• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1978

The experiment was carried out in order to choose fungicides which are proper to be used in flowering time of fruit trees. The effect of fungicides on pollen germination and pollen tube growth was investigated in vitro. The results obtained are as follows : 1. Difolatan-Wp, Lime-sulfur, Captan-Wp and Bordeaux mixture greatly inhibited pollen germination and pollen tube growth. 2. The effect of Daconil-Wp and Zimaneb-Wp on pollen germination and pollen tube growth was not so great as that of Difolatan-Wp, Lime-sulfur, Captan-Wp or Bordeaux mixture. 3. Polyram-combi-Wp, Topsin-Wp and Benlate-Wp did not affect pollen germination but these fungicides slightly inhibited pollen tube growth. 4. Polyoxin-Wp significantly increased pollen tube growth but did not show promotive effect on pollen germinaiton.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.8 no.1_2
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• pp.19-23
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• 1965

Interaction occuring among the different Ca concentrations, pH and temperatures in the promotive effect of Ca in pollen growth was studied by using pollen from Crinum asiaticum and Cryptostegia grandiflora. Data for pollen tube elongation were found to be more indicative of representing the promotive action of Ca ion in pollen growth than those for pollen germination, and were served to evaluate the experimental results. The pollen growth increased as the concentration of Ca increase. The optimal pH range for pollen growth shifted from the lower pH to the higher as the concentration of Ca increase. The characteristic Ca effect was disappeared, and no pH effect at various ranges was observed when pollen grains were grown at the low temperature(8$^{\circ}C$). The Ca effect became quite pronounced if temperature were raised. The Ca effect became even mroe striking if the condition was in higher pH ranges (weak alkaline). Higher pH ranges were found to be more favorable for the Ca action, whereas higher temperature was required to bring about more pronounced Ca effect. Thus, the longest pollen tube was obtained with the highest pH, temperature adopted for the medium supplemented with Ca in the present experiment, and the shortest tube with the lowest temperature applied at the highest pH. Pectin synthesis in pollen tube was considered as a metabolic process, whereas Ca binding in pectin of the pollen tube wall as non-metabolic in nature. Disappearance of Ca effect at the low temperature was probably brought about by blocking the metabolic synthesis of pectin, and nonmetabolic Ca binding seems to take place more extensively with higher concentrations of Ca and at higher pH levels than the lower.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.423-433
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• 2014

In this study, the nutritional and storage quality of meatballs formulated with different levels (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0%) of bee pollen were investigated during storage at $41^{\circ}C$ for 9 d. Protein content of meatballs increased, while moisture content decreased with increased pollen. The addition of pollen improved cooking loss but decreased the redness (Hunter a value) and sensory scores. Textural parameters (hardness, springsness, gumminess, and chewiness) were affected by pollen addition and the hardness and gumminess values of meatballs decreased as the pollen content increased. While C18:0 content of meatballs slightly decreased with pollen addition, C18:2n-6c, C18:3n-3, C20:5n-3, and PUFA contents increased. The PUFA/saturated fatty acids (P/S) ratio increased from 0.05 in the control to 0.09 in meatballs with 6.0% pollen. The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased from 11.84 in the control to 3.65 in the meatballs with 6.0% pollen. The addition of pollen retarded the lipid oxidation and inhibited the bacterial growth in meatballs. The pH, redness, TBA value and total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliform bacteria and S. aureus counts values changed significantly during storage. The results suggest that bee pollen could be added to enhance the nutritional and storage quality of meatballs with minimal changes in composition and/or sensory properties.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.863-875
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• 2006

