• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.368-378
• /
• 2005

Inorganic matters originated from stone quarries and manufacturing plants could alter the ecological characteristics of adjacent aquatic systems, especially the structure and function of benthic macroinvertebrate community. In such situation, the locality of stone quarry and the quantity of inorganic matters would be important factors that determined the disturbing strength to the benthic macroinvertebrate community. Locality patterns of stone quarries were classified into 3 types in relation to the stream ecosystem; stream-proximity, upstream-inclusion and tributary-inclusion type. In the result of species:abundance analysis, stone quarry B (upstream-inclusion type) showed geometric distribution, while others showed broken-stick distribution pattern. The benthic macroinvertebrate communities closer to stone quarries showed smaller species numbers and standing crops among all types of stone quarries. However the values of species evenness index were not seriously different between controls and directly affected sites. These results indicated that the effect of inorganic disturbance would differ from those of organic pollution that induced the highly dominant state occupied by tolerant species. Number of occurred species, standing crops, community indices and biotic indices indicated that the community of upstream-inclusion type was the most seriously damaged from the inorganic disturbance, and the community would be very simple and unstable. Tributary-inclusion stone quarry heavily damaged to tributary system in biologically, but influence to the main stream seemed to be depended on the scale of main stream. Among 3 types of stone quarry localities, stream-proximity type induced the least damages to benthic macroinvertebrate community, though the degrees of damage were different along with distances between stream and stone quarry.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2018

Ground-level ozone ($O_3$) can be a menace for vegetation, especially in Asia where $O_3$ levels have been dramatically increased over the past decades. To ensure food security and maintain forest ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and functional diversity of soil biota, in the over-populated Asia, environmental standards are needed. To set proper standards, dose-response relationships should be established from which critical levels are derived. The predictor of the response in the dose-response relationship is an $O_3$ metric that indicates the dose level to which the plant has been exposed. This study aimed to review the relevant scientific literature and summarize the $O_3$ metrics used worldwide to provide insights for Asia. A variety of $O_3$ metrics have been used, for which we discuss their strengths and weaknesses. The most widely used metrics are based only on $O_3$ levels. Such metrics have been adopted by several regulatory agencies in the global. However, they are biologically irrelevant because they ignore the plant physiological capacity. Adopting AOT40 ($O_3$ mixing ratios Accumulated Over the Threshold of $40nmol\;mol^{-1}$) as the default index for setting critical levels in Asia would be a poor policy with severe consequences at national and Pan-Asian level. Asian studies should focus on flux-based $O_3$ metrics to provide relevant bases for developing proper standards. However, given the technical requirements in calculating flux-based $O_3$ metrics, which can be an important limitation in developing countries, no-threshold cumulative exposure indices like AOT0 should always accompany flux-based indices.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.737-747
• /
• 2006

Ministry of Environment (MOE) of Korea has been implementing the water quality management policy to focus on the control of organic matters (BOD and COD) for 28 years since 1978 when the water quality standards had been established. However, the government and the public have begun to recognize the necessity of creating the best water environment for people and aquatic life, and also formulating the various measures of water pollution, Consequently, MOE of Korea is establishing the basic plan of water environment management, with the vision of "Clean Water, Eco River 2015." The major targets of water environment management plan are to maintain ecosystem health and to protect water quality from various hazardous substances in water bodies. In order to achieve the major targets, it is essential to amend the water quality standards, which bring about the systematic management of various pollutants and healthy ecosystem. Introduction of the new techniques of water environment assessment is also prerequisite to maintain sustainable water environment. These can be accomplished under the consideration of following suggestions in environmental quality standards. First, several criteria should be complemented in water quality standards; they include the improvement of the current water quality classification system, the strengthening and supplement of relevant parameters considering human health in the standards, the introduction of biotic indices, and management standards on eutrophication. Secondly, it should be considered to introduce the biological water quality standards using biotic indices and the management standards for sediments. Lastly, it needs to introduce or develop an ecological status classification which could be used in the assessment of the water environment as a whole.

