• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 1996

Soil quality of most of Soil Network area was estimated healthy by employing Soil Pollution Indices (Soil Pollution Score and Soil Pollution Class). However, 1.5∼3.7% of the total Soil Network area was determined Soil Pollution Class (SPC) 4 which may need cleanup process due to slight or heavy pollution with arsenics and heavy metals. Numbers of the SPC 4 sites were 9, 47, 19, 17, and 17 in 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, and 1994, respectively During 1987 and 1994, all of SPC 4 sites were identified agricultural land except one in 1994. Soil Pollution Scores (SPSs) was determined high around smelters, metalliferous mines, and industrial sites among the 16 major soil pollution sources of the Soil Network. Also, most area of SPC 4 sites were densely populated in these area of the Soil Network. SPSs of Inchon and Taegu were high among the other major cities and provinces in Korea. Numbers of SPC 4 were high in the province of Kangwon, Kyongbuk, Kyongnam amongst. Cumulative numbers of SPC 4 multiplied by a weighting value 0.3 during 1987 and 1994 of the Soil Network were regressed to develop a model equation for prospecting the soil quality. The model equation was Y= 1.16+0.23x, where as Y is the number of Class 4 and x is the year. Resulting the area of SPC 4 were 4.8%, 6.0%, 6.6% of the Soil Network in the year of 2001, 2006, 2011, respectively Based on this results, the area of SPC 4 would increase 5, 7, and 10 times comparing the area polluted with heavy metals in 1987.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.105-114
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the pollution assessment of organic matters, nutrients, and metals in sediment in major lakes (5 lakes and 17 sites) of Buk-han river using various sediment pollution assessment guidelines and indices. The concentrations of organic matters and nutrients were lower than class IV (Sediment pollution assessment guidelines of Korea) and Severe Effect Level (SEL, Sediment pollution assessment guidelines of Ontario). This results indicated that the lakes sediments were unpolluted and tolerable level for sediment dwelling organisms by organic matters and nutrients. However, several sites of Chuncheon and Soyang lakes were evaluated "heavily polluted" level by organic index (Org-index). The order of lakes by metals concentrations from the one with the highest concentration was Hwacheon, Chuncheon, Cheongpyeong, Uiam, Soyang. All lakes except Hwacheon were assessed unpolluted to marginally and tolerable level for sediment dwelling organisms by metals based on sediment pollution assessment guidelines (Korean and Ontario), indices of geoaccumulation ($I_{geo}$), pollution loading (PLI) and ecological risk (RI). In Lake Hwacheon, every investigated sites were polluted with metals, especially Hg, based on sediment pollution assessment guideline of Korea and indices ($I_{geo}$, PLI and RI). The dwelling organisms in sediment of Hwacheon Lake were likely to be severed by metals.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.149-154
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• 2002

This study was conducted to find the structure of phytoplankton community in the Hoeya river(Ulsan) from March 2000 to February 2001. The taxa of phytoplankton identified included 135 species, 5 divisions, 33 families and 82 genera. Among them, chrysophyta(diatoms) were 63 species(46.7%), chlorophyta(green algae) 47 species(34.8%), pyrrophyta(dinoflagellates) 13 species(9.6%), cyanophyta (cyanobacteria) 8 species(5.9%) and euglenophyta(euglenoids) 4 species(3.0%) respectively. Ecological important species is called frequently appearing species, red tide causative species, seawater species and pollution indicator. 22 species including Aulacoseira granulate were recorded frequently appearing species. 19 species including Ceratium furca were recorded as red tide causing species. And the pollution indicators were 33 species including Actinastrum hantzschii var. fluviatile. The highest standing crops were 3,103,441 cells/$\ell$ in August at the RW-1 and the lowest 1,245 cells/ $\ell$ in January at the RW-5. In the community analysis, the dominanance indices ranged from 0.34(October, RW-2) to 0.94(January, RW-1) and the diversity indices from 0.50(May, RW-2) to 2.57(September, RW-2). The saprobic indices were 2.43 in RW-1, 2.41 in RW-2, 2.375 in RW-3, 2.40 in RW-4, 2.43, in RW-5. Therefore, these areas were investigated "$\beta$-mesosaprobic". According to the similarity index among the stations, these areas were defined as residential district areas(RW-2 and RW-3), lower part of the dam (RW-1) and seawater areas(RW-4 and RW-5).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.225-236
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to identify the important evaluatio items for developing the environmental sustainability indices of housing estate. In this research, the principles of environmental sustainability were established on the concept of ESSD, and twenty-two evaluation items were explored on the basis of questionnaire of experts, the twenty-two items are ranked in order of iportant level and it is a appeared that 'development density' is most iportant evaluation item. In conclusion, twelve important items were selectd; 'development density', 'preservation of natural forest and topography' , 'amount of green area', 'reduction of water pollution','reuse of wastes','garbage discharge','reduction of air pollution','distribution of land use','rainwater infiltraton and preservaton of underground water','site planning for energy saving','separated collection of wastes','access to natural forest andwaters around housing estate'

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.5-10
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• 2003

This paper explores not only emerging scientific problems but also the difficulties communicating air quality issues into an increasingly sensitive the public and policy arena. The public understanding and trust in air pollution information and indices may be very different to the notions of validity or accuracy that are important for a scientist. We operate in a world where openness requires us to reveal both the difficulties and disagreements in our understanding of the polluted atmosphere. Yet this can be confusing and increase complexity in situations where clear political and social decisions are required. I am going to examine these issues, starting with questions of what substances we regard as pollutants and the difficulties of getting the correct balance of concern given the broadening the base of chemicals emitted to the environment. There are also questions of exposure particularly in terms of vulnerable populations, who may spend large amounts of time indoors, where air is rarely monitored. In contemporary society there are pollution problems that extend far beyond urban areas and we have to consider regional issues such as windblown dusts, smoke from forest fires along with issues of the emission of green house gases and ozone depleting substances. Finally I will discuss the issues of communicating with a concerned public and sceptical politicians and the troubling interface between technological and sociological control. Such complexity is often missed in a maze of seemingly stronger political and social needs.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.445-452
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• 2009