Intensive visibility monitoring was conducted to investigate physical and chemical characteristics of visibility impairment by airborne pollen. Light attenuation coefficients were optically measured by a transmissometer, a nephelometer, and an aethalometer. Elemental, ionic, and carbonaceous species were chemically analyzed on the filters collected by $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ samplers. Aerosol size distribution was analyzed using a cascade impactor during airborne pollen period. Airborne pollen count was calculated using a scanning electron microscope. Airborne pollen was emitted into the atmosphere in springtime and funker degraded visibility through its scattering and absorbing the light. Average light extinction coefficient was measured to be $211{\pm}36Mm^{-1}$ when airborne pollen was not observed. But it increased to $459{\pm}267Mm^{-1}$ during the airborne pollen period due to increase of average $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ mass concentration and relative humidity and airborne pollen count concentration for $PM_{10}$, which were measured to be $46.5{\pm}29.1{\mu}g\;m^{-3},\;97.0{\pm}41.7{\mu}g\;m^{-3},\;54.1{\pm}11.6%$, and $68.2{\pm}89.7m^{-3}$, respectively. Average light extinction efficiencies for $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were calculated to be $5.9{\pm}0.9$ and $4.5{\pm}0.8m^2 g^{-1}$ during the airborne pollen period. Light extinction efficiency for $PM_{10}$ increased further than that for $PM_{2.5}$. The average light extinction budget by airborne pollen was estimated to be about 24% out of the average measured light extinction coefficient during the airborne pollen period.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.235-240
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• 2005

Pollen has been used for prevention or treatment of certain diseases such as diabetes arthritis or cancer in traditional medicine. Among various pollens, pine tree pollen is known to relieve hypertension, suppress fatty liver progression, and facilitate the digestion, but its immunological activities are less known. To evaluate immunological reactivities and immunotoxicities of pine tree pollen, BALB/c mice were administered to the poller through oral route. Pine tree pollen suspended in distilled water or extracted with methanol has been administered at the concentration of 0, 10, or 100 mg/kg five days per week for four weeks. Polyclonal activation of splenic T cells with phytohemagglutinins did not induce a significant difference in IL-4 and $IFN_{\gamma}$ production between the pollen-administered mice groups and the control mice. Furthermore, polyclonal activation of splenic B cells with lipopolysaccharides did not result a significant difference in IgG1 and IgG2a production among the groups. These findings imply that the intake of pine tree pollen does not bring any humoral and cellular immune-dysrequlation. Whereas, viability of Listeria monocytogenes was suppressed in the mice administered with 100 mg/kg bw methanol extract, indicating the potential ability of pine tree pollen to enhance cell-mediated immunity mediated by type-1 helper T cells. In addition, aberrant upregulation of plasma IgG1 level was observed in the pollen-administered mice, which suggests a possibility of allergic response induction through the pine tree pollen uptake. Overall, pine tree pollen-mediated modulation of humoral or cellular immunity is worthy of further systematic investigation.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2010

Current rose cultivars are all composed of heterozygous genome due to long history of out crossing including interspecific hybridization. It has been adapted by artificial selection and crossing by breeders that mainly based on the crossing with fertile pollen derived from inter- or intra-specific hybridization. Pollen viability and germination ability tests provide valuable information for the designing of parentage for more successful breeding efficacy. In this study, we tested the pollen viability and germination ability in seven rose cultivars to find any relationship among several factors including pollen size, ploidy levels, and crossing compatibility. The pollen viability showed wide ranges from 39% 'Pinocchio' as minimum to 82% 'Scarlet Mimi' as maximum, whereas pollen germination rate were from 1% 'Mini Rosa' to 41% 'Scarlet Mimi' as a highest. Pollen size ranged from 41.3 to $45.4{\mu}m$ in large sized pollen and 30.7 to $37.4{\mu}m$ in small sized pollen. The mean diameter of large sized pollen is approximately 10-40% bigger than that of small sized pollen. There are positive relationships among ploidy level, total chromosome length, and pollen size. Crossing list showed that seed setting ratio and seed germination were related to pollen viability, pollen germination, and ploidy level.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 2003

