniaxial compression.

• 한국해양공학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.165-165
• /
• 1990

This study focuses the mechanical deformation response predicted by the plasticity model for polycrystalline ice. To describe various deformation characteristics, ice is idealized as a perfectly plastic material using an asymptotic exponential failure criterion. This criterion is suite for describing materials which exhibit brittle deformation at low hydrostatic pressure and ductile deformation at high hydrostatic pressure. The results are compared to those of continuum damage mechanics model. Plasticity model shows good agreement with damage model and experimental results for high confining pressures even at high strain-rates which is usually considered as a brittle condition under uniaxial compression.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.73.1-73.1
• /
• 2010

For the successful cold starting of a fuel cell engine, either internal of external heat supply must be made to overcome the formation of ice from water below the freezing point of water. In the present study, switchable vanadium oxide compounds as variable temperature-electrical resistance materials onto the surface of flat metallic bipolar plates have been prepared by a dip-coating technique via an aqueous sol-gel method. Subsequently, the chemical composition and micro-structure of the polycrystalline solid thin films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. In addition, it was carefully measured electrical resistance hysteresis loop over a temperature range from $-20^{\circ}C$ to $80^{\circ}C$ using the four-point probe method. The experimental results revealed that the thin films was mainly composed of Karelianite $V_2O_3$ which acts as negative temperature coefficient materials. Also, it was found that thermal dissipation rate of the vanadium oxide thin films partially satisfy about 50% saving of the substantial amount of energy required for ice melting at $-20^{\circ}C$. Moreover, electrical resistances of the vanadium-based materials converge on an extremely small value similar to that of pure flat metallic bipolar plates at higher temperature, i.e. $T{\geq}40^{\circ}C$. As a consequence, experimental studies proved that it is possible to apply the variable temperature-electrical resistance material based on vanadium oxides for the cold starting enhancement of a fuel cell vehicle and minimize parasitic power loss and eliminate any necessity for external equipment for heat supply in freezing conditions.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제40권5호
• /
• pp.294-303
• /
• 2010

교정용 브라켓과 강선 사이의 마찰저항력에 영향을 미치는 요소들 중 브라켓 슬롯의 표면조도에 대한 연구가 그동안 많이 시행되어 왔는데 기존 연구는 주로 주사전자현미경(SEM)이나 Prophylometer를 사용하여 이루어졌다. 이 연구는 원자현미경(AFM)을 사용하여 다섯 종류의 브라켓 슬롯의 표면조도를 정량적으로 측정하여 세라믹 브라켓이 스테인리스 스틸 브라켓보다 더 거칠고 다결정 알루미나 브라켓이 단결정 알루미나 브라켓보다 더 거친지 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 대조군인 스테인리스 스틸 브라켓($Succes^{(R)}$)과 두 종류의 단결정 알루미나(Inspire $Ice^{(R)}$, $Perfect^{(R)}$)와 두 종류의 다결정 알루미나(Crystalline $V^{(R)}$, $Invu^{(R)}$)를 슬라이드 글라스에 접착하고 슬롯을 노출시키기 위해 치과용 하이스피드 핸드피스와 샴퍼버를 이용해 윙을 연마하였다. 원자현미경 이미지는 Nanostation $II^{TM}$를 사용하여 관찰하였다. Sa, Sq, Sz 모두 $Invu^{(R)}$와 Inspire $Ice^{(R)}$는 대조군인 $Succes^{(R)}$와 유의미한 차이가 없었으며 $Perfect^{(R)}$와 Crystalline $V^{(R)}$는 $Succes^{(R)}$보다 컸다. $Perfect^{(R)}$와 Crystalline $V^{(R)}$ 사이에서는 Sa, Sq, Sz 모두 유의미한 차이가 없었으며 $Invu^{(R)}$와 Inspire $Ice^{(R)}$ 사이에서도 Sa, Sq, Sz 모두 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 따라서, 대조군인 $Succes^{(R)}$와 단결정 브라켓인 Inspire $Ice^{(R)}$, 다결정 브라켓인 $Invu^{(R)}$가 낮은 조도의 슬롯 표면을 가지고 다결정 브라켓인 Crystalline $V^{(R)}$와 단결정 브라켓인 $Perfect^{(R)}$가 거친 슬롯 표면을 가진 것으로 판단된다. 따라서, 유사한 재질의 브라켓이라도 제조사에 따라 다양한 슬롯 표면조도를 나타낸다고 할 수 있다.

• 대한치과기공학회지
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this research was to evaluate the shear bond strength of different zirconia veneering ceramics with and without liner glass materials to yttria partially-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline(Y-TZP). Methods: Five co mmercial zirconia veneering ceramics were used in this study, E-Max(EM), Creation ZI(CR), Cercon ceram kiss(CE), Triceram(TR) and Zirkonzahn ICE(ZI). All samples were prepared according to manufacturer's instructions. Experimental industrially manufactured Y-TZP ceramic blocks(diameter: 2.7 mm; height: 13.5 mm) were used in this study. Shear bond strength between zirconia ceramic coping and zirconia veneering ceramics were evaluated by the push-shear bond test. The fracture load data were analyzed using ANOVA and Scheffe's test(${\alpha}$=0.05). The fractured surfaces of zirconia core ceraimc and zirconia veneering ceramics were observed using a scanning electron microscope(SEM). Results: The mean shear bond strengths ranged from 20 MPa ($20.12{\pm}6.34$ MPa) to 66.6 MPa ($66.62{\pm}10.01$ MPa). The Triceram(TRG) showed the highest value and Creation ZI(CR) showed the lowest value. In all groups, Zirconia liner and glass material groups was significantly higher shear bond strength than without liner(P<0.05), with the exception of Cercon ceram kiss(CE)groups. Conclusion: Zirconia bonding materials may have the advantage of improved bond strength between zirconia ceramic core and veneering ceramics.