• 지질공학
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.379-394
• /
• 2002

이 연구는 서울특별시 지하철 A설계구간에서, 현재 시점의 지하수 수질 및 오염을 파악함으로써, 추후 지하철 공사로 인한 수질 악화 발생시, 이에 과학적으로 대처하기 위해 수행되었다. A설계구간을 따라 총 21개 시추공에서 지하수 시료를 채취.분석하였으며, 그 결과 배경수질은 주로 $Ca-HCO_3$ 유형으로 나타났다. 전체시료 가운데, 국내 먹는물 수질기준을 초과하지 않은 시료는 1개이며, 나머지 20개 시료는 $SO_4$, Cd, Pb, Fe, Mn, Al, F, $NO_3-N$ 등이 먹는 물 수질 기준치를 초과하여 있었다. 오염의 형태는 일부 시료에서 몇몇 화학 원소의 농도가 나머지 시료에서의 농도보다 크게 나타나는 점오염의 형태를 띄었다. 화학분석 자료와 포화지수 분석을 통하여, 지하에 매립된 물질과 지표 퇴적물이 일차적인 오염원임을 추정하였다. 요인분석 결과, 연구지역 내 지하수 시료의 수리화학적 특성의 약 47%가 오염 인자에 의해 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
• /
• 제5권5호
• /
• pp.30-44
• /
• 2002

This study is conducted to analyze the change of location and soil characteristics effect on the condition of urban forest in Urban Park and Green Open Space The results of this study are as fallows; 1. Soil acidity is indicated pH 3.88 in Sasang park, pH 4.38 in Hwaji park, pH 4.40 in Daeyeon park, pH 4.68 in Sanseong amusement park, pH 5.15 in Molundae amusement park. 2. Species diversity indices of indicated Sasang park 0.9932, Hwaji park 1.1975, Daeyeon park 1.2160, Sanseong amusement park 1.3080, Molundae amusement park 1.3233 is due to location and soil environment in addition to air pollution effects. 3. The vitality of Pinus thunbergii 27.5ER in Sasang park, 24.9ER in Hwaji park, 24.5ER in Daeyeon park, 23.6ER in Sanseong amusement park, 21.0ER in Molundae park. This shows that tree vitality are impacted by location and soil characteristics. On the basis of the result above, vegetation devices are suggested : 1) Robinica pseudo-acacia management, 2) removing the hazard plants; Smilax china, Humulus japonicus, Pueraria thungergiana, 3) improving soil hardness and soil acidity.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.152-164
• /
• 2019

In this study, a Benthic Macroinvertebrates Family Index (BMFI) was developed using 100 indicator groups (99 families including Chironomidae with 2 phena). Families were assigned a score between 1 and 10 depending on their sensitivity to organic pollution. The BMFI was composed of the sensitivity and relative abundance of the indicator taxa. Sensitivity values of each group were generally similar to Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) scores or Walley, Hawkes, Paisley, Trigg (WHPT) scores of UK, Japanese BMWP scores, and the FBI tolerance values of North America. However, sensitivity values of some taxa were significantly different from those of foreign countries, which seemed to have resulted from discrepancy in species composition, difference of taxonomic classification system, or methodological difference for estimation of sensitivity. As an annual average level, BMFI showed significant correlation with concentration of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) (correlation coefficient r = -0.80, n = 569 sites), total suspended solids (r = -0.68), and total phosphorus (r = -0.79). In addition, BMFI revealed strong correlation with Shannon-Weaver's species diversity (r = 0.85), Margalef's species richness (r = 0.85) and McNaughton's dominance (r = -0.84). Correlation between BMFI and water quality parameters or community indices such as species diversity did not show significant difference compared to that of species-level indices such as BMI (Benthic Macroinvertebrates Index). This means that BMFI is a more useful indicator in terms of easy identification of organisms. BMFI was used to assess the environmental status of 3,017 sites of Stream Ecosystem Survey conducted by the Korean Ministry of Environment between 2016 and 2018. As a result, about half of all sites appeared to be in good condition, and a quarter in poor condition.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정보통신학회 2021년도 추계학술대회
• /
• pp.143-145
• /
• 2021

시화호는 초기 목적인 담수호 개발을 심각한 환경 오염으로 달성하지 못한 채 해수로 복구되었다. 파괴와 복원의 시간 동안 시화호의 생태계는 변화를 겪어왔는데, 특히나 철새가 많이 지나는 곳이었기 때문에 조류 생태계에 가시적인 변화가 나타났다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 총 8가지 Ecosystem Index를 바탕으로 시화호 조류 생태계의 변화를 분석하였다. 그리고 더 나아가, 경사 하강법을 적용하여 그간 환경 오염의 척도로도 이용되었던 COD (Chemical Oxegen Demand, 화학적 산소 요구량)지수가 앞서 언급한 8가지 중 3가지 Ecosystem Index의 함수로 표현하였다. 이는 직접적인 환경에 대한 측정 및 정보 수집 없이 생태계의 정보만으로 환경 자체의 상태를 파악할 수 있다는 점에서 큰 가치가 있으며, 더 쉽게 구해낼 수 있기에 그 범용성이 넓다.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.182-188
• /
• 2016

본 연구는 도시 홍수문제의 구조적 해결방안을 도출하기 위하여 내구성-비용지수 (robustness cost index, RCI)를 수질오염 문제 사례에 재해석 및 적용하였다. 처리기준 산정방식이 다른 하수 처리수 내 내생호르몬 오염과 취수원 원생동물 번성을 대표 사례로 선정하여 기존시설과 대안시설 (구조적 대안)의 내구성 지수 (RI) 값이 1 이상인 경우를 내구성을 확보한 대안으로 판정하고 내구성 지수와 비용지수 (CI)를 결합한 RCI 값을 산정하였다. 하수 처리수 내 내생호르몬 오염은 인체로부터 기인하는 $17{\beta}$-estradiol 을 대상 오염물질로 하여 현재 하수처리시설과 대안시설 (고도처리공정 증축)을 비교하였고, 고도처리공정을 증축한 사례에서 RI뿐만 아니라 RCI 값이 큰 결과가 나타났다. 취수원 원생동물 번성의 경우 크립토스포리디움을 처리하기 위한 소독방안으로 자외선 소독과 오존 소독을 대상으로 RCI를 산정하였고 오존 소독시설이 RCI값이 더 높은 것을 확인하였다. 처리기준이 다른 수질오염사례의 RCI 산정과정과 도출한 값을 바탕으로 재해 발생 시 피해 복구와 피해 방지를 위한 구조적 대안 수립과정의 방향을 제시하고 그 구축전략을 제안하였다.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제37권8호
• /
• pp.1474-1482
• /
• 2024

Objective: The experiment aimed to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in 10 brown rice samples fed to pigs, and to construct predictive models for SID of CP and AA based on the physical characteristics and chemical composition of brown rice. Methods: Twenty-two cannulated pigs (initial body weight: 42.0±1.2 kg) were assigned to a replicated 11×3 incomplete Latin square design, including an N-free diet and 10 brown rice diets. Each period included 5 d adaptation and 2 d ileal digesta collection. Chromic oxide was added at 0.3% to all the diets as an indigestible marker for calculating the ileal CP and AA digestibility. Results: The coefficients of variation of all detected indices for physical characteristics and chemical composition, except for bulk weight, dry matter (DM) and gross energy, in 10 brown rice samples were greater than 10%. The SID of CP, lysine (Lys), methionine, threonine (Thr), and tryptophan (Trp) in brown rice was 77.2% (62.6% to 85.5%), 87.5% (80.3% to 94.3%), 89.2% (78.9% to 98.9%), 55.4% (46.1% to 67.6%) and 92.5% (86.3% to 96.3%), respectively. The best prediction equations for the SID of CP, Lys, Thr, and Trp were as following, SID_CP = -664.181+8.484×DM (R² = 0.40), SID_Lys = 53.126+6.031×ether extract (EE)+0.893×thousand-kernel volume (R² = 0.66), SID_Thr = 39.916+7.843×EE (R² = 0.41), and SID_Trp = -361.588+4.891×DM+0.387×total starch (R² = 0.85). Conclusion: Overall, a great variation exists among 10 sources of brown rice, and the thousand-grain volume, DM, EE, and total starch can be used as the key predictors for SID of CP and AA.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.297-313
• /
• 2006

The concentration of air pollution along roads is higher than the surrounding area because ventilation efficiency has decreased due to the high-density use of space along roads in recent years. In this study, ventilation efficiency around a heavily traffic road covered by an elevated highway and hemmed in along its side by buildings is evaluated using Visitation Frequency (VF, the frequency for pollutant to return to the objective domain) and Purging Flow Rate (PFR, the air flow rate for defining the local domain-averaged concentration). These are analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based on the standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ model. The VF and PFR characteristics of four objective domains are analyzed in terms of the changes in wind direction and arrangements of the fencing dividing up and down direction in the road center under the elevated highway. The resulting VFs are more than 1.0 for all cases, which means that pollutants return to the objective domain restricted by the elevated highway and side buildings. The influence of the arrangement of the buildings around the objective domain and the structure in the domain on the VF is substantial. In cases where there are no obstacles under the elevated highway, the local air exchange rate in the domain tends to be improved. Using these indices, the urban ventilation efficiencies between different urban areas can be compared easily.