This study surveys the surface water environment in Southwest sea areas of Vietnam in order to evaluate the current environment. It collects and analyzes experimental results of programs, scientific subjects, and international projects relevant to ecological areas and coastlines of Kien Giang province. The methods analyzed and discussed by specialists are evaluated according to pollution coefficients established by the World Health Organization (WHO), sampling methods, and case study analyses. Comparison between the scale of pollution levels and the surface water quality in experimental areas of Long Xuyen Quadrangle shows a light-moderate pollution level. In Ca Mau Peninsula, the surface water source is only slightly polluted. Sea areas and islands are also light-moderately polluted. Computing results from water quality indices (WQI) show the level of pollution in experimental sites. Activities such as constructing infrastructures for tourism, exploiting minerals, and increasing population accelerate environmental pollution by deteriorating inherently sensitive ecosystems like corals, sea grass, mangrove swamps, and Melaleuca forests. Surveying and evaluating the present situation of surface water are fundamental solutions for environmental protection in the Southwest sea areas of Vietnam.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.113-190
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to perform empirical studies on the impact of pollution intensity on international competitiveness using 1993 and 1998 data, and to estimate the change in environmental regulation level faced by the firms during 1993~1998. Collecting relevant data and providing them for further studies in the area are another purposes of the paper. The first method is the regression of various indices of international competitiveness on factor costs, such as labor, capital, R&D and pollution abatement costs. Goal of the regression analysis is to estimate the scarcity and comparative advantage effect of each production factor, especially environmental resource. Regression results show that those industries which employ more environmental resource have higher comparative advantage in both years, which implies that Korean firms are endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. The second method is to compute the relative scarcity indices(HOVL indices) of production factors, proposed by Leamer based on Vanek's generalized Hecksher-Ohlin Theorem. This method estimates the relative scarcity of production factors by computing factor costs embodied in import and export of commodities. This method shows similar results as the regression method; i.e., trade pattern of production factors implies that the manufacturing sector in Korea is endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. Considering population density, water resource endowment, intensity of economic activity per unit area and current air and water pollution levels, it is evident that Korea is never endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. Then the abundance of environmental resource revealed by the trade patterns of commodities and production factors implies that Korea's environmental regulation level is excessively generous compared to environmental capacity, and that this increased the environmental resource endowment supplied to firms and thus distorted the inter-industry comparative advantages. Both regression and HOVL methods, on the other hand, show that overall environmental regulation level faced by the firms has been strengthened during 1993~1998.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.223-230
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• 1997

The skeletal chemistry of calcareous microfossils may contribute to the classification of various biological processes and be used as an environmental indicator for future pollution. In order to examine the degree of heavy metal pollutions in marine environments, samples of sediment and benthonic foraminifera were taken from 5 study areas from 3 different stations in coastal offshore regions of Korea. After sieving, cleaning and acid digestion, sample were analyzed for heavy metals by ICP-MS, ICP-AES and AAS. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in most of marine sediments from 5 study areas are not higher than those in sediments from unpolluted marine environment in the U.K.. However, pollution indices are up to 0.96~0.99 in the Gwangyang and Yulchon areas which are classified as the special control distric along the coast for pollution. The pollution indices decrease in order of Yulchon > Gwangyang > Mokpo > Gamak = Yoja > Yonggwang areas. Concentrations of Mg, Pb, Sr and Zn in Ammonia beccarii Pseudorotalia gaimardii, Quinqueloculina lamarckiana are reduced after pre-treatment of samples. From the result of bioconcentration index, Mg is easily accumulated in microfossils and Quinqueloculina lamarckiana may be used as the best indicator for future pollution.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

The Jinwi stream, which is located in the Gyeonggi Province, shows a large variation in water quality from the upper stream to downstream. Therefore the Jinwi stream is suitable for assessing changes to the benthic macroinvertebrate community structure according to saprobity. This study was conducted to find out the applicability of biotic indices for water quality pollution through an analysis of the correlation between water quality and benthic macroinvertebrate indices for the Jinwi stream. Along with the pollution of water, the species composition of Ephemeroptera decreased, while that of Annelida increased. The ecological score for the benthic macroinvertebrate community (ESB) showed more significant correlations than any other biotic index (H', DI, R1, J, EPT and KSI) with the water quality items.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.8-25
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• 2014

The aims of this study were to determine concentrations of selected metals in Asian and non-Asian dust collected in Daejeon, Korea between February 2008 and December 2008 and to estimate the pollution level. The geochemical analyses of Asian dust (AD) and Non Asian dust (NAD) show that the mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Zr, Sb, Mo and S reached levels up to 16, 209, 31, 43, 81, 28, 31, 122 and 302 times higher, respectively, than those in uncontaminated Chinese desert soils. These results indicate that both AD and NAD serve as an atmospheric repository for trace and heavymetal accumulation. The the enrichment factor (EF) and pollution index (PI) show that AD and NAD were severely contaminated by S, Mo, Zr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Sb, Cu, and As. All indices for these metals showed either strong or notably high level of pollution relative to Chinese desert soil, principally due to the severe atmospheric pollution derived from anthropogenic activities in heavily industrial Chinese cities. Therefore, Mo, Cd, Zr, As, Cu, Sb, Pb, and Zn are the ones most strongly affected by anthropogenic inputs such as airborne pollutants.