The pollen of the sediments from the Lake Hane were analysed for reconstruction of vegetation history around Ohda-City in Southwest Japan, and the correlation with the pollen zone reported for the Lake Shinji. From the pollen assemblages of 29 samples from core OH94 (19.7 m), two pollen zone were established, and they were subdivided into five subzones in ascending order as following; Cyclobalanopsis-Catanopsis pollen zone (Cyclobalanopsis subzone, Catanopsis subzone and, Podocarpus subzone), and Gramineae pollen zone (Cryptomeria subzone and Cyclobalanopsis-Quercus subzone). The K-Ah volcanic ash is identified in the Cyclobalanopsis-Catanopsis pollen zone. We estimated the beginning of the Cyclobalanopsis-Catanopsis pollen zone was before c.a. 6,300 BP.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.191-198
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• 2013

Cryptomeria japonica pollen is the most common pollen, which are scattering during each spring season in Japan. Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis is one of seasonal allergic rhinitis that mainly occurs in Japan. In addition, long range transportation of Yellow Sand from the East Asian continent was also found during the pollen scattering seasons in Japan. Therefore, the interaction or impact between pollen and Yellow Sand should be concerned. In this study, our objective was to investigate the airborne behaviour of Cryptomeria japonica pollen grains and its size-segregated allergenic (Cry j 1) particles as the airborne tracer of Cryptomeria japonica pollen during the Yellow Sand events. Airborne Cryptomeria japonica pollen grains and its size-segregated allergenic particles were collected at roadside of urban residential zones of Saitama city during the pollination periods from February to March in two year investigation of 2009 and 2010. The overlap of Yellow Sand events and dispersal peak of pollen grains was observed. According to the Meteorological data, we found that the peaks of airborne pollen grains appeared under higher wind speed and temperature than the previous day. It was thought that Yellow Sand events and airborne pollen counts were related to wind speed. From the investigation of the airborne behavior of the size-segregated allergen particles by determining Cry j 1 with Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), the higher concentrations of the allergenic Cry j 1 were detected in particle size equal to or less than $1.1{\mu}m$($PM_{1.1}$) than other particle sizes during Yellow Sand events, especially in the rainy day. We conclude that rainwater trapping Yellow Sand is one of the important factors that affect the release of allergenic pollen species of Cry j 1. Therefore, it is very important to clarify the relationships between Cryptomeria japonica pollen allergenic species and chemical contents of the Yellow Sand particles in further studies.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.525-533
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• 2009

To explore cattail pollen powder as a functional food ingredient, we analyzed the general components of pollen powder, tested changes in the physical properties of dough containing the powder, and investigated the process ability of powder-containing dough in bread making by adding 3%, 6%, or 9% by weight of pollen powder to wheat flour. Cattail pollen powder consisted of (all w/w) 12.7-13.2% water, 15.7-17.8% crude protein, 1.3% crude fat, 7.5-7.7% free sugar, 14.7-18.6% crude fiber, 3.4-4.9% pollen, and 49.7-55.9% soluble nitrogen-free extract (NFE). Analysis of the physical properties of dough mixed with pollen powder showed that as more pollen powder was added, the absorption rate increased, but dough stability decreased. With increasing levels of cattail pollen powder, the falling number decreased, and amylase activity increased. Fermentability was highest in dough made with 3% by weight of pollen powder, and the bread product made from such dough had the greatest volume. As more cattail pollen powder was added, the moisture activity in dough tended to decrease to a greater extent than seen in control dough, and this tendency increased with time. We found that longer storage periods were associated with greater hardness and springiness, which indicated degradation in product quality. Therefore, it is suggested that bread products containing cattail pollen powder should be consumed within 3 days of preparation. In a taste survey, bread baked with 3% (w/w) cattail pollen powder scored highest in all questionnaire items.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.151-154
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• 2002

Conditions for lily pollen growth in vitro and transformation were optimized. Active pollen tube development was achieved effectively in a medium containing 7% sucrose with pH adjusted to 5.7 at the temperature of 27$^{\circ}C$ for about 16-24 hours. Pollen growth was little impaired by the presence of kanamycin at concentration up to 100 mg/L. Pollen rains near the beginning of germination stage were more reliable for Agrobacterium-mediated GUS DNA transformation via vacuum infiltration lasted for 20-40 minutes. GUS DNA integration and its expression in fully developed pollen tubes could be confirmed by Southern blot hybridization, RT-PCR and histochemical